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High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems
Lecture 17
Advanced Frequency Synthesizers
Michael Perrott
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Divider
N[k]
Divider
N[k]
Sout(f)
91
N[k] 1/T
90
out(t)
frequency resolution = 1/T GHz
1.80 1.82
20 MHz
Loop out(t)
100 ref(t) PFD
Filter
(1/T = 200 kHz)
Divider
N[k]
Sout(f)
9001
N[k] 1/T
9000
out(t)
frequency resolution = 1/T GHz
1.80 1.8002
20 MHz
Loop out(t)
100 ref(t) PFD
Filter
(1/T = 200 kHz)
Divider
N[k]
Sout(f)
9001
N[k] 1/T
9000
out(t)
frequency resolution = 1/T GHz
1.80 1.8002
Radians2/Hz
-20 dB/dec
S Φvn(f)
f f
0 1/T 0
en(t) Φvn(t) f
0 (fo)opt
π 1-G(f)
fo α N G(f) fo
S Φnpfd(f)
Radians2/Hz
Φnpfd(t) Φnvco(t)
S Φnvco(f)
Φn(t)
Divider Control Φc(t) Φout(t)
of Frequency Setting
(assume noiseless for now) f
0 (fo)opt
cos(w1t)
ref1 Loop
PFD sin(w1t)
Filter
VCO
Divider out
N
cos(w2t)
ref2 Loop
PFD sin(w2t)
Filter
VCO
Divider Single-sideband
Mixer
M
Overall synthesizer output
cos(w1t)
ref1 Loop
PFD sin(w1t)
Filter
VCO
Divider out
N
cos(w2t)
ref2 Loop
PFD sin(w2t)
Filter
VCO
Divider Single-sideband
Mixer
M
Choose top synthesizer to provide coarse tuning and
bottom synthesizer to provide fine tuning
- Choose w to be high in frequency
1
Set ref to be high to avoid large N low resolution
- Choose w to be low in frequency
1
2
Allows ref2 to be low without large M high resolution
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Advantage #2: Provides Suppression of VCO Noise
cos(w1t)
ref1 Loop
PFD sin(w1t)
Filter
VCO
Divider out
N
cos(w2t)
ref2 Loop
PFD sin(w2t)
Filter
VCO
Divider Single-sideband
Mixer
M
Top VCO has much more phase noise than bottom VCO
due to its much higher operating frequency
- Suppress top VCO noise by choosing a high PLL
bandwidth for top synthesizer
High PLL bandwidth possible since ref1 is high
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Alternate Dual-Loop Architecture
out
cos(w1t)
ref1 Loop
PFD sin(w1t)
Filter
VCO
Divider y
N
cos(w2t)
ref2 Loop
PFD sin(w2t)
Filter
VCO
Divider Single-sideband
Mixer
M
N
cos(w2t)
ref2 Loop
PFD sin(w2t)
Filter
VCO
Divider Single-sideband
Mixer
M
clk
out
Counter ROM DAC LPF
clk
out
Counter ROM DAC LPF
Advantages
- Very fast adjustment of frequency
- Very high resolution can be achieved
- Highly digital approach
Disadvantages
- Difficult to achieve high frequencies
- Difficult to achieve low noise
- Power hungry and complex
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Hybrid Approach
clk
N
Use DDS to create a finely adjustable reference
frequency
Use integer-N synthesizer to multiply the DDS output
frequency to much higher values
Issues
- Noise of DDS is multiplied by N 2
Sout(f)
Nsd[k] 91 1/T
90
out(t)
frequency resolution << 1/T GHz
1.80 1.82
e(t) Loop
ref(t) PFD out(t)
Filter
div(t) N/N+1
frac[k] 1-bit
Accumulator
carry_out[k]
Nsd[k] = N + frac[k]
clk(t)
M-bit
frac[k] residue[k]
Accumulator
M-bit carry_out[k]
1-bit
residue[k]
frac[k] =.25
carry_out[k]
carry_out(t)
out(t)
div(t)
ref(t)
e(t)
phase error(t)
e(t) Loop
ref(t) PFD out(t)
Filter
div(t) N/N+1
frac[k] 1-bit
Accumulator
carry_out[k]
Nsd[k] = N + frac[k]
e(t)
ref(t) Loop out(t)
PFD
Filter
