Tankers questions and answers

1) What is crude oil washing and its purpose and requirement ?

Ans :Crude oil washing (COW) is the name given to the method of cleaning out the tanks on a crude
oil tanker, by means of high-pressure jet nozzles, with the crude oil cargo itself ("oil to remove oil")
at pressures of 9-10 kg/cm2. This operation can take place either in port or at sea between discharge
ports.

Advantages:

The solvent action of the crude oil makes the cleaning process far more effective than when water
only is being used. A subsequent water wash would be conducted prior to gas freeing the tank for
entry or introduction of clean ballast. This system helps to prevent pollution of the seas from
operational measures and maximises cargo outturn.

Operational procedures and measures taken:

1) When it is necessary to carry out crude oil washing during cargo discharge, the Master must
inform the terminal at least 24 hours in advance of the operation. Crude oil washing should only
be carried out when approval is received from the terminal.
2) Only fixed tank washing machines can be used to carry out crude oil washing
3) Prior to the operation, a safety checklist is completed.
4) An inert gas system must be in operation and the oxygen content of the tank atmosphere must
not exceed either 8% by volume or the minimum level required by the terminal.
5) Personnel in charge of the operation must be qualified and must have completed an approved
training course.

Measures taken before arrival to port for COW operation:

Before arrival in port the following must be carried out:

1) Tank washing system pressure tested to normal working pressure an examined for leaks before
arriving in port.
2) All machines should be operated and any leaks found should be made good.
3) The system should be drained out to avoid the risk of thermal expansion.

COW safety operation points:

1) During crude oil washing the system must be kept under constant observation so that any leak
can be detected and the necessary action taken.
2) Mixtures of oil and water can create an electrically charged mist during washing. Therefore only
"dry” crude should be used for crude oil washing and any tank that is to be used as a source for
COW must be partly discharged (at least one metre) prior to operation.
3) The pressure in cow should be reduced to minimum prior to opening or closing of any valve
4) If the slop tank is to be used, it should first be completely discharged ashore and refilled with
''dry'' crude oil.

MARPOL requirement:

1) MARPOL Annex I Regulation 13 (6) requires every new crude oil tanker of 20,000 tons Dwt and
above to be fitted crude oil washing systems.
2) On `pre-MARPOL' tankers, i.e. those without Segregated Ballast Tanks 1 , the cargo tanks
designated for dirty ballast 2 and clean ballast 3 must have been crude oil washed prior to the
introduction of ballast water
3) On ships with segregated ballast tanks, approximately 25% of the crude oil tanks need to be
washed on every voyage for sludge control purposes such that no tank needs to be washed
more than once in every four months.
4) For tankers with insufficient SBT capacity, an appropriate number of cargo tanks will need to be
crude oil washed, such that when subsequently water washed these tanks will be "clean"
enough (as defined by MARPOL) to take on sufficient water ballast to achieve the required
draught on voyage.
5) The COW installation and arrangements onboard a tanker should comply with the provisions of
the "Specifications for the Design, Operation and Control of Crude Oil Washing Systems"
adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1978.
6) In addition, charter parties and commercial contracts may require the ship owner to carry out
crude oil washing to a greater extent than legislation dictates in order to maximize the cargo
outturn.

Q2 :Specification of inert gas:

1) OXYGEN < 5%
2) CO2> 14%

3) SO2 &SO3 < 100 PPM (NON–CORROSIVE)

4) PARTICULATE NEGLIGIBLE (NON-FOULING)
5) WATER NO SUSPENDED WATER
6) TEMPERATURE UP TO + 5°C OF SEAWATER TEMPERATURE
Q3: Conditions for control tank atmosphere:

1) TANKS ARE TO BE KEPT IN INERT CONDITION

  - OXYGEN LEVEL IN TANKS < 8% BY VOLUME

  - POSITIVE PRESSURE INSIDE THE TANKS

2) TRANSITION FROM INERT CONDITION TO GAS FREE CONDITION WITHOUT PASSING

THROUGH FLAMMABLE RANGE
3) GAS FREE TANKS ARE TO BE INERTED BEFORE LOADING

Q4: Safety device installed in IG plant and there functions:

1) Flue Gas Uptake Valves:

An air operated, remote control butterfly valve located in the flue gas uptake from the boiler.

