Energy

Arno  Smets PVMD

Delft University of Technology
Learning  objectives

• How  are  Force,  Energy  and  Power  related

• How  to  define  and  relate  different  types  of  energy
• Implications  of  first  and  second  thermodynamic  laws
Force

F =  force
m =  mass
a =  acceleration
E =  energy
s =  distance
Energy

1  m
G =  gravitational  force
H =  height
100  g
g =  gravitational  constant
m =  mass
Energy G

100  g

1  m
Joule
Amount  of  energy  required  to   100  g
apply  a  force  of  1  Newton  
over  a  distance  of  1  meter
Energy

H =  height  (m)
m =  mass  (kg)
g =  gravitational  acceleration  =  9.806  m/s2
c0 =  speed  of  light  in  vacuo   =  2.998·∙108  m/s
V =  Voltage  (V)  
q =  elementary  charge   =  1.602·∙10-­‐19 C
T =  Temperature  (K)
kB =  Boltzmann’s  constant   =1.380·∙10-­‐23 J/K
=  frequency (1/s)
h =  Planck’s  constant   =  6.626·∙10-­‐34   J·∙s
Power

P =  power 70W
t =  time

7W
Alternative  units  of  energy

Kilowatt-­‐hour
Alternative  units  of  energy

Kilowatt-­‐hour

Electron-­‐volt  
Energy  gained  by  the  charge  of  an  electron  moved  
across  an  electric  potential  difference  of   one  volt
Alternative  units  of  energy

Kilowatt-­‐hour

Electron-­‐volt  
Energy  gained  by  the  charge  of  an  electron  moved  
across  an  electric  potential  difference  of   one  volt

Ton  of  oil  equivalent

Energy  released  by  burning   one  ton  of  crude  oil
Alternative  units  of  energy

Kilowatt-­‐hour

Electron-­‐volt  
Energy  gained  by  the  charge  of  an  electron  moved  
across  an  electric  potential  difference  of   one  volt

Ton  of  oil  equivalent

Energy  released  by  burning   one  ton  of  crude  oil

Calorie
Energy  necessary  to  raise  the  temperature  of  1g  of  
water  by  1  degree  Celsius,  at  a  pressure  of  1  atm
Thermodynamic  laws

First  law  
Total  energy  of  an  isolated  system  
is  constant  

Second  law
The  Entropy  of  an  isolated  system  
will  only  ever  increase  or  stay  the  
same
Entropy
Mechanical  energy Electrical  energy

Amount  of  dispersion  of  energy  

and  matter  in  a  closed  system

Measure  of  the  usefulness  of  a  

type  of  energy

Thermal  energy