1.

1 A Brief History 5

10,000

4004
8008
1,000
8080
8086
Clock Speed (MHz)

80286
100
Intel386
Intel486
Pentium
10
Pentium Pro/II/III
Pentium 4
Pentium M
1
Core 2 Duo

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year

FIGURE 1.5 Clock frequencies of Intel microprocessors

10 10 μm
6 μm

3 μm

1.5 μm
1 μm
1
0.8 μm
Feature Size (μm)

0.6 μm
0.35 μm
0.25 μm
180 nm
130 nm
0.1
90 nm
65 nm
45 nm
32 nm
22 nm

0.01
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
FIGURE 1.6 Process generations. Future predictions from [SIA2007].