06/01/2021

DETERMINATION OF TRANSFORMER
VECTOR GROUP

Ir. Lee Chong Kiow

VI Power
vipowermy@gmail.com
January 2021
© VI Power

Typical Rating Plate For Distribution Transformer

Determination of Transformer Vector Group A1`

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Phase Relationship of Voltages in Single-Phase Transformer

The primary and secondary voltages of a transformer are in-phase

Understanding Vector Groups

• The primary and secondary voltages are in-phase, using the lower
numbered terminal. i.e. A1/a1 as the reference
• The transformer has six windings wound on three limbs of the iron
core
• The A2 end of the ‘A-phase’ is connected to A and the other end A1
to B/B2
• The A2-A1 and a2-a1 windings are magnetically linked because they
share the same limb, i.e. the A-B voltage applied to A2-A1 will
induce an in-phase a2-a1/a-n voltage
• The result is a phase shift of 30˚ or one hour between A2-N and a2-n
• The reversal of the delta or the neutral connection will have an
impact on the vector group
• The use of a negative sequence voltage will also have a major effect

Determination of Transformer Vector Group A1`

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Some Typical Vector Groups

Dyn Transformer

Primary and secondary voltages

are in-phase
UA2-A1 Ua2-a1
UB2-B1 Ub2-b1
UC2-C1 Uc2-c1

Determination of Transformer Vector Group A1`

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Deriving the Vector Group Test for Dyn Transformer

Deriving the Vector Group Test for Dyn Transformer

Determination of Transformer Vector Group A1`

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Deriving the Vector Group Test for Dyn Transformer

Second Method of Determining Transformer Vector Group

• What has been done so far is to use three single-phase transformers
to derive the vector group
• There is a second method, which relies on the clock face numbering
system
• It is recommended to start with a 12-6 for the a-phase of the star
winding
• In the case of a Dyn11 transformer, the initial and final results will
then be as shown
Phase Initial Result Final Result
Secondary a2-n 12-6 11.5
Primary A2-B2 12-6 11-5
Primary A2-N 1-7 12-6
Vector group Dyn11
10

Determination of Transformer Vector Group A1`

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 An Alternative Method of
Drawing Transformer Connections
 Example Construction
YNd11

X Draw two sets of windings and insert the known

information. i.e. draw the star winding (in this case
the HV)

2 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 2

 Example Construction
YNd11

12 6

4 10

8 2

X Insert the clock face numbers for the star winding,

remembering that the A phase will be at 12 o’clock
with the other phases displaced by “4 hours”

3 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 3

 Example Construction
YNd11

12 6 6 12

4 10 10 4

8 2 2 8

X Since the HV & LV windings are wound on the same

core, they physically must have the same voltage
vectors, therefore insert comparative clock face
numbers on the delta winding
4 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 4
 Example Construction
YNd11

12 6 6 12

4 10 10 4

8 2 2 8

X We want the A phase vector (on the LV side) to be at

11 o’clock with respect to the HV A phase vector. 11
o’clock falls between 10 and 12, therefore we join
them to make the A phase terminal
5 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 5
 Example Construction
YNd11

12 12 6 6 12 11

4 4 10 10 4 3

8 8 2 2 8 7

X Similarly, the B phase vector needs to be at 3

o’clock and the C phase vector at 7 o’clock

6 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 6

 Calculating the Vector Group

6 12

10 4

2 8

X Since we don’t know the vector group, we must

assume standard vectors on the star winding

7 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 7

 Calculating the Vector Group

12 6 6 12

4 10 10 4

8 2 2 8

X Since the HV & LV windings are wound on the same

core, they physically must have the same voltage
vectors, therefore insert comparative clock face
numbers on the delta winding
8 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 8
 Calculating the Vector Group

12 6 6 12

11 4 10 10 4

8 2 2 8

X For the A phase winding, the outside of the winding

(12) is connected to the inside of the B phase
winding (10). Therefore the resultant vector is at 11
o’clock, and this is connected to the B phase
transformer terminals
9 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 9
 Calculating the Vector Group

7 12 6 6 12

11 4 10 10 4

3 8 2 2 8

X Similar construction can be formed for the B and C

phase windings. We can now see that the A phase line
vector is at 7 o’clock with respect to the LV A phase
line vector at 12 o’clock. I.e. The LV A phase vector is
5 hours ahead of the HV vector - we have a Dyn5
10 > Transformer Protection – Additional notes 10
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Determining
Vector Group of
Transformer
- Using A-C as the
reference

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Determination of Transformer Vector Group A1`

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