2) Scrubber Tower:
– Scrubber tower is use to remove impurities and other harmful substances from the
flue gas by washing with seawater.

– Cool the flue gas washing and cooling by water sprays

– Remove most sulphur dioxide

– Remove the solids

• Gas Temp. Outlet 5o above sea water temp.

• So2 removed 90 % approximately

• Solid removal 90 % approximately

The nature of these contaminants means that the inside of the scrubber and the effluent lines must
be coated or made from exotic metals to resist the corrosive attack the final stages are to pass the
wet gas through a demister to dry it, and a cyclone separator to remove carbon or other particulate
matter.

3) Demister:

Remove all water and the remaining solids.

(Remove 99 % water, solid above 100 v)

4) ``Gas Freeing” Air Inlet

To enable I.G. blowers to supply “Fresh Air’ for gas freeing purpose.

5)Blower inlet isolating valve:

To isolate the respective blower when not in service

Valve: open / closed type, closes automatically when the blower trip.

6) Blowers (Fans):
Two blowers are provided to propel the clean, dry gas to the tanks.

1) To supply I.G. to cargo tanks in the required quantity.

2) Single stage - centrifugal turbo type
3) Drive by an electric motor: capacity 10,500 m3 / Hr

RPM 3500

Pressure 1800 mm/wg

» 700 mm/wg during topping

» 200 mm/wg above low pressure alarm during discharge

4) V/L equipped four main cargo pumps 4*4200 m3/hr

5) Total I.G. gas supply = 125 % of total cargo pumps capacity (IMO regulation)

7) Gas regulation Valve (GRV)

To regulate the amount of gas supplier to the deck. “GRV “is pneumatic operated in conjunction with
recirculation valve.Valve: operated manually or in automatic

8) O2Analyzer

• Monitoring O2 content within I.G. supplied to the deck.

• Instrument operate automatic

• Instrument calibrated before use.

High level alarm set at required point (6 % or less).

9) Recirculation Valve:
To allow recirculation of gas in excess of the quantity required on deck (as GRV closed,
recirculation valve open) Excess gas is returned either to the scrubber tower (in which case an auto
uptake valve will partly close to reduce the delivery from the flue) or is vented directly to
atmosphere.
10) Deck Water Seal:
Act as Non return valve. Against the back flow from the cargo tanks to I.Gs and boiler.

Act as Non return valve against the back flow from the cargo tanks to I.G system and boiler.

Three Types: - Dry, Semi-dry, Wet (used ship’s simulator)

11)Non-Return Valve:

Provide additional protection against gas back flowand prevent liquid flowing back through the
system in case of tank overflow.

12) Deck Master Valves:

Commonly two, a non return valve and a manual deck master valve to provide positive shut off of
the system.

13) pressure/vacuum valves:

Maintain pressure in cargo tank within set limits

• .pressure setting1800 mm/wg

• vacuum setting 400 mm/wg

14) Pressure / Vacuum breaker:

Prevent excessive pressure / vacuum from causing structure damage to cargo tanks

– pressure setting10 % above P/V valve setting

– vacuum setting 125 % on P/V valve vacuum setting

15)IG deck main:

Distributes the Inert Gas to individual tanks. Often this is the same line as the vent line, if a
common venting system is in use.

16)IG System Instrumentation, Alarms and Interlocks:

IG systems must be provided with instruments for monitoring:-

1. Percentage Oxygen delivered

2. Inert Gas temperature delivered
3. Inert Gas pressure at the Deck Main
17) There are other safety interlocks and alarms to fitted to monitor for safer operations.

Q5) IG REQUIREMNETS:
As per SOLAS Chapter II-2, regulation 60, an inert gas system is required for the following ship types:

1) All tankers of 20,000 DWT and upwards;

2) All tankers engaged in crude oil washing (COW)
The inert gas and associated venting system must allow for the following operations to be conducted
safely (regulation 62 of SOLAS chapter II-2):

3) Gas Freeing
4) Purging
5) Inerting

Q6) How is IG gas replacement carried out?

