CAPSTONE PROJECT

REPORT

on

Differential Transformer Protection Using GSM and Arduino

Project Team Members: EE, 7th SEMESTER

Ankur Garg- 101604026

Bharat Bansal- 10104047
Chetan Modi- 101604050
Gagandeep Jindal- 101604060
Gurupdesh Singh- 101604063

Under the Guidance of

Dr. SK Aggarwal

2019

Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology

Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering Department
(Declared as Deemed-to-be-University u/s 3 of the UGC Act., 1956)
Post Bag No. 32, Patiala – 147004
Punjab (India)

1
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled Differential Transformer Protection Using GSM and
Arduino is an authentic record of our own work carried out in the Electrical & Instrumentation
Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala under the
guidance of Dr. SK Aggarwal, Associate Professor during July-December 2019.

Date: 07/11/2019

S. No. Name of the Student Roll No. Signature

1 Ankur Garg 101604026
2 Bharat Bansal 101604047
3 Chetan Modi 101604050
4 Gagandeep Jindal 101604060
5 Gurupdesh Singh 101604063

Faculty Supervisor: Dr. S.K Aggarwal

Supervisor(s): Signature
Associate Prof
Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2
We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed towards the
successful completion of the project and converge thanks to our supervisor Dr S.K Aggarwal and
all the faculty & staff members of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department (EIED),
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology for generously extending their support and for
sparing their valuable time to guide us towards the completion of this project work.
We would like to place a special word of appreciation to ---name the person/department from
where you get somehow coordination/help---for their guidance in designing us to use their tools.
Also we would like to thank classmates and all other respondents and group members whose
responses and co-ordination were of utmost importance for the completion of this project work.

S. No. Name of the Student Roll No.

1 Ankur Garg 101604026
2 Bharat Bansal 101604047
3 Chetan Modi 101604050
4 Gagandeep Jindal 101604060
5 Gurupdesh Singh 101604063

Abstract
The title of project is “differential Protection of transformer using Arduino”. In this project
differential protection is employed for protection of transformer and this is done using Arduino as

3
brains, the current sensor measure current entering and leaving the transformer and Arduino decide
when to disconnect transformer according to ratio difference and average of current.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

4
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OVERVIEW 1
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 1
1.3 NEED ANALYSIS 2
1.4 OBJECTIVES 3
1.5 PROBLEM FORMULATION
1.6 EXPECTED DELIVERABLES
1.7 NOVELTY OF WORK
1.8 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 2: THEORY, STANDARDS AND CONSTRAINTS

2.1. OVERVIEW
2.2. ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
2.3. TECHNICAL STANDARDS USED
2.4. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1. OVERVIEW
3.2. CONCEPT MAP AND FLOW CHART
3.3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
3.4. ARDUINO CODING
3.5. SIMULATION SET UP
3.6. HARDWARE DESIGN
3.7. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. OVERVIEW
4.2. SIMULATION RESULTS
4.3. HARDWARE RESULTS
4.4. DISCUSSIONS/INFERENCES DRAWN
4.5. JUSTIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED
4.6. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5
 5.1. SUMMARY
5.2. FUTURE WORK

CHAPTER 6: PROJECT METRICS

6.1. CHALLENGES FACED AND TROUBLE SHOOTING
6.2. RELEVANT SUBJECTS
6.3. INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECT
6.4. COMPONENTS AND COST ANALYSIS
6.5. BRIEF ANALYTICAL NOTES
6.6. TEAM ASSESSMENT MATRIX
6.7. WORK SCHEDULE (GANTT CHART)
6.8. STUDENT OUTCOME (A- K) MAPPING
6.9. PROGRESS REPORT

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES
Table Caption Page No.

1.1 Power transformer failures based on the components during 2009∼2013. 11

1.2 Novelty 14

6.1 Subjects codes and names 33

6.2 Component and Cost Analysis Matrix 34
6.3 Team Assessment Matrix 36
6.4 Student Outcome (A – K) mapping 40

6
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. Caption Page No.

