CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

MASTERS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Second Semester 2019 - 2020

Chapter 5. Non-Parametric

Chi-Square test
A chi-square (χ2) statistic is a test that measures how a model compares to actual observed data. The data used
in calculating a chi-square statistic must be random, raw, mutually exclusive, drawn from independent variables, and
drawn from a large enough sample.
Chi-square tests are often used in hypothesis testing. The chi-square statistic compares the size any
discrepancies between the expected results and the actual results, given the size of the sample and the number of
variables in the relationship.

Assumptions
When you choose to analyze your data using a chi-square test for independence, you need to make sure that
the data you want to analyze "passes" two assumptions. You need to do this because it is only appropriate to use a chi-
square test for independence if your data passes these two assumptions. If it does not, you cannot use a chi-square test
for independence. These two assumptions are:
1. Your two variables should be measured at an ordinal or nominal level (i.e., categorical data).
2. Your two variables should consist of two or more categorical, independent groups. Example
independent variables that meet this criterion include sex (2 groups: Males and Females), physical
activity level (e.g., 4 groups: sedentary, low, moderate and high), profession (e.g., 5 groups: surgeon,
doctor, nurse, dentist, therapist), and so forth.

Chi-square of Independence
When considering student sex and course choice, a χ2 test for independence could be used. To do this test, the
researcher would collect data on the two chosen variables (sex and courses picked) and then compare the frequencies
at which male and female students select among the offered classes using the formula given above and a χ2 statistical
table.
The Chi-Square test of independence is used to determine if there is a significant relationship between two
nominal (categorical) variables. The frequency of each category for one nominal variable is compared across the
categories of the second nominal variable.
Moreover, the chi-square test for independence, also called Pearson's chi-square test or the chi-square test of
association, is used to discover if there is a relationship between two categorical variables.

Example:
Is sex independent of education level? A random sample of 45 people were surveyed and each person was asked
to report the highest education level they obtained.
Are sex and education level dependent at 5% level of significance? In other words, given the data collected, is
there a relationship between the gender of an individual and the level of education that they have obtained?
 Sex Educational Level Sex Educational Level
Female High School Male Bachelor
Female High School Male Bachelor
Female High School Male Bachelor
Female High School Male Bachelor
Female High School Male Bachelor
Female High School Male Bachelor
Female High School Male Bachelor
Female High School Female Masters
Male High School Female Masters
Male High School Female Masters
Male High School Female Masters
Male High School Female Masters
Male High School Female Masters
Female Bachelor Male Masters
Female Bachelor Male Masters
Female Bachelor Male Masters
Female Bachelor Male Masters
Female Bachelor Male Masters
Female Bachelor
Female Bachelor
Female Bachelor
Female Bachelor
Female Bachelor
Female Bachelor
Male Bachelor
Male Bachelor
Male Bachelor

Step 1 Open the data and select Frequencies and click Contingency tables

Step 2. Direct sex to Rows and educational level to Columns

Step 3. Analyze the Results

Based from the results, there was no significant relationship between the gender of an individual and the level
of education [X2 (2) = 0.279, p = 0.870] at 0.05 level of significance. Since the p value was greater than 0.05.

Activity
A study was done on opinions concerning the legalization of marijuana at Paglaum College. One hundred fifty-
seven respondents were randomly selected from a large pool of faculty, students, and parents at the college.
Respondents were given a choice of favoring the legalization of marijuana, opposing he legalization of marijuana, or
favoring making marijuana a legal but controlled substance. The results of the survey were as follows.