Replacement of gas in cargo tanks is needed for the following reasons:

1) Inerting, to replace the air with inert gas

2) Purging, to replace hydrocarbons with inert gas
3) Gas freeing, to replace inert gas with air

These operations can be carried out using one of two processes of gas replacement, which are:

1) Dilution:

(A larger volume of I.G. must be used to achieve the required conditions to avoid air pockets (3
tank volumes).

Dilution is a mixing process whereby the incoming gas mixes with the original gases to form a
homogenous mixture throughout the tank. As a result the concentration of the original gas
decreases exponentially. The actual rate of gas replacement depends upon the volume flow of the
incoming gas, its entry velocity and the dimensions of the tank.

2) Displacement:

(1 different gases of different densities)

 Displacement relies on a stable horizontal interface between the incoming gas and the
replaced gas. Usually, the heavier inert gas is introduced from the bottom while the lighter air
is vented from the top. As inert gas is introduced via the loading line, i.e. from the bottom of
the tank, air is vented from the top of the tank. It is critical when using the displacement
method, to continually monitor the tank atmosphere and adjust flow rates to prevent mixing
of the gases.

In practice the best way to change atmospheres depends on the individual ships' cargo operating
manual, recommendations, pipeline systems, IG equipment and practical experience.

Q7) what are possible sources for Inert gas?

The possible sources of inert gas on board a tanker are:

1) The uptake from the main or auxiliary boilers

2) An independent IG generator
3) A gas turbine plant, when equipped with an after burner

All the above sources should be able to deliver inert gas (IG) to the tanks with a maximum oxygen
content of less than 5% by volume.

Q8) Define inert gas and its function?

Inert Gas is defined as a gas or a mixture of gases, such as flue gas, that contain insufficient oxygen
to support the combustion of hydrocarbons. The main purpose of inert gas, in terms of cargo
operations on tankers, is to prevent the formation of a flammable atmosphere in the cargo tanks. As
can be seen in the chapter on Hazards of Petroleum Cargoes, the three components required for
ignition are fuel, heat and oxygen. In atmospheres where the oxygen content is below 11.5% by
volume, ignition is not possible. On a tanker the cargo vapour is always present, which provides the
fuel side of the fire triangle. Even though sources of ignition can be restricted, they can never be
eliminated. So, the best way to prevent combustion is to use inert gas and restrict oxygen. With an
inert gas system the protection against a tank explosion is achieved by introducing inert gas into the
tank to keep the oxygen content low and so reduce to safe proportions the hydrocarbon gas
concentration of the tank atmosphere.
Keep tank atmosphere less than 8% of oxygen content
(Area of hydrocarbon content from 0% to 17%).
As seen from the diagram above, when an inert gas is added to a hydrocarbon gas/air mixture (point
I on the diagram) the result is a reduction in the concentration of hydrocarbons in the mixture to
below the lower flammable limit (LFL) point J on the diagram. At this point air can safely be
introduced into the tank as the concentration of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere will always be
below the LFL until; finally, there is 21% oxygen in the tank point E on the diagram. The other
alternative, diluting with air from point I will cause the mixture to be within the flammable range -
along line IE in the diagram. Line EM is the Critical Dilution Line that divides the safe area below the
LFL from the unsafe area.

Q9) Definitions:

a) Enclosed space:Enclosed space" means a space which has any of the following characteristics:
1) limited openings for entry and exit;
2) unfavorable natural ventilation; and
3) is not designed for continuous worker occupancy,
4) and includes, but is not limited to, cargo spaces, double bottoms, fuel tanks, pump-
rooms, compressor rooms, cofferdams, void spaces, duct keels, inter-barrier spaces,
engine crankcases and sewage tanks.

b) Self igniting temperature:The self ignition temperature of a substance is the lowest temperature
at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external source of
ignition, such as a flame or spark

c) Resuscitator
Equipment to assist or restore the breathing of personnel ovecome by gas or lack of oxygen.
d) Work permit: A document issued by a responsible person permitting specific work to be done
during a specific period in a defined area.

e) Auto-ignition: The ignition of a combustible material without initiation by a spark or flame, when
the material has been raised to a temperature at which self-sustaining combustion occurs.

f) Flammable (also referred to as ‘Combustible’)

Capable of being ignited and of burning. For the purposes of this guide the terms ‘flammable’ and
‘Combustible’ are synonymous.

g) Flammable range (also referred to as ‘Explosive range’)

The range of hydrocarbon gas concentrations in air between the lower and upper flammable
(Explosive) limits. Mixtures within this range are capable of being ignited and of burning.

j) Flashlight (also referred to as ‘Torch’)

A battery operated hand lamp. An approved flashlight is one which is approved by a
competentauthority for use in a flammable atmosphere.

k)Flashpoint
The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient gas to form a flammable gas mixture
near the surface of the liquid. It is measured in a laboratory in standard apparatus using a
prescribed.

