ELP NOTES: FINALS

April 27, 2021 (Tuesday)

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS THE UNIVERSAL COMPONENTS OF

COMMUNICATION

Interferences in communication
In telecommunications, an interference is
Pattern:
that which modifies a signal in a disruptive
Sender  Receiver  Message 
manner, as it travels along a
Stimulus  Response  Adjustment
communication channel between its
source and receiver. The term is often used
Stimulus – the prompt of person to talk
to refer to the addition of unwanted signals
to a useful signal. (Wikipedia)
Medium – means of communication
Verbal
Communication Process:
(1) Linear Nonverbal – body language
(2) Mixed
(3) Helical Message – information conveyed

Research conducted by two (2) engineers Receiver – target of the message sent by
about construction in the post-modern sender
models of communication.
-Virtual Comm. Response – what the sender receives

Adjustments – no two people use identical

(1) Linear signal systems therefore we communicate
 Aristotle was the first proponent of linear with each other to the extent that our
communication
language system agrees.
 to listen and to analyze without replying
Example:
 one-way communication
C: R, let’s go out!
R: (She likes C.) Omg. Magde-date tayo.
C: (Adjust) Uy, hindi. Gusto ko lang mag-
(2) Helical Communication
pansit.
 The receiver of the message; how people
R: (Adjust) Uy, joke ko lang din.
shift based on communication of people
 Example: the use of jargons
 Helical: switch in the roles
* Paradigm Shift  we only react to the
 The sender becomes the receiver and
things we are born with
the receiver becomes the sender.
Ex: The rise of internet (oldies vs. genz)

(3) Mixed Communication

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ELP NOTES: FINALS
April 27, 2021 (Tuesday)

THE NOISE – Multiple Intelligence  concept of

individual differences
– MI was credited to HG because he was
the first to use the term
– Interpersonal  social
– Intrapersonal  people who cannot work
with other because they can’t stand it

(2) SEMANTIC
 internal barrier
Noise – communication barrier  term in language “semantics, grammar,
 Internal – how you prevent ourself etc.”
from effectively delivering your  subcategorized into:
message (e.g., psychological and 1) Cultural
semantic) 2) Word use
 External – beyond the control of both
sender and receiver (e.g., physical Cultural
and physiological) – personal background, cultural
background, practices, tribe
INTERNAL
(1) PSYCHOLOGICAL Word use
 Internal noise/barrier – language background, language
 It has something to do with how people knowledge
react to communication; mental – how you make use of words
preparedness – professions (jargons), pronunciation,
 Example: how uncomfortable you are accent
while talking to someone – Example: Sports lingo
– Lingo: set of words that are designed for a
Preconceived: particular group
1) Wandering ideas 3) Stage Freight
2) Sarcasm 4) Introversion

Preconceived ideas – ideas people already EXTERNAL

know about something
Wandering ideas
– refer to “daydreaming”
– you are there but you are not really there
– physically present, mentally absent
– Situation: You prepared for a recitation
and you’ve read everything. Come
recitation, you don’t know what to say
anymore.
– Situation: Your friend is opening up to you
and words are not registering on your mind.
Sarcasm
– this becomes a barrier when the receiver
is “low-gets” (a person who doesn’t analyze)
– people who can understand sarcasm can
be considered intelligent (street-smart)
Stage Freight
– fear of public speaking / on stage (stutter,
etc.)
Introversion
– Howard Gardner’s “Multiple Intelligence”
(3) PHYSIOLOGICAL
 external noise/barrier
 bodily pains (headache, toothache, etc.)
 any distraction due to a physiological
function that interferes with communication
 hunger, fatigue, headaches, pains, and
physiological effects from medicine that
affects the way you think or feel
(4) PHYSICAL
 external factor; barrier
 disruptions that are not started/called by
the sender or speaker
 any external or environmental stimulus
that distracts us from receiving the intended
message sent by a communicator
 Examples include: other talking in the
background, background music, a startling
noise, and acknowledging someone outside
of the conversation
 Situation: Face to Face – there is
someone shouting in our background
 Situation: Technical Mode/Medium –
virtual (static sounds. Connection problem,
etc.)

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ELP NOTES: FINALS
April 27, 2021 (Tuesday)
CONTEXT CLUES
Context clues are hints that the author
gives to help define a difficult or unusual
word. The clue may appear within the same
sentence as the word to which it refers, or it
may follow in a preceding sentence.
Because most of your vocabulary is gained
through reading, it is important that you be
able to recognize and take advantage pf the
context clues.
Types of context clues: There are at least
four kinds of context clues that are quite
common.
(1) Synonym
(2) Antonym
(3) Explanation
(4) Example
SYNONYM.
A synonym, or word with the same
meaning, is used in the sentence.
“or”, “and”
Examples:
My opponent’s argument is fallacious,
misleading – plain wrong.
His pertinacity, or stubbornness, is the
cause of most of his trouble.
*Synonym – pertinacity – mulish; stubborn
The girl was churlish – rude, sullen and
absolutely ill-mannered.
*Synonym – sullen – rude
ANTONYM.
A word or group of words that has the
opposite meaning reveals the meaning of
an unknown term.
Antonym/Contrast
Examples:
Although some men are loquacious, others
hardly talk at all.
The girl who used to be very vociferous
doesn’t talk much anymore.
*Contrast – vociferous – talkative;
outspoken
Rather than be involved in clandestine
meetings, they did everything quite openly.
*Contrast – clandestine – secret; hidden
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EXPLANATION.
The unknown is explained within the
sentence or in a sentence immediately
preceding.
Examples:
The patient is so somnolent that she
requires medication to help her stay awake
for more than a short time.
He was so parsimonious that he refused to
gives his own sones the few pennies they
needed to buy pencils for school. It truly
hurt him to part with his money.
*Explanation – parsimonious – stingy;
tightfisted
Because the conflagration was aided by
wind, it was so destructive that every
building in the area was completely burned
to the ground.
*Explanation – conflagration – fire
EXAMPLE.
Specific examples are used to define the
term.
Examples:
Celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon,
and stars, are governed by predictable laws.
Pedagogical institutions, including high
schools, kindergartens, and colleges,
require community support to function
efficiently.
*Example – pedagogical – having to do with
teaching
Ecclesiastics, such as priests, ministers,
and pastors, should set models of behavior
for their congregants.
*Example – ecclesiastics – member of the
clergy/church
https://www.cpp.edu/ramp/program-
materials/context-clues.shtml