1.1 Failure statistics of power transformer component-based failures 11

1.2 Complete power electric System 13

2.1 GSM 15
2.2 Arduino Uno 16
2.3 Communication between Arduino and GSM 17
2.4 ACS712 current sensor 18

3.1 Flow Chart 23

6.1 Gant Chart 37

7
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

 OLTC On load tap changer

 GSM Global system for Mobile Communication
 CT Current Transformer
 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 ICSP In-Circuit Serial Programming
 PWM Pulse Width Modulation

8
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. OVERVIEW

Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system. Due to the long lead
time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is
limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Some protection functions, such as over excitation
protection and temperature-based protection may aid this goal by identifying operating conditions
that may cause transformer failure. The comprehensive transformer protection provided by
multiple function protective relays is appropriate for critical transformers of all applications. One of
the most important pieces of equipment in power systems is the power transformer, which is used in
different sizes, types, and connections. A power transformer functions as a node to connect two
different voltage levels. Therefore, the continuity of its operation is of vital importance in
maintaining the reliability of power supply. Any unscheduled repair work, especially replacement
of a faulty transformer, is very expensive and time consuming.

The transformer is one of the most important links in a power system. And it is a static device
which transforms electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit. To protect the transformer

9
from atmospheric dust and dirt, it is totally enclosed and oil immersed. As transformer has no
rotating part, the chances of a fault occurring in them are very rare. However, a rare fault may be
very dangerous unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This necessitates
adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. Small capacity transformers
are provided with series fuses for protection against overloading and earth faults. No circuit
breakers are provided. i.e no automatic protection is given. However, the probability of faults on
power transformers is more and hence automatic protection is necessary. A fault which occurs
beyond the protection zone of the transformer, but fed through the transformer is known as
“Through faults”. A unit protection of transformer should not operate for through faults. The
overload relaying may be provided to operate with a time lag to provide back-up protection. Internal
faults are those in the protected zone of the transformer. These faults can be between phase to phase
and phase to ground. Generally, they occur due to a failure of insulation due to temperature rise.
Incipient faults are initially minor causing gradual damage. These faults grow into serious faults.
Incipient faults include loose connection in conducting path, sparking, small arcing etc

According to many years of experience, differential protection provides the best overall
protection for a power transformer. In principle, this protection scheme makes use of current
difference flowing through different terminals of the transformer so as to distinguish between
internal and external faults. It is also well recognized that differential current relays are affected
by various factors such as inrush current, over-excitation, transformer tap changer operation,
and current transformer (CT) saturation. For example, CT saturation leads to inaccurate current
measurement and, therefore, may cause mal-operation of differential relays.

In addition, when the transformer tap changer is moved up and down with respect to the middle
point at which the relay is adjusted to, the differential relay might initiate a trip signal without the
presence of any fault.

10
 TABLE 1.1, Figure 1.1

For the reliability analysis, this paper cites the recent paper [1], which stated the failure rate of power
transformer during the five (5) years (2009∼2013) in India (see Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1). The
failures of the power transformers in order of highest to lowest frequency were insulation, winding,
bushing, OLTC, core, others, coolant, and tank, respectively. In accordance with the APR1400 data,
there are several differences (bushing, winding, and core) between 2-winding and 3-winding
transformer in terms of assembly.

Approximately, 3-winding transformer has 3 times of bushing quantity, 1.5 times of winding
quantity, and 1.5 times of core quantity compared to 2-winding transformer. As a result, the 3-
winding transformer failures were assumed as 1.37 times higher than 2-winding transform.

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Electric Power system an electric Power system refers to a network that constitutes electrical
components/machines used in the supply, transmission and digestion of electric power. The figure

11
shows below clarification a complete power electric system. It involves generation, transmission and
distribution of electric power to various categories of consumers. The generation plant is normally
located far from the load center. There are different levels of electric power consumption depending
on the motive for which a customer uses electricity. Electrical power consumers may be commercial,
domestic or industrial [2]. These consumers require different levels of electric power supply. In
order to meet their specific requirement, certain devices that adjust the voltage levels accordingly
have to be used. Some of those components include prevent devices, capacitor banks, step down and
step up transformers.
Transformer is electrical element that changes the voltage from one level to other level without
change in frequency. Transformer is more expensive device in power system. As the load increase at
secondary winding of the transformer form its rated value [3]. Due to short circuit or instantly
increase in load can cause overloading, over-voltages and overheating that can damage the insulation
of transformer windings and severe damage can be occur on the secondary side. The various types of
faults that cause the transformer failures are winding faults, faults due to over currents, over voltage
faults, earthing faults, insulation failure faults and bushing flashover faults [4]. So, for overcome
above problems a reliable and speedy protection with more accuracy is needed. In this paper a
protection scheme is purposed that addresses the above stated problems. Power system protection is
a vital consideration in the design of an electrical power system. There is need to protect electrical
power components from dangerous faults. This is warranted by the need to improve the life of the
components, avoid dispersible expenditure in frequent replacement of obsolete components and to
ensure that there is a continuous supply of power to serve the needs of the ever-growing economy.
This paper therefore seeks to design a microcontroller-based system that will intelligently monitor
faults and prompt a safety measure to protect the power transformer in case of power overload.