L) Gas free
A tank, compartment or container is gas free when sufficient fresh air has been introduced into it to
lower the level of any flammable, toxic, or inert gas to that required for a specific purpose, e.g.
hotwork, entry, etc.

M) Hot work permit

A document issued by a responsible person permitting specific hot work to be done during a
specifictime interval in a defined area.

Hydrocarbon gas
A gas composed entirely of hydrocarbons.

Inert condition
A condition in which the oxygen content throughout the atmosphere of a tank has been reduced to
8per cent or less by volume by the addition of inert gas.

Inert gas
A gas or a mixture of gases, such as flue gas, containing insufficient oxygen to support the
combustion of hydrocarbons.

Inert gas system (IGS)

An inert gas plant and inert gas distribution system together with means for preventing backflow
ofcargo gases to the machinery spaces, fixed and portable measuring instruments and control
devices.
Inerting
The introduction of inert gas into a tank with the object of attaining the inert condition.

Interface detector
An electrical instrument for detecting the boundary between oil and water.

Intrinsically safe
An electrical circuit or part of a circuit is intrinsically safe if any spark or thermal effect produced
normally (ie, by breaking or closing the circuit) or accidentally (e.g. by short circuit or earth fault) is
incapable, under prescribed test conditions, of igniting a prescribed gas mixture.

Lower flammable limit (LFL)

The concentration of a hydrocarbon gas in air below which there is insufficient hydrocarbon to
support and propagate combustion. Sometimes referred to as lower explosive limit (LEL).

Upper flammable limit (UFL)

The concentration of a hydrocarbon gas in air above which there is insufficient oxygen to support
and propagate combustion.Sometimes referred to as upper explosive limit (UEL).

Mooring winch brake design capacity

The percentage of the minimum breaking load (MBL) of a new mooring rope or wire it carries,
atwhich the winch brake is designed to render. Winch brakes will normally be designed to hold 80%
ofthe line’s MBL and will be set in service to hold 60% of the mooring line’s MBL. Brake
holdingcapacity may be expressed either in tonnes or as a percentage of a line’s MBL.

Naked lights
Open flames or fires, lighted cigarettes, cigars, pipes or similar smoking materials, any other
unconfined sources of ignition, electrical and other equipment liable to cause sparking while in
use,and unprotected light bulbs.

Non-volatile petroleum
Petroleum having a flash point of 60ºC or above as determined by the closed cup method of test.

Oxygen analyser/meter
An instrument for determining the percentage of oxygen in a sample of the atmosphere drawn from
atank, pipe or compartment.

Packaged cargo
Petroleum or other cargo in drums, packages or other containers.

Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)

The maximum exposure to a toxic substance that is allowed by appropriate regulatory
standards,including those of flag States.

Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) — the airborne concentration of a toxic substance averagedover
any 15 minute period, usually expressed in parts per million (ppm).

Petroleum
Crude oil and liquid hydrocarbon products derived from it.

Petroleum gas
A gas evolved from petroleum. The main constituents of petroleum gases are hydrocarbons, but
theymay also contain other substances, such as hydrogen sulphide or lead alkyls, as minor
constituents.

Pour point
The lowest temperature at which a petroleum oil will remain fluid.

Pressure surge
A sudden increase in the pressure of the liquid in a pipeline brought about by an abrupt change
inflow velocity.

Pressure/vacuum relief valve (P/V valve)

A device which provides for the flow of the small volumes of vapour, air or inert gas mixtures
causedby thermal variations in a cargo tank.

Purging
The introduction of inert gas into a tank already in the inert condition with the object of:
(1) further reducing the existing oxygen content; and/or
(2) reducing the existing hydrocarbon gas content to a level below which combustion cannot
besupported if air is subsequently introduced into the tank.

