Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC SÖ PHAÏM KYÕ THUAÄT TP.HCM

KHOA CÔ KHÍ ÑOÄNG LÖÏC

GOÙC ÑAËT BAÙNH XE

VAØ TRUÏC ÑÖÙNG
(WHEEL ALIGNMENT)

Msc.Nguyen van Toan

Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

NỘI QUY XƯỞNG

• GIỜ VÀO XƯỞNG: SÁNG 7 G, CHIỀU 13g (12G30)

• GIỜ RA XƯỞNG: SÁNG 11G30, CHIỀU 16.30 (16G)
• GIỜ RA CHƠI: SÁNG, CHIỀU
• ÁO QUẦN GIẦY DÉP, BẢNG TÊN.
• VỊ TRÍ THỰC TẬP.
• VỊ TRÍ NGỒI HỌC TRONG LỚP.
• AN TOÀN TRONG GIỜ THỰC TẬP.
• VỆ SINH XƯỞNG, KT DỤNG CỤ VÀO CUỐI
NGÀY 16G10.
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Một số vấn đề cần đạt được

trong quá trình thực tập
• Nó là cái gì?
• Nó để làm gì?
• Đo và kiểm tra nó bằng cách nào?
• Sửa chữa khắc phục hư hỏng như thế
nào?
 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Description Description

Steering axis Caster

Camber inclination

0
Turning radius
Toe

x (1/1)
y
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Camber Description

0
Negative Positive

Camber
Camber

90

 Uneven wear of tire

Excess on positive side
Excess on negative side
Outside
Inside
Outside

Inside

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Camber Negative Camber

Camber thrust

Negative camber Positive camber

Inside Outside Inside Outside

Load Load

Camber thrust Camber thrust

O O

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Camber Camber During Cornering

Negative camber

Centrifugal
force

Small positive camber

Straight-ahead Cornering force
driving

Positive camber

Centrifugal
force

Large positive camber

Straight-ahead Cornering force
driving

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Camber Zero Camber and Positive Camber

Zero camber

Positive camber
Reduction of vertical load Prevention of wheel slip-off

F F1

Spindle

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Caster and Caster Trail Description

Negative Positive
-0+
Caster

Front
Caster angle

90
A B
Caster trail (1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Caster and Caster Trail Straight-line Stability and Wheel Recovery

Straight-line stability due to caster angle

without Caster angle with Caster angle Jack-up

torque

Wheel recovery due to caster trail

P P’
T’
T a a’

Trail O’
F’2 F’1
Front
F2
F F1 F’
P, P’ : Driving force
a, a’ : Steering axis
Caster trail O, O’ : Center of tire-road contact area
F, F’ : Reactive force
F1, F2 : Composite force F
F’1, F’2 : Composite force F’
T, T’ : Recovery force

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Caster and Caster Trail Nachlauf and Vorlauf Geometry

Offset

Steering axis

Large change in trail

Nachlauf geometry

Offset

Caster trail
Ordinary geometry

Small change in trail

Vorlauf geometry

(1/1)
 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Steering Axis Inclination Description

King pin
Steering axis inclination

Steering axis
centerline 0z

Wheel
centerline

90

L
Offset (1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Steering Axis Inclination Roles of Steering Axis Inclination

1. Reduction of steering effort

L
2. Reduction of kickback and pulling to one side

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Steering Axis Inclination Roles of Steering Axis Inclination

1.Reduction of steering effort 1. Reduction of steering effort

• Camber  zero
• Steering axis inclination  zero

Include=KPA+Cambe
r

Large offset

Steering axis inclination Positive camber

Small offset

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Steering Axis Inclination Roles of Steering Axis Inclination

2. Reduction of kick-back and

2. Reduction of kickback and pulling to one side
pulling to one side/
3. Improvement straight-line
Large moment
stability

Driving or Large offset

braking force

Small moment

Driving or Small offset

braking force

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Steering Axis Inclination Roles of Steering Axis Inclination

