STRESSES TRANSFORMATION

In-Class Activities:
•Follow up

Today’s Objective : To: •Concepts

a) Understand the stress coordinate • Theory, formula, steps

•Applications
system, principal stresses, max • Problem Solving
shear stresses, in-plance stresses
• Quiz types
b) Be able to calculate max and
specific values. • Next week schedule
APPLICATIONS

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
• The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at
the point.
• Sign Convention:
– Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
– Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Sign convention (continued)

• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule

• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the
angle θ. The angle θ is measured from the positive x to the positive
x’-axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Normal and shear stress components:
– Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION (cont)

+ΣFx’ = 0; σx’ ∆A – (τxy ∆A sin θ) cos θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) sin θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) sin θ – (σx ∆A cos θ) cos θ = 0
σx’ = σx cos2 θ + σy sin2 θ + τxy (2 sin θ cos θ)

+ΣFy’ = 0; τx’y’ ∆A + (τxy ∆A sin θ) sin θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) cos θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) cos θ + (σx ∆A cos θ) sin θ = 0
τx’y’ = (σy – σx) sin θ cos θ + τxy (cos2 θ – sin2 θ)

σx + σy σx – σy
σx’ = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

σx + σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2

σx + σy σx – σy
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

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VARIABLE SOLUTIONS

Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions

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EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
element shown in Fig. 9–7a. Determine the state of stress at
the point on another element oriented 30° clockwise from
the position shown.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have,

σ x = −80 MPa σ y = 50 MPa τ xy = −25 MPa θ = −30°

To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ = −25.8 MPa (Ans)
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ x' y' = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ = −68.8 MPa (Ans)
2

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,

σ x = −80 MPa σ y = 50 MPa τ xy = −25 MPa θ = −60°

σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ = −4.15 MPa (Ans)
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ x' y' = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ = 68.8 MPa (Ans)
2

The results are shown on the element as shown.

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IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The principal stresses represent the maximum and
minimum normal stress at the point.
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.

τ xy
tan 2θ p =
(σ x − σ y )/ 2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 
2

σ 1, 2 = ±   + τ xy2
2  2 

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MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The state of stress can also be represented in terms of
the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an
average stress will also act on the element.

tan 2θ s =
(σ x − σ y )/ 2
τ xy

 σ x −σ y 
2

τ max in -plane =   + τ xy2

 2 

• And there is a normal stress on the

plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
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EXAMPLE 2
When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–
13a, it produces a state of pure shear stress in the material.
Determine (a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and the
associated average normal stress, and (b) the principal
stress.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have, σ x = 0 σy =0 τ xy = −τ

a) Maximum in-plane shear stress is

 σ x −σ y  σ x +σ y
2

τ max in -plane =   + τ xy 2 = ±τ σ avg = = 0 (Ans)

 2  2

b) For principal stress,

τ xy
tan 2θ p = ⇒ σ p 2 = 45°, σ p1 = 135°
(σ x − σ y )/ 2
σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 
2

σ 1, 2 = ±   + τ xy 2 = ±τ (Ans)
2  2 

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
If we use θ p = 45°
2

σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
= 0 + 0 + (− τ )sin 90° = −τ

Thus, σ 2 = −τ acts at σ p = 45°as shown in Fig. 9–13b, and σ 1 = τ acts on the

2

other face σ p = −45°

1

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EXAMPLE 3
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–14a,
it produces a tensile stress in the material. Determine (a) the
principal stress and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress
and associated average normal stress.

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
From the established sign convention,

σx = 0 σy =0 τ xy = 0

Principal Stress
Since no shear stress acts on this element,

σ1 = σ σ2 = 0 (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
− (σ x − σ y ) / 2 − (σ − 0 ) / 2
tan 2θ s = = ;θ s1 = 45°, θ s2 = −45°
τ xy 0

 σ x −σ y 
2
σ −0  σ
2

τ max in plane =   + τ xy2 =  x  + (0 ) = ± (Ans)

2

 2   2  2
σ +σ y σ + 0 σ
σ avg = x = = (Ans)
2 2 2

To determine the proper orientation

of the element,

σ x −σ y σ −0 σ
τ x' y' = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ = − sin 90° + 0 = −
2 2 2

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MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS (only for VP
not for exam !!!)
• A geometrical representation of equations 9.1 and 9.2;
i.e.
 σ x +σ y   σ x −σ y 
σ x ' −   =   cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
 2   2 
 σ −σ y 
τ x ' y ' = − x  sin 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
 2 

• Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right, and τ is positive downward.

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EXAMPLE 4
Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the
solid shaft in Fig. 9–18a is subjected to the state of stress
shown. Determine the principal stresses acting at this point.

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle
From Fig. 9–18a,

σ x = −12 MPa, σ y = 0, τ xy = −6 MPa

The center of the circle is at

− 12 + 0
σ avg = = −6 MPa
2

The reference point A(-12,-6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9–
18b.The circle is constructed having a radius of

R= (12 − 6)2 + 62 = 8.49 MPa

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Principal Stress
The principal stresses are indicated by
the coordinates of points B and D.

We have σ 1 > σ 2 ,
σ 1 = 8.49 − 6 = 2.49 MPa (Ans)
σ 2 = −6 − 8.49 = −14.5 MPa (Ans)

The orientation of the element can be

determined by calculating the angle
6
2θ p2 = tan−1
= 45.0°
12 − 6
θ p2 = 22.5°

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• State of stress in 3-dimensional space:
σ max − σ min
τ abs max =
2
σ max + σ min
τ avg =
2

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 Further schedule
• Please follow the announcements
CES evidence - example
 Quiz 1. Principal stresses mean

a) Maximum and minimum stresses at a point

b) Mean stresses at a point
c) Actual stresses at a point
d) Exists similar to bending stresses
2. Max shear stresses imply

a) Only max shear stresses act in-plane

b) Shear stresses acts at 90 degrees
c) Shear stresses acts at 45 degrees
d) Average stresses must company max
shear stresses
3. The failure plane dictated by the following figure
could be

a) 45 degrees
b) 135 degrees
c) 0 degrees
d) 90 degrees