12
 Figure 1.2

1.2 NEED ANALYSIS

The transformer is one of the most important links in a power system. And it is a static device which
transforms electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit. To protect the transformer from
atmospheric dust and dirt, it is totally enclosed and oil immersed. As transformer has no rotating
part, the chances of a fault occurring in them are very rare. However, a rare fault may be very
dangerous unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system

1. Large power transformers are very expensive.

2. Are normally made to order and therefore take a long time to manufacture
and deliver.
3. Take a few weeks to install.
4. Require a lot of infrastructure (substation bay) to function.

13
 1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION
Being a Developing nation, we need to improve our electrical system with minimum vulnerability to
faults and even faults occur minimum time to identify them and clear them motive of this project is
to develop a system based on GSM with easy formulation of faults with least efforts.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
 To design a GSM based Transformer protection scheme.
 To do simulation of the working model on Multisim.
 Testing and implementation of GSM and Arduino based internal fault scheme
1.5 DELIVERABLES
 This project is a unique technique to easily notify the electrician about the fault.
 The proposed model is efficient and easy way to protect transformers from internal faults.

1.6 NOVELTY

EXISTING PORPOSED

The existing methodology is no on GSM In the proposed work a new approach have been
based and we need a regular check on the developed in which electrician will know about
system for the faults. the fault from anywhere he is

Table 1.2
1.7. CONCLUSION
This chapter presented the literature review of the proposed area and the research gap is derived
from it. Therefore, the various objectives are framed based upon the research gap. The deliverable
and the novelty of the proposed work is also discussed in this chapter.

CHAPTER 2

14
 THEORY, STANDARDS AND CONSTRAINTS

2.1 OVERVIEW

GSM is a chip or circuit that will be used to establish communication between a mobile device or a
computing machine and a GSM system. There are different kinds of GSM modules available in the
market. We are using the most popular module based on Simcom SIM900. This means the module
supports communication in 900MHz band. We are from India and most of the mobile network
providers in this country operate in the 900Mhz band. The communication between Arduino and
GSM module is serial. You may connect the Tx pin of GSM module to Rx pin of Arduino and Rx
pin of GSM module to Tx pin of Arduino. Now connect the ground pin of Arduino to ground pin of
GSM module. The modem needs AT commands, for interacting with a controller, which are
communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the controller. The
MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different AT commands supported by the
MODEM can be sent by the controller to interact with the GSM.

Fig 2.1

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet ). It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It

15
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can
tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst
case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

Fig 2.2

Communication between Arduino and GSM

16
There are two ways of connecting GSM module to Arduino. In any case, the communication
between Arduino and GSM module is serial. So we are supposed to use serial pins of Arduino (Rx
and Tx). So if you are going with this method, you may connect the Tx pin of GSM module to Rx
pin of Arduino and Rx pin of GSM module to Tx pin of Arduino. GSM Tx –> Arduino
Rx and GSM Rx –> Arduino Tx. Now connect the ground pin of Arduino to ground pin of gsm
module! So that’s all! You made 3 connections and the wiring is over! Now you can load different
programs to communicate with gsm module and make it work.

 The problem with this connection is that, while programming Arduino uses serial ports to load
program from the Arduino IDE. If these pins are used in wiring, A the program will not be loaded
successfully to Arduino. So you have to disconnect wiring in Rx and Tx each time you burn the
program to Arduino. Once the program is loaded successfully, you can reconnect these pins and
have the system working!

To avoid this difficulty, I am using an alternate method in which two digital pins of Arduino are
used for serial communication. We need to select two PWM enabled pins of Arduino for this
method. So I choose pins 9 and 10 (which are PWM enabled pins).

Fig 2.3

ACS712 current sensor operates from 5V and outputs analog voltage proportional to current
measured on the sensing terminals. You can simple use a microcontroller ADC to read the values.