Small moment Large moment

Large Small
angle angle
small large
offset offset

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Toe (Toe angle, Toe-in and Toe-out) Description

Toe angle A
(toe-in Toe angle Toe angle
and toe-out) Front

Toe-in : A < B
Toe-out :A>B
Role of toe angle
Toe-in
No toe angle

Gravity
(pull) Gravity
(pull)

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

GÓC ĐẠT BÁNH XE HƯ HỎNG

KPA CAMBER KPA+CAM

include
ĐÚNG NHỎ HƠN NHỎ HƠN TRỤC BX BỊ CONG

NHỎ HƠN LỚN HƠN ĐÚNG ĐÒN TREO DƯỚI CONG

LỚN HƠN NHỎ HƠN ĐÚNG ĐÒN TREO TRÊN CONG

NHỎ HƠN LỚN HƠN LỚN HƠN CONG ĐÒN TREO DƯỚI & TRỤC
BÁNH XE
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Turning Radius (Wheel Angle, Turning Angle) Description

When the rotational angle of left and right wheels is the same
(the knuckle arm is parallel to the vehicle centerline)
Front

Side-slip

Tie rod Knuckle arm

When adjusting the rotational angle of left and right wheels
(the knuckle arm inclined to the vehicle centerline)

A B

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Wheel Alignment Service Description

1. General/
2. Where to measure and cautions concerning tester handling/
3. Necessity of inspection before measurement of wheel alignment

(1/2)

SET BACK
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

THRUST ANGLE
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Wheel Alignment Service Description

4. Importance of chassis-to-
ground clearance adjustment 4.Important of chassis-to-ground clearance
before alignment measurement/ adjustment before alignment adjustment
5. Road test/
6. Measurement results and
how to use them

Bounding *1

Toe

Camber

Caster

Rebounding *2

*1 State in which shock absorbers is shortened

*2 State in which shock absorbers is lengthened

(2/2)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Toe-angle

1. Tie rod behind the spindles

A A

Short Long
B B

Steering rack housing

Tie rod end Steering rack
end
2. Double tie rod type

A B

A=B

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster

1. Separate camber adjustment 2. Separate caster adjustment

3. Simultaneous camber and caster adjustment

(1) (2) (3)

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster

1. Separate camber
adjustment

Steering knuckle
movement

Shock
absorber

Adjusting bolt

Lower arm

Front view

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster

2. Separate caster
adjustment
Strut bar bracket

Adjusting nut or spacer

Strut bar

Lower arm

Movement of lower ball joint center

when strut bar length is changed

Top view

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster

3. Simultaneous (1) (3)

camber and
Movement of Upper arm
caster
lower ball joint
adjustment center when Lower arm
center of lower
arm is shifted by
1 2 Front shims
turning of cam
Rear shims
Top view
6 3
Adjusting cam Upper arm
shaft
(2)
Adjusting cam
5 4 Frame

Movement of upper ball joint

Lower arm center when number or rear
3 4
shims is increased or decreased
Movement of upper ball joint
5 center when number or front
Front 2 shims is increased or decreased

1 6 Movement of ball joint center

when number or front and rear
shims is increased or decreased
simultaneously

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster

Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Camber and Caster

3. Simultaneous (1) (3)

camber and
Movement of
caster
lower ball joint
adjustment center when
center of lower
arm is shifted by
turning of cam

Top view

Adjusting cam
Lower arm
(2)
Adjusting cam

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Example of Camber and Caster

Adjustment

Standard values Measure values

Camber -0° 20’ ± 45’ -0° 10’
(-0.33° ± 0.75°) (+ 0.16°)
Left-right error 30’ (0.5°) or less
Caster 3° 20’ ± 45’
+4° 20’
(3.33° ± 0.75°)
(+ 4.33°)
Left-right error 30’ (0.5°) or less