Respondents Choice Respondents Choice

Students Favor Students Oppose
Students Favor Students Oppose
Students Favor Students Favor with control
Students Favor Students Favor with control
Students Favor Students Favor with control
Students Favor Students Favor with control
Students Favor Students Favor with control
Students Favor Students Favor with control
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Favor Faculty Favor
Students Oppose Faculty Favor
Students Oppose Faculty Favor
Students Oppose Faculty Favor
Students Oppose Faculty Favor
Students Oppose Faculty Favor
Students Oppose Faculty Favor
Students Oppose Faculty Favor
Respondents Choice Respondents Choice
Faculty Favor Faculty Oppose
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Favor Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Faculty Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Oppose
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose Parents Favor with control
Faculty Oppose
Faculty Oppose
Faculty Oppose
Spearman’s Rho
The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (Spearman’s correlation, for short) is a nonparametric measure
of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an ordinal scale. The
Spearman's rho used to measure the strength and direction of association between two ranked variables.

Assumptions
When you choose to analyze your data using Spearman’s correlation, part of the process involves checking to
make sure that the data you want to analyze can actually be analyzed using a Spearman’s correlation. You need to do
this because it is only appropriate to use a Spearman’s correlation if your data "passes" three assumptions that are
required for Spearman’s correlation to give you a valid result.
1. Your two variables should be measured on an ordinal, interval or ratio scale.
2. Your two variables represent paired observations.
3. There is a monotonic relationship between the two variables.

What is a monotonic relationship?

A monotonic relationship is a relationship that does one of the following: (1) as the value of one variable
increases, so does the value of the other variable; or (2) as the value of one variable increases, the other variable value
decreases.
Spearman’s correlation is appropriate for more types of relationships, but it too has requirements your data
must satisfy to be a valid. Specifically, Spearman’s correlation requires your data to be continuous data that follow a
monotonic relationship or ordinal data.
When you have continuous data that do not follow a line, you must determine whether they exhibit a
monotonic relationship. In a monotonic relationship, as one variable increases, the other variable tends to either
increase or decrease, but not necessarily in a straight line. This aspect of Spearman’s correlation allows you to fit
curvilinear relationships. However, there must be a tendency to change in a particular direction, as illustrated in the
graphs below.

Example:
A study was conducted to the male employees of a certain LGU to check the relationship between smoking and
longevity. A sample of 15 men who are selected purposively, ages above 50 years old was taken and the average number
of cigarettes smoked per day and the age at death was recorded, as summarized in the table. Can we conclude from the
sample that longevity has a relationship with smoking?
Longevity Cigarettes Longevity Cigarettes
80 5 75 19
78 23 68 14
60 25 72 35
53 48 58 29
85 17 92 4
85 8 65 23
73 4
79 26
81 11
Step 1. Open the data and Select Regression and Click Correlation Matrix

Step 2. Direct the variables Longevity and Cigarettes to Variables box

3. Uncheck Pearson and Check Spearman

4. Analyze the Result

Based from the result, there was a high negative relationship between longevity and cigarette smoking of the
respondents [rs (13) = -0.680, p = 0.001] at 0.05 level of significance. This implies that the lower the number of cigarette
smoking, the higher the life expectancy of the respondents. Or, the higher the number of cigarette smoking, the lower
the life expectancy of the respondents.

Activity
Ten NBI agents where identified conveniently by the researcher to be included to his study. The purpose of the
study is to determine if the physical activity has any relation to our blood pressure. Utilizing the table of data below, Is
there significant relationship between the physical activity and blood pressure at 0.05 level of significance?
Physical Blood Pressure
Activities (min) (mm Hg)
60 118
55 117
25 120
50 121
40 119
45 122
35 123
10 124
30 125
20 126

References:

Chi-Square Test for Association, https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/chi-square-test-for-association-using-spss-

statistics.php, Thursday, May 20, 2021.

Chi-Square Test of Independence, https://www.statisticssolutions.com/non-parametric-analysis-chi-

square/#:~:text=The%20Chi%2DSquare%20test%20of,of%20the%20second%20nominal%20variable., Thursday, May 20,
2021

Hayes, A (2020). Chi-Square (χ2) Statistic Definition. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/chi-square-statistic.asp,

Thursday, May 20, 2021.

Spearman's Rho, https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/spearmans-rank-order-correlation-using-spss-statistics.php,

Thursday, May 20, 2021.