Responsible officer (or person)

A person appointed by the employer or the master of the ship and empowered to take all
decisionsrelating to a specific task, having the necessary knowledge and experience for that purpose.

Self stowing mooring winch

A mooring winch fitted with a drum on which a wire or rope is made fast and automatically stowed.
SOLAS
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea.

Spontaneous combustion
The ignition of material brought about by a heat producing (exothermic) chemical reaction within
thematerial itself without exposure to an external source of ignition.

Special areas:The MARPOL Convention defines certain sea areas as "Special

Areas" in which, for technical reasons relating to their oceanographical and
ecological condition and to their sea traffic, the adoption of special mandatory
methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required.

Particular sensitive sea areas (PSSA):“An area which needs special protection
through action by IMO because of its
significance for recognised ecological or socio-economic or scientific reasons
and which
may be vulnerable to damage by maritime activities.”
Static electricity
The electricity produced by dissimilar materials through physical contact and separation.

Stripping
The final operation in pumping bulk liquid from a tank or pipeline.

Tanker
A ship designed to carry liquid petroleum cargo in bulk, including a combination carrier when
beingused for this purpose.

Tank Cleaning
The process of removing hydrocarbon vapours, liquid or residue. Usually carried out so that tanks
canbe entered for inspection or hot work.

Tension winch (automated or self tensioning mooring system)

A mooring winch fitted with a device which may be set to automatically maintain the tension on
amooring line.

Terminal representative
A person designated by the terminal to take responsibility for an operation or duty.

Threshold limit value (TLV)

The time-weighted average concentration of a substance to which workers may be
repeatedlyexposed, for a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek, day after day, without
adverse effect.
(See also Permissible Exposure Limits.)

Topping off
The operation of completing the loading of a tank to a required ullage.

Topping up
The introduction of inert gas into a tank which is already in the inert condition with the object of
raising the tank pressure to prevent any ingress of air.

Toxic
Poisonous to human life.

True vapour pressure (TVP)

The true vapour pressure of a liquid is the absolute pressure exerted by the gas produced by
evaporation from a liquid when gas and liquid are in equilibrium at the prevailing temperature and
thegas/liquid ratio is effectively zero.

Ullage
The depth of the space above the liquid in a tank.

Vapour
A gas below its critical temperature.
Vapour emission control system
An arrangement of piping and equipment used to control vapour emissions during tanker
operations,including ship and shore vapour collection systems, monitoring and control devices and
vapourprocessing arrangements.

Vapour lock system

Equipment fitted to a tank to enable the measuring and sampling of cargoes without release
ofvapour/inert gas pressure.

Volatile petroleum
Petroleum, having a flash point below 60ºC as determined by the closed cup method of testing.

Water fog
A suspension in the atmosphere of very fine droplets of water usually delivered at a high
pressurethrough a fog nozzle for use in fire fighting.

Water spray
A suspension in the atmosphere of water divided into coarse drops by delivery through a
specialnozzle for use in fire fighting.

Too lean condition:The area surrounded by the volume of hydrocarbon gas is

too little compared with the volume of oxygen and no explosion occurs in this
area called the Too Lean condition.
Over rich condition:Compared with the volume of oxygen, the volume of
hydrocarbon gas is too much in the area surrounded and no explosion occurs
in this area so referred to as the Over Rich condition.

Q10) what are precautions to be taken in account b4 COW in tanks?

Ships condition

– I.G.S on.
– All tanks contain O2< 5%.
– Cargo discharge in progress.
B- Operation
– All tanks opening are secured.
– All tanks under positive pressure at least 250-300mm/wg.
– All tank I.G. isolating valve are open.
– Carry out C.O.W.
C- I.G.S Failure
Stop C.O.W. immediately.

Q11) what are precautions to be taken in account b4 inerting tanks?

A - Ship condition

In ballast

All tanks gas free

No hydrocarbons present

Boiler in normal operating condition

I.Gs. In operation on recirculation with O 2< 5 %

B - Procedure

Center tanks individually

Wing tanks Two at a time

Slop tanks Two at a time

C - O2 Monitoring O2< 8%

Q12) what are precautions to be taken while purging tanks?