Gauge

Alignment
tester

(1/2)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front
Giá trị đo
cam
Cam = -0050’
Cas = 2035’

Rear
cam
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front
cam

Rear
cam
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Example of Camber and Caster

Adjustment

Camber
Front cam Caster
graduation
+(Longer)

Camber

Rear
cam
-(Shorter) REAR cam
graduation 2.2 Front cam
+(Longer)
Front cam : (Longer) 1.8
Rear cam : (Shorter) 2.2
-(Shorter)

Front and rear cams Front

Front cam Front cam

(Longer) (Shorter) (Longer)

Rear cam Rear cam

(Shorter) (Longer) (Shorter)

(2/2)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Front Wheel Alignment Service Turning Radius (Wheel Angle, Turning

Angle)

Knuckle stopper
bolt

A B
Steering rack housing

Tie rod end Steering rack end

A=B

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

Rear Wheel Alignment Description

Dual-link strut type Semi-trailing arm type

Outside Suspension arm

Outside
Toe-out Toe-in

Toe-in Toe-out
Standard centerline

Centerline

Double wishbone type

Upper arm
No.1 arm

Eccentric
cams
Front
Top view view

Eccentric Lower arm

No.2 arm cam

Top angle change Camber change

(1/1)
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

ĐO CAMBER, CASTER VÀ KPA

ĐO BÁN KÍNH QUAY VÒNG
1. Chuẩn bị trước khi đo (6 bước)
2. Đo camber
3. Đo caster và KPA đồng thời
4. Đo bán kinh quay vòng
5. Điều chỉnh camber, caster, toe angle
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

CHUẨN BỊ TRƯỚC KHI ĐO

BƯỚC 1
1. Kiểm tra độ rơ, lỏng lẻo các khớp cầu khớp trụ
của hệ thống treo và hệ thống lái
2. Kiểm tra áp suất lốp, độ đảo lốp
Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

CHUẨN BỊ TRƯỚC KHI ĐO

BƯỚC 2: Nhúng đầu xe vài lần

Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 3: ĐO ĐỘ CAO GẦM XE

 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 4:
- Nâng xe lên
-Đặt mâm tròn có thước đo độ dưới bánh xe trước và
mâm hình chữ nhật dưới bánh xe sau
 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 5: lắp cây chống bàn đạp phanh và tháo cầu chì đèn
phanh
 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment
G

BƯỚC 6: Lắp đồng hồ đo lên đàu nối với trục bánh xe

 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 7: ĐO CAMBER
 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 7: ĐO CAMBER
 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment
ía

BƯỚC 8: ĐO CASTER VÀ KPA

8.1 Quay bánh xe ra phía ngoài
200, điều chỉnh bọt khí trong ống
thủy thước đo caster và KPA về
số 0.
8.2 Sau đó quay banh xe vao phia trong
200 ̣ và đọc giá trị caster và KPA
 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 8: ĐO CASTER VÀ KPA

 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 8: ĐO CASTER VÀ KPA

 Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment

BƯỚC 9: ĐO BÁN KÍNH QUAY VÒNG

Diagnosis Technician >> Suspension and Steering >> Wheel Alignment
• Kiem tra kiên thưc cơ bản về GĐBX

BÀI TẬP
KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG TÀI LIỆU

1. Vẽ hình và nói công dụng của các tham số sau đây:

Camber? Caster? KPA? Toe? Turning radius? Set back?
Thrust angle? (3 điểm)
2. Quy trình đo các góc đặt bánh xe Camber, Caster, KPA
băng đồng hồ đo kiểu thước thủy ? (2 điểm)
3. Quy trình đo các góc đặt bánh xe Camber, Caster, KPA
trên máy HESBON (1.5 điểm)
4. Quy trình đo độ chụm bánh xe (1.5 điểm)
5. Trình bày cách điều chinh độ chụm, camber và caster trên
xe TOYOTA HIACE (2 điểm)