CE202

Strength of Materials

Chapter Seven

Transformations of Stress and

Strain
7.1. Introduction

The most general state of stress at a point
may be represented by 6 components,
σ x ,σ y ,σ z normal stresses
τ xy , τ yz , τ zx shearing stresses
(Note : τ xy = τ yx , τ yz = τ zy , τ zx = τ xz )

The first part of the chapter is concerned

with how the components of stress are
transformed under a rotation of the
coordinate axes. The second part of the
chapter is devoted to a similar analysis of
the transformation of the components of
strain.

Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces
of the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined
by
σ x , σ y , τ xy and σ z = τ zx = τ zy = 0.

State of plane stress also occurs on the free

surface of a structural element or machine
component, i.e., at any point of the surface
not subjected to an external force.

State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate

subjected to forces acting in the midplane
of the plate.
7.2. Transformation of Plane Stress
..…(A)

..…(B)
We write equations A and B, as follows:

..…(I)

..…(II)

 The expression for the normal stress in y’ direction is obtained by

plugging θ= θ+90. We have:

..…(II)

Note that:
 7.3. Principal Stresses

Let us eliminate θ from equation I and II. We obtain:

This an equation of a
circle of radius R
centered at the point C
of abscissa and ordinate
O.

Point B: σmin
Point A: σmax

Principal stresses occur on the Principal
planes of stress with zero shearing
stresses.

2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y 
σ max,min = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
2τ xy
tan 2θ p =
σ x −σ y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o
Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum shearing stress occurs for σ x′ = σ ave

2
σ x −σ y 
τ max = R =   + τ xy
2
 2 
σ x −σ y
tan 2θ s = −
2τ xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from θ p by 45o
σ x +σ y
σ ′ = σ ave =
2
Example (1)
For the state of plane stress shown, determine
(a) the principal panes, (b) the principal
stresses, (c) the maximum shearing stress and
the corresponding normal stress.
Solution

Find the element orientation for the
principal stresses from

2τ xy 2(+ 40 )
tan 2θ p = = = 1.333
σ x −σ y 50 − (− 10 )
2θ p = 53.1°, 233.1°
θ p = 26.6°, 116.6°
σ x = +50 MPa τ xy = +40 MPa
σ x = −10 MPa
Determine the principal stresses from
2
σx +σ y σ x −σ y 
σ max,min = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
= 20 ± (30)2 + (40)2
σ max = 70 MPa
σ min = −30 MPa

Calculate the maximum shearing stress
with 2
σ x − σ y 
τ max =   + τ xy
2
 2 
= (30)2 + (40)2
τ max = 50 MPa
σ x = +50 MPa τ xy = +40 MPa θ s = θ p − 45
σ x = −10 MPa θ s = −18.4°, 71.6°

The corresponding normal stress is

σx +σ y 50 − 10
σ ′ = σ ave = =
2 2
σ ′ = 20 MPa
 Mohr’s Circle
Construction of Mohr’s Circle:
1. Determine coordinates of points X and Y: X(σ x ,−τ xy )
2. Locate Center and Draw the Circle. Y(σ y , τ xy )

Case 1: Mohr’s Circle: Principal stresses.

Positive Convention
Case 2: Mohr’s Circle: Stresses at any angle.
Case 3: Mohr’s Circle: Maximum Shearing Stresses.
Example (2)

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise
Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees. σ +σ 100 + 60
x y
σ ave = = = 80 MPa
2 2
R= (CF )2 + (FX )2 = (20)2 + (48)2 = 52 MPa

Principal planes and stresses
XF 48 σ max = OA = OC + CA σ max = OA = OC − BC
tan 2θ p = = = 2.4
CF 20 = 80 + 52 = 80 − 52
2θ p = 67.4°
σ max = +132 MPa σ min = +28 MPa
θ p = 33.7° clockwise
 φ = 180° − 60° − 67.4° = 52.6°
 Stress components after rotation by 30o
σ x′ = OK = OC − KC = 80 − 52 cos 52.6°
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that σ y′ = OL = OC + CL = 80 + 52 cos 52.6°
correspond to stress components on the
τ = KX ′ = 52 sin 52.6°
rotated element are obtained by rotating x′y′
XY counterclockwise through 2θ = 60 ° σ x′ = +48.4 MPa
σ y′ = +111.6 MPa
τ x′y′ = 41.3 MPa