It is necessary to purge with I.G.:
• Whenever an atmosphere in which hydrocarbons will be introduced O 2> 8 % by volume.
• On completion of a tank inspection repair.
• On completion of tank washing.
• To remove hydrocarbons from tanks prior to introducing air.

Q13 )inert gas diagram

Q14) Advantages and disadvantages of direct line piping main system? And diagram

Advantages of Direct Line System :

1. Enables faster loading and unloading rates.

2. Provides better suction due to lack of many bends in the line.

3. Permits two or three grades of oil to carried.

4. The arrangement is simple with lines leading directly to the tanks.

5. Fewer bends and valves means less erosion, leaks and less maintenance required.

6. time spend in the washing of lines id reduced.

Disadvantages of Direct line System :

1. Thorough washing of line are not possible unless the washing are flushed into the tank and then
discharged from there, can lead to contamination of cargo if next cargo is loaded without Thorough
washing.

2. Leaks when any are difficult to control due to fewer valves fitting on the lines.
3. Due to fewer valves on the lines, many grades cannot be carried as the required line and
segregation is not provided.

4. this system cannot be suited for product carriers and other types of tankers required to carry
more than 3 grades........but limited only to VLCC's.`

Q15) Advantages and disadvantages of COW?

Advantages of Crude Oil Washing (COW) :

1. Saves time and expenses in Tank cleaning.

2. Improves the out turn of the cargo by reducing substantially the buildup of sludge and wax in tk
bottoms.

3. Pollution risks are reduced.

4. Corrosion of pipes and plating and contamination of cargo by sea water are reduced.

5. Crude oil residue clinging on the tank bulkheads and internal members are reduced substantially.

Disadvantages of Crude Oil Washing (COW) :

1. Cow does not entirely eliminate the need for washing with salt water.

2. It can only be done when the ship is Unloading the cargo.

3. This increases the work load in port.

4. Reduces discharge rate and requires trained personnel to carry out the operation safely.

Q16) what is educator system and what are Advantages and disadvantages of Eductor system?

EDUCTORS use Bernoulli’s Principle to draw fluids into the constriction in a pipeline. As the pipeline
narrows the fluid must move faster in order to move the same volume in the same time. This results
in a pressure drop leading to a partial vacuum forming at the eductor nozzle which draws in the fluid
to be pumped.
Advantages:

1. Simple , Low/ No Maintenance System.

2. Does not have any sort of vaccum limitation.

3. Draining and stripping of cargo tanks can be done at the final stages of unloading a tank inorder
to ensure max amount of cargo is pumped is out of a tank.

4. Racing and loss of pump suction is never a part of this systems problem.

Disadvantages of the eductor :

1. Air Agitation can be caused on the suction side, rarely.

2. discharge capacity is not as same the Cargo Pump but very less.

3. If sufficient Vacuum is not created then the suction is lost.

4. Cannot use this system for more than one tank or line.

5. Needs a separate drive to run and is not self priming

6. WorKs on Mechanical function and not electrical or steam.

Q18) what are dispersants?

The Objectives

Chemical Dispersants can sometimes be used to combat oil pollution by breaking up oil slicks
into very small droplets

Dispersion of the oil into the water :

• Prevent the formation of oil-in-water emulsions which are difficult to clean up

• Protecting Resources

Types of dispersants:
 a) Hydrocarbon solvent based
b) Concerntrates

Q18) what are booms and its types?

Booms are perfect for the control of and the cleanup of oil spills on water. They can also be used to contain
and absorb large industrial hydrocarbon spills on land. These oil only booms repel water which means they will
float even if saturated.

Types of booms:

1) SIPHOID BOOMS (planks, straw bundles, rags..)

2) STREAM BARRIERS

3) EARTH BARRIERS

4) SORBENT BOOMS

5) FIRE BOOMS

Q20) define skimmers and there types?

An oil skimmer is aequipment that separates a liquid from particles floating on it or from
another liquid

Types:

Mechanical skimmers

Adhesion/oleophilic skimmers

Mechanical skimmers we hav 4 types:

Direct suction skimmers

Weir skimmers

Vortex skimmers

Conveyor belt skimmers

Q21) define sorbents and there types?

A sorbent is a material used to absorb or adsorb liquids

Types:

Absorbent (absorbed into the material)

Adsorbent (adheres to the surface fibre)

Q22) ring main system diagram?