17
Sensing terminal can even measure current for loads operating at high voltages like 230V AC mains
while output sensed voltage is isolated from measuring part.
Provides up to 3000 VRMS galvanic isolation. The low-profile, small form factor packages are ideal
for reducing PCB area over sense resistor op-amp or bulky current transformer configurations. The
low resistance internal conductor allows for sensing up to 20 A continuous current. Providing typical
output error of 1%.
Features

 100 mV/A output sensitivity

 5.0 V, single supply operation
 Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents
 Factory-trimmed for accuracy
 Extremely stable output offset voltage
 Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis
 Ratiometric output from supply voltage
 Low-noise analog signal path
 Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
 5 µs output rise time in response to step input current
 80 kHz bandwidth
 Total output error 1.5% at TA = 25°C

Fig 2.4

18
2.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
Assumptions:
 All other parts are assumed to be working in no fault conditions.
 The fault for testing will be created with the help of resistance in secondary side of the
transformer.
 The whole setup with higher ratings can be used with actual power transformer.
Constraints:
 Accuracy of results may depend on the no. of sensors used in our system.
 Work Only for internal faults of transformer

2.3 STANDARDS USED

The following are the standards used in proposed methodology:

1. IEEE C37.91-1985: The purpose of this guide is to aid in the effective application of relays and
other devices for the protection of power transformers. Emphasis is placed on practical
applications, the general philosophy and economic considerations involved in transformer
protection are reviewed, the types of faults experienced are described, and technical problems
with such protection, including current transformer behavior during fault conditions are
discussed.[5]
2. IEEE 10.1109/ICITACEE.2015.7437821: Electricity network needs to be monitored,
especially for Voltage (V) measurement, current (A), power factor (cos θ), power (W), and
energy consumption (kWh). Monitoring is important, in order to know the quality of electricity
supply in the system, identifying disruption events, and to calculate the amount of electrical
energy consumption periodically. To achieve the objectives mentioned above, we have made
device that can be monitor the electrical quantities in real time, recorded data was stored in to
database system, and web application processed this data and shown the statistic reports through
a web interface. [6]
3. IEEE C57.12.10:This voluntary consensus standard sets forth the requirements for power
transformer application. This standard is intended to be used as a basis for performance,
interchangeability, and safety of the equipment covered, and to assist in the proper selection of
such equipment. This document is a product standard that covers certain electrical, dimensional,

19
 and mechanical characteristics of 50 Hz and 60 Hz, liquid-immersed power transformers and
autotransformers. [7]
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 OVERVIEW

Arduino is the main component in this circuit. Above figure shows the circuit diagram of the
differential protection of transformer using arduino with voice announcement. Here arduino is used
to compare the currents on both primary and secondary. Two rectifier circuits are used in this circuit
to convert the AC voltage into DC voltage for the use of arduino. Current transformers also provided
one on primary and another on secondary to tap the currents on both sides and to give proportionate
voltage to the rectifier circuits. Output of the arduino is connected to the relay. The relay here is 12V
DC 1-phase relay. Relay is used to initiate the voice circuit which gives voice alert.

Under normal operating conditions currents on primary and secondary are same. So, the
proportionate voltages generated by the current transformers on primary and secondary are same.
These two voltages will given to thearduino. The proportionate voltages generated by current
transformers are rectified by the rectifiers in the circuit. Under normal operating conditions these
two voltages will be same in magnitude and difference is zero. So, the arduino gives no signal to the
relay.

Whenever extra load or an internal fault occur in transformer the currents seen by the CT on primary
and secondary differs by same amount. As a result voltage sensed by the arduino from primary and
secondary differs. As there is a difference in the voltage sensed by the arduino i.e., difference is not
zero. Arduino give a signal to the relay according predefined program. As and when the relay is
activated by the arduino the relay will activates the voice announcement circuit. The voice circuit
will give output predefined voice as a alert to the operator. After three consecutive voice alerts
Arduino will give trip signal to the relay board and which is connected in series with the supply will
open its contacts thus the supply to the hardware setup will be disconnected.[8]

20
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND FLOW CHART

Relay using Arduino and current sensors (under fault Condition)

(Flow Chart) Fig 3.1

3.3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

A microprocessor based transformer relay scheme consists of several subsystems, such as,
analog processing, analog to digital (A/D) conversion, digital processor, relay output, and power
supply subsystems. And here current signal is converted to voltage signal via current sensor and
then it is digitalized by ADC. [9]. Here CTs are not used instead of them we use current sensor
which gives or converts current signal to voltage signal. In conventional method we used CT for
stepping down current such that current at both secondaries’ are same in sound condition. But by
using current sensor and giving its output to ADC port of Arduino, we get value of voltage at
current sensor, but here problem is that the output of current sensor varies sinusoidal and have

