Major Head Losses in Pipe Flow: Major Head Loss, H Major Head Loss, H

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Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf
A. Darcy-Weisbach Formula (pipe-friction equation) For Turbulent flow:

2. For smooth pipes, Re between 3,000 and 100,000: (Blasius)
Major Head losses in pipe flow

Where:
f = Friction factor 3. For smooth pipes with Re up to about 3,000,000
L = Length of pipe in meter or feet
D = pipe diameter in meter or feet
Reference: V = mean or average velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s
- Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 4th Edition by Gillesania
- Mathalino.com
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Head losses in Pipe flow Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf
Head losses in pipes may be classified into two; For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, where R is the hydraulic radius. 4. For rough pipes, where l < 0.3
the Major head loss, which is caused by pipe friction along straight
sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness, and For circular pipes, the head loss may be expressed as:
Minor head loss, which are caused by changes in velocity or direction of
flow and are commonly expressed in terms of Kinetic energy.
Where:
Energy equation between any two points: = absolute roughness, mm
/D = relative roughness
E2 E1 hpump hturb hL, f l = nominal thickness of viscous sublayer
(S.I. units)
p2 V22 p1 V12
z2 z1 hpump hturb hL , f
2g 2g Where:
Q = discharge in m3/s
Head losses in Pipe flow Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf
Illustration showing the behavior of EGL and HGL Friction factor, f 5. For smooth and rough pipes, turbulent: (Colebrook equation)
For Laminar flow:
For Turbulent flow: The equation was plotted in 1944 by Moody into what is now called
1. For turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes, universal resistant laws Moody chart for pipe friction.
can be derived from:
Where:
vs = shear velocity or friction velocity

Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf
B. Manning formula B. Manning formula

Moody Friction The manning formula is one of the best known open-channel formulas and Values of n to be used with
factor chart is commonly used in pipes. The formula is given by: Manning formula
(S.I. Units)
(English Units)
Where:
n = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy grade line = hf/L
B. Manning formula C. Hazen Williams Formula

Value of Specifc roughness, for pipe materials
Substituting S = hf/L and R = D/4 and solving for hf The Hazen williams formula is widely used in water works industry.
It is used in the design of water pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systems, water supply
networks, and irrigation systems. It is named after Allen Hazen and Gardner Stewart
Williams.
This formula is applicable only to the flow of water in pipes larger than 50 mm(2 in.) and
velocities less than 3m/s. This formula was designed for flow in both pipes and open
channels but is more commonly used in pipes.
square both sides and solve for hf
English units: S.I. units:
(S.I. Units)
For circular pipes flowing full, this formula For circular pipes flowing full, this
becomes formula becomes
For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R
6. Haaland formula. C. Hazen Williams Formula

For circular pipes:
This is an alternate formula for colebrook equation. S.I. units:
and,
Where:
C1 = Hazen Williams coefficient
D = pipe diameter
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy grade line = hf/L
(S.I. Units)

Elev. 100
Major Head Loss, hf Problem #2 Problem #4
C. Hazen Williams Formula Determine the (a) shear stress at the walls of a 300mm diameter pipe when water flowing Solution: Elev. 10
causes a head lost of 5m in 90 m pipe length, (b) the shear velocity, and the (c) shear stress at Q = 12 ft3/s = 0.3401 m3/s
Recommended Value of C1 for Hazen Williams Formula 50mm from the centerline of the pipe. D = 4 = 0.333 ft. = 101.6 mm Elev. 0
Solution: n = 0.013
(a) Shear stress at walls: (c) Shear stress 50 mm from
(b) Shear velocity L = 160 feet = 48.78 m
pipe center (c) Pressure in the tank:
(a) Velocity of flow in the pipe:
Energy equation between A and C:
(b) Head lost in pipe:
Problem #1 Problem #3 Problem #5

Oil having specific gravity of 0.869 and dynamic viscosity of 0.0814 Pa-s flows through a cast Water flow at the rate of 200 lit/sec through 120-m horizontal pipe having a diameter of Determine the fricion factor for flow having a Rynolds number of 5,000 and relative toughess
iron pipe at a velocity of 1m/s. The pipe is 50m long and 150 mm in diameter/ (a) Find the head 300mm. If the pressure difference between the end points is 280 mmHg, determine the friction off ( /d) of 0.015(transition zone) using colebrook formula.
lost due to friction, and (b) the shearing stress at the walls of the pipe. factor. Using Moody Diagram: f 0.05
Solution:
Solution: Solution:
(a) Colebrook formula:
For a horizontal pipe, the head lost between the

points is equal to the difference in pressure head
/d
Solve for f using trial and error:
f = 0.0515
Problem #1 Problem #4 Problem #6

Oil having specific gravity of 0.869 and dynamic viscosity of 0.0814 Pa-s flows through a cast Water flows from a tank through 160 feet of 4 inches diamter Oil of sp.gr. 0.9 and dynamics viscosity = 0.04 Pa-s flows at the rate of 60 liters per second through 50 m of 120
iron pipe at a velocity of 1m/s. The pipe is 50m long and 150 mm in diameter/ (a) Find the head pipe and then discharges into air as shown in the figure. The mm diameter pipe. If the head lost is 6m determine (a) the mean velocity of flow, (b) the type of flow, (c) the
friction factor, f (d) the velocity at the centerline of the pipe, (e) the shear stress at the wall of the pipe and (f) the
lost due to friction, and (b) the shearing stress at the walls of the pipe. flow of water in the pipe is 12 cfs. Assume n = 0.013 and velocity 50mm from the centerline of the pipe.
Solution: neglect minor losses. Determine the following.
(a) The velocity of flow in the ppe in fps. Solution:
(b) (c) Friction factor: (d) Centerline velocity:
(b) The total head lost in the pipe in feet, (a) Mean velocity:
(c) The pressure at the top of the tank in psi.
Solution:
Elev. 100
Q = 12 ft3/s = 0.3401 m3/s
D = 4 = 0.333 ft. = 101.6 mm (b) Type of flow:
n = 0.013
L = 160 feet = 48.78 m Elev. 10
Elev. 0

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QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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Problem #6
Oil of sp.gr. 0.9 and dynamics viscosity = 0.04 Pa-s flows at the rate of 60 liters per second through 50 m of 120
mm diameter pipe. If the head lost is 6m determine (a) the mean velocity of flow, (b) the type of flow, (c) the
friction factor, f (d) the velocity at the centerline of the pipe, (e) the shear stress at the wall of the pipe and (f) the
velocity 50mm from the centerline of the pipe.
Solution:
(e) Shear stress at the wall of the pipe: (f) Velocity at 50mm from the centerline:
Squaring both sides:
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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO

Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf

A. Darcy-Weisbach Formula (pipe-friction equation) For Turbulent flow:

Major Head losses in pipe flow

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Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf

B. Manning formula B. Manning formula

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Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf

B. Manning formula C. Hazen Williams Formula

Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf Major Head Loss, hf

6. Haaland formula. C. Hazen Williams Formula

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Major Head Loss, hf Problem #2 Problem #4

(b) Head lost in pipe:

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Problem #1 Problem #3 Problem #5

For a horizontal pipe, the head lost between the

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Problem #1 Problem #4 Problem #6

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Squaring both sides:

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