21
offset of 2.5 volt. So this problem can be solved either by using rectifier or by writing program in
such a way that it will measure maximum voltage and thus we can have maximum value of
current. Now here there no problem of spill current or error can be compensated easily by proper
programming e.g. we can subtract value of magnetizing current form primary side current and
also we can use high rated current senor for large transformer. After determining RMS value of
current of both primary and secondary the current at secondary is converted to current referred to
primary. And both values are compared and current difference and average is determined. And
then ratio is taken and action is taken according to ratio. The 9 pin is set high when ratio
exceeds some value which in turn energizes the auxiliary relay which in turn energize main relay
and disconnect transformer.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED CIRCUIT

Fig 3.2

22
 3.4 Arduino Code in interfacing with GSM

constint sensorIn0 = A0;

constint sensorIn1 = A1;

intrelayPin = 13; intmVperAmp = 185;

double Voltage0 = 0;

double VRMS0 = 0;

double AmpsRMS0 = 0;

double Voltage1 = 0;

double VRMS1 = 0;

double AmpsRMS1 = 0;

double Diff = 0; charval=0;.

doubleADiff=0.05;

doubleVoff = 0;

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);

Serial.print("AT");

Serial.print((char)13);

Serial.print((char)10);

Serial.print("AT+CMGF=1");

23
Serial.print((char)13);

Serial.print((char)10);

Serial.print("AT+CLIP=1");

Serial.print((char)13);

Serial.print((char)10);

void loop() {

Voltage0 = getVPP0();

VRMS0 = (Voltage0/2.0) *0.707;

AmpsRMS0 = (VRMS0 * 1000)/mVperAmp;

Serial.print(AmpsRMS0);

Serial.println(" Amps RMS");

Voltage1 = getVPP1();VRMS1 = (Voltage1/2.0) *0.707;

AmpsRMS1 = ((VRMS1 * 1000)/mVperAmp)*29.5;

Serial.print(AmpsRMS1);

Serial.println(" Amps RMS");

Diff=AmpsRMS0-AmpsRMS1;

if(Diff<ADiff){

digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);}

else if(Diff>ADiff& Diff<5) {

relay();

Serial.print("AT+CMGS");

Serial.print('=');

Serial.print('"');

Serial.print("9601611015");

24
 Serial.print('"');

Serial.print((char)13);

Serial.print((char)10);

delay(1000);

Serial.print("INTERNAL FAULT ON TRANSFORMER TX1 DUE TO CURRENT

DIFFERENCE OF ");

Serial.print(Diff);

3.6. CONCLUSION
This chapter presented the flowchart and proposed methodology developed for GSM based
Differentia Transformer Protection using Arduino System.

25
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. OVERVIEW

The simulation results of the hardware model presented in the previous chapter are discussed in this
chapter.

4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS

The simulation results are obtained through MATLAB software and they are explained as follows:

4.1.1 MATLAB SIMULATION

26
 Fig. 4.1 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT

Fig. 4.2 INNER CURRENT COMPARISON

Current transformers ratings are selected carefully to be matched with the power transformer current
ratings to which they are connected so as the CTs secondary side currents are equal. However, the
problem is that the CTs ratios available in the market have standard ratings. They are not available
exactly as the desired ratings. Therefore, the primary ratings of the CTs are usually limited to those
of the available standard ratio CTs. Commonly the primary side of the current transformer has only
one turn (1) and the secondary side has many turns depending on the transformation ratio (N) of the
CT, which is selected to match the ratings of the power transformer. Since the transformation ratio of
transformers is the ratio between the number of turns in the primary side to the number of the turns
in the secondary side. Therefore, the turn ratio of the primary current transformer is 1N1 and the turn
ratio of the secondary side current transformer is1N2. The secondary current of the CT located in the
primary side of the power transformer is [2]

I1=Ip*N1*E1

Ip: the primary side current of the power transformer, I1: the secondary side current ofCT1.N1: the
number of turns in the secondary side ofCT1

27
In the same manner for the CT located at the secondary side of the power transformer, the CT
secondary current is:

I2=Is*N2*E2

Is: secondary side current of the power transformer, I2: secondary side current ofCT2.N2: number of
turns in the secondary side ofCT2

Figure 1.

Differential protection for single phase two winding transformer

Since the differential current is:Id=I1−I2, then, from equation (1) and equation (2) the differential
current flowing in the relay operating coil current Id can be calculated as;

Id=(Ip*N1−Is*N2*E3) (3)

If there is no internal fault occurring within the power transformer protected zone, the currents
I1andI2 are assumed equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. That means the differential
current Id=0 as shown in figure 2. The primary and secondary side current of the power transformer
are related to each other by equation (4);

IpIs=Ns*Np*E4 (4)

Np and Ns: primary and secondary side turns of the power transformer, respectively NpNs: power
transformer transformation ratio.

28
 Figure 2.

Output currents of the CTs are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

If there is any fault in the power transformer protected zone, the currents I1andI2 are no longer equal
in magnitude and opposite in direction. That means the differential currentId=Id∟ϖ has a significant
value as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3.

Output currents of the CTs are not equal in magnitude and not opposite in direction

The amount of current Id=Ilinduces the relay operating coil to operate in order to send a trip signal to
the circuit breakers to isolate the transformer.

From equation (4) the secondary current with respect to the primary current of the power transformer
is

Is=Ip×NpNsE5 (5)

Therefore, by manipulating equations (3) and (5),

Id=IpN1−Ip×(NpNs/)N2.

Id=IpN1(1−NpNs/N2N1/)E7 (6)

ϙ=(1−NpNs/N2N1/)

29
From equation (6) it is obvious that the term ϙmust be equal to zero in order to make Id=0

(1−NpNs/N2N1/) = 0

N2N1=NpNsE10 (7)

Equation (7) gives the condition for the security of the differential relay, which means the reciprocal
of the ratio of the secondary side turns of the CTs must equal to the turns ratio of the power
transformer.

In power transformers, the input power is equal to the output power. However, the voltage and the
current in both the primary and secondary sides are different depending on whether the transformer
is step up or step down. For instance, if the transformer is step up that means; the input voltage of the
power transformer is low and the current is high, meantime the voltage in the secondary side is high
and the current is low. This action makes both the input and output power equal. Due to this nature
the CTs in the primary and the secondary sides of the power transformer do not have same turn ratio.
However, they are carefully selected, in terms of turn ratio and magnetizing characteristics, so that
they have the same output current at normal conditions of operations. If identical CTs are not
available, the closer ones are chosen and then the mismatch between them is compensated by using
the interposing CTs. The interposing CTs can fix the mismatch in the CTs; however they add their
own burden to the output of the main CTs.

The same argument is applied for three phase (3ϳ) transformers, except some extra issues may appear
in polyphase transformers. Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of the 3ϳ differential protection.

In some cases, of 3ϳ power transformer connections as shown in figure 5, a 30o phase shift between
primary and secondary currents is taking place. This phase shift occurs in the Y- or -Y connected
transformers due to the transformation of the current from Y- or -Y as illustrated in the figure 4. This
phase shift can be corrected easily by connecting the CTs secondary circuits in opposite way to the
way that the power transformer phases are connected. I.e. if the transformer windings are connected
in Y- the CTs secondary windings should be connected in -Y and vice versa [20]. As shown in figure
4 the relation between the line-to-line voltage (VLL) to the phase voltage (Vph) can explain the
phase shift between the -Y transformer connection. The following equation gives the relationship
between the line-to-line voltage (VLL) to the phase voltage (Vph)

4.2 HARDWARE RESULTS

A microprocessor based transformer relay scheme consists of several subsystems, such as, analog
processing, analog to digital (A/D) conversion, digital processor, relay output, and power supply
subsystems. And here current signal is converted to voltage signal via current sensor and then it
is digitalized by ADC. [9]. Here CTs are not used instead of them we use current sensor which

30
 gives or converts current signal to voltage signal. In conventional method we used CT for
stepping down current such that current at both secondaries’ are same in sound condition. But by
using current sensor and giving its output to ADC port of Arduino, we get value of voltage at
current sensor, but here problem is that the output of current sensor varies sinusoidal and have
offset of 2.5 volt. So this problem can be solved either by using rectifier or by writing program in
such a way that it will measure maximum voltage and thus we can have maximum value of
current. Now here there no problem of spill current or error can be compensated easily by proper
programming e.g. we can subtract value of magnetizing current form primary side current and
also we can use high rated current senor for large transformer. After determining RMS value of
current of both primary and secondary the current at secondary is converted to current referred to
primary. And both values are compared and current difference and average is determined. And
then ratio is taken and action is taken according to ratio.The 9 pin is set high when ratio exceeds
some value which in turn energizes the auxiliary relay which in turn energize main relay and
disconnect transformer.

4.3 JUSTIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED

The proposed system operates with GSM based hardware. These Arduino based control system is
designed and develop which provides fault identification as well as it is capable to clearing the
faults. The overall cost of this proposed system is the major benefit in reference to the conventional
system.Using Differential protection scheme, transformer is protected from faults with the use of
Arduino operating an electromagnetic relay. Future extension of this project is three phase
differential protection of a transformer using Arduino

4.4. CONCLUSION

This chapter presented the simulation and hardware results of the proposed model. From this project
we have concluded that at internal fault current at both winding differ by a huge value which can be
measured accurately by current sensor. And we have derived very reliable protection as Current
transformer is bypassed and it is only for small size transformer. For bigger size either current sensor
with high rating is used or simply current is stepped down by CT.

31
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 SUMMARY

Transformers are the important parts in the power system. So, development of better protection
device for Transformers is essential. Differential relay technique can be employed to protect the
Transformers. In this paper we have used differential relay mechanism with Arduino. By
programming in the Arduino, the protection of transformers can be done. Programming is quite
efficient than differential relay mechanism, so it is better to use Arduino instead of differential relay.
The working of transformer is verified by Arduino every time. It senses the condition of transformer
each and every second. If it founds any error then it sends commands to the circuit breakers to trip
the main potential transformer. So it is the efficient and best method to protect the transformers
under abnormal conditions. Differential protection scheme, transformer is protected from faults with
the use of Arduino operating an electromagnetic relay. Future extension of this project is three phase
differential protection of a transformer using Arduino

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

32
Future extension of this project is Differential protection scheme, can be implemented for three
phase differential protection of a transformer using Arduino for number of transformers in a
substation.

CHAPTER 6
PROJECT METRICS

6.1 CHALLENGES FACED

There were many challenges initially in this project as none of us had ever tried GSM and Arduino
Coding. Besides this we were old to blend some smart grid part from our mentor. But as suggested
by panel members in the second evaluation we thought to drop the idea and to go with the above
mentioned. There was some problem with APR33A module ordering but now we have successfully
purchased.

6.2 RELEVANT SUBJECTS

Table 6.1 Subjects codes and name

S. No. Subject Code Subject Name

1. UEE001 Introduction to Electrical Engineering
2. UEI201 Analogy Electronic Devices and Circuits
3. UTA014 Engineering Design-II

33
 4. UEE301 Direct Current Machines and Transformers

6.3 INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECT

Our project opened new boundaries for us. GSM and Arduino were very much less known to us
Besides that the project also focused on, basic electrical, We have also studied MATLAB software.

6.4 COMPONENTS USED

The table provides the information about the various components used along with their
specifications:
Component and Cost Analysis Matrix

S. Name of the component(s) Specifications Cost Status

No. (in INR) Purchased/Ordered
1 Voice Circuit APR33A 500 Ordered
2 Current Sensor(2) ACS712 400 Purchased
3 GSM Simcom SIM900 1400 Purchased
4 Speaker - 40 Purchased
5 Relay 12V OF 5 PIN 25 Purchased
SPDT
6 Arduino UNO 450 Purchased
7 Transformer 110/12 60 Purchased
8 Miscellaneous 1500 -

Grand Total (in INR) 4375

34
6.5 SOFTWARE REQUIRED

The various software used for this project are listed below,

1. MATLAB: This software is also used to run the simulation and validate the results of
hardware model.

2. Arduino UNO

6.6 BRIEF ANALYTICAL NOTES

 What sources of information did your group explore to arrive at the list of problems which
could be taken as the project?

We all knew the importance of this project. The group did the literature survey of the project
before starting the project. We studied IEEE paper to know about the already known research
about he this project.

 What analytical, computational and/or experimental methods did your project group use
to obtain solutions to the problems in the project?

The analytical aspects have been carried out using MATLAB. The values which we have
calculated have been adjusted to approximation.

 Did the project demand demonstration of knowledge of fundamentals, scientific and/or

engineering principles? If yes, & when did you apply?
Basic electrical principles like ohms law, transformer ratio was used here to know the current
sensor output and accordingly calculate the values of voltage

 How did your group shares responsibility and communicate the information of schedule
with others in team to coordinate design and manufacturing dependencies?

35
 All the group members were already good friends this made it very easy for us to coordinate
between us. Besides that, one of us is also from the city itself. Knowing the city shops help you
to buy products at cheapest available price.

 What resources did you use to learn new materials not taught in class for the course of the
project?
 Our project opened new boundaries for us. GSM and Arduino were very much less known to
us
Besides that the project also focused on, basic electrical, We have also studied MATLAB
software.
 Does the project make you appreciate the need to solve problems in real life using
engineering?
Definitely our whole project is based on the agenda that will make the work of a linesman or
the first to response person to a fault much easy.

 List the engineering equipment, hardware which this project has made you able to use
effectively.

Some of the equipment that are used are –

Soldering station

PCB workbench

6.6 TEAM ASSESSMENT MATRIX

Table 6.3 Team Assessment Matrix

Evaluation of Ankur Bharat Chetan Gagandeep Gurupdesh

Garg Bansal Modi Jindal Singh

36
 Evaluation
Ankur Garg 3 3.5 3 3.5 3
By
Bharat Bansal 4 3 3 4 3
Chetan Modi 4 3 3.5 4 3.5
Gagandeep
3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5
Jindal
Gurupdesh
3 3.5 3 3.5 3
Singh

6.7 WORK SCHEDULE (GANTT CHARTS)

1. Ankur Garg: Modeling and Cost Analysis

2. Bharat Bansal: Component mapping and Calculations
3. Chetan Modi: Simulation and Coding
4. Gagandeep Jindal: Literature Survey and Modeling
5. Gurupdesh Singh: Component Assembly and Soldering

Fig. 6.1 to Fig. 6.5 shows the Gantt chart for the work distribution and its execution for the group
members.

37
Fig. 6.1 Gantt chart (Ankur Garg)

Fig 6.2 Gantt chart (Bharat Bansal)

38
 Fig. 6.3 Gantt chart (Chetan Modi)

Fig. 6.4 Gantt chart (Gagandeep Jindal)

39
 Fig. 6.5 Gantt chart (Gurupdesh Singh)

6.4 A to K MAPPING
Table 6.4 Student Outcome (A – K) mapping

A2. Demonstrate and apply knowledge of This project illustrates the use of ohms
fundamentals, scientific and/or engineering law, transformer winding to voltage ratio
principles towards solving engineering and Relay circuit.
problems.
B1. Identify the constraints, assumptions and models All other parts are considered under no
for the experiments. fault condition and fault is created at
secondary side of the transformer.
D1. Share responsibility and information schedule Every individual team member is
with others in team. working on different part of project and
discuss the status of their work
E1.  Classify information to identify engineering We have identified the problem of
problems. regular checking of the lineman and
accordingly the solution to that is
discussed
E3. Use analytical, computational and/or Calculation for minimum fault current
experimental methods to obtain solutions. ratio in comparison to actual current.
H1. Aware of societal and global changes due to Minimum use of electrical circuits is

40
 engineering innovations.
I1. Able to use resources to adopt new technologies
not included in curriculum.
J2. Recognize the impact of engineering decisions
on energy resources and environment.
K3. Able to analyze engineering problems using
software tools.
required for ours project.
We have used MATLAB and Arduino
software for simulations.
Minimum use of electrical circuits is
required for ours project.
The simulation model is developed and
results have been discussed.

REFERENCES

[1] H.-C. Lee, G.-J. Lee, S.-D. Hwang, and O.-B. Hyun, "An analytical study on the Effect of
High impedance Transformer to reduce Distribution Fault Current, " in Proceedings of the Korean
Institute of Electrical Engineers Summer Annual Conference, pp. 239-240, July 2009.
[2] Bershawn G. Jaishankar, S. R. Bide ;Fundamentals of Power System Protection
[3] Cristina Ciulavu, Elena Helerea“Power Transformer Incipient Faults Monitoring “Annals of
University of Craiova, Electrical Engineering Series, No, 32, 2008; ISSN 1842-4805
[4] IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power transformers, IEEE C37.91-1985,
IEEE Power Engineering Society
[65] Smart monitoring of electrical quantities based on single board computer BCM2835, IEEE
10.1109/ICITACEE.2015.7437821,IEEE Power Engineering Society
[6] Standard Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers,IEEE C57.12.10,PwrTrans-
WGC57.12.10 - Power Transformers - Req. for Liq. Imm. Power Xfrmrs Working Group

41
[7] Michael Margolis “Arduino Cookbook” Hand Book Edition 2011
[8] O. Ozgonenel and C. Akuner “A Study on magnetizing Inrush Current of Different Core
Material” Eleco. International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering. pp 36-39.
Bursa, Turkey 2005.

42
43