div(t) N/N+1
α
D/A
frac[k] M-bit
Accumulator residue[k] 1-bit
M-bit
carry_out[k]
e(t)
ref(t) Loop out(t)
PFD
Filter
div(t) N/N+1
α
D/A
frac[k] M-bit
Accumulator residue[k] 1-bit
M-bit
carry_out[k]
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
Digital Input Quantization Analog Output
Spectrum Noise Spectrum
Input
Σ−∆
Sigma-Delta dithers in a manner such that resulting
quantization noise is “shaped” to high frequencies
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Linearized Model of Sigma-Delta Modulator
r[k] S r(ej2πfT)= 1
12
NTF Hn(z)
z=ej2πfT
1
STF q[k]
x[k] y[k] x[k] y[k]
Hs(z)
Σ−∆
z=ej2πfT
S q(ej2πfT)= 1 |H n(ej2πfT)| 2
12
H(z) - 1 e[k]
7 m=3
5
Magnitude
4 m=2
m=1
2
0
0 1/(2T)
Frequency (Hz)
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Example: First Order Sigma-Delta Modulator
Choose NTF to be
x[k] u[k] y[k]
H(z) - 1 e[k]
Magnitude (dB)
Amplitude
0
0 Sample Number 200 0 Frequency (Hz) 1/(2T)
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Example: Second Order Sigma-Delta Modulator
Choose NTF to be
x[k] u[k] y[k]
H(z) - 1 e[k]
1 Magnitude (dB)
Amplitude
-1
0 Sample Number 200 0 Frequency (Hz) 1/(2T)
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Example: Third Order Sigma-Delta Modulator
Choose NTF to be
x[k] u[k] y[k]
H(z) - 1 e[k]
4
3
2 Magnitude (dB)
Amplitude
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0 Sample Number 200 0 Frequency (Hz) 1/(2T)
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Observations
Magnitude (dB)
y[k]
Digital Cancellation Logic
Multibit
output
1-z-1 (1-z-1)2
u[k] y[k]
1-z-1 (1-z-1)2
u[k] y[k]
1-z-1 (1-z-1)2
u[k] y[k]
- STF: H (z) = 1
- NTF: H (z) = (1 – z )
s
-1 3
n
f f
0 1/T 0
en(t) Φvn(t)
Φref [k] α e(t) v(t) KV Φout(t)
Icp H(f)
π jf
Charge Loop
VCO
PFD Pump Divider Filter
Φdiv[k]
1
N
N[k]
f f
0 1/T 0
Tristate: α=1
PFD XOR: α =2 en(t) Loop Φvn(t)
C.P. Filter VCO
Φref [k] T e(t) v(t) KV Φout(t)
α Icp H(f)
2π jf
Divider
Φdiv[k]
1 1
Nnom T
Φd [k]
-1
2π z
n[k]
1 - z-1 j2πfT
z=e
Ιcpn(t) π 1-G(f)
1 fo α NnomG(f) fo
Ι
Φnpfd(t) Φnvco(t)
Φn(t)
T G(f)
n[k] z-1
Φ (t)
d Φc(t) Φout(t)
2π
Divide 1 - z-1 fo
value z=ej2πfT
variation Alternate Representation
G(f)
n[k] Fc(t) 1 Φc(t)
fo jf
D/A and Filter Freq. Phase
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Spectral Density Calculations
x(t) y(t)
case (a): CT CT H(f)
x[k] y[k]
case (b): DT DT j2πfT
H(e )
x[k] y(t)
case (c): DT CT H(f)
Case (a):
Case (b):
Case (c):
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Example: Calculate Impact of Ref/Divider Jitter (Step 1)
∆tjit[k] π Φjit[k]
T
T NnomG(f)
∆tjit[k] π Φjit[k] Φjit[k] Φn (t)
T fo
Ιcpn(t) π 1-G(f)
1 fo α NnomG(f) fo
Ι
Φnpfd(t) Φnvco(t)
Φn(t)
T G(f)
n[k] z-1
Φ (t)
d Φc(t) Φout(t)
2π
Divide 1 - z-1 fo
value z=ej2πfT
variation Alternate Representation
G(f)
n[k] Fc(t) 1 Φc(t)
fo jf
D/A and Filter Freq. Phase
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Divider Impact For Classical Vs Fractional-N Approaches
Classical Synthesizer
1 1/T
G(f)
n(t) 1 n[k] Fout(t)
T fo
Fractional-N Synthesizer
1 1/T
G(f)
nsd(t) nsd[k] n[k] Fout(t)
1 Dithering
T Modulator fo
n[k] Fout(t)
nsd[k]
1 1/T
G(f)
nsd(t) 1
nsd[k] n[k] Fout(t)
T
Σ−∆ fo
Σ−∆ f f
0 1/T 0
S r(e )= 1
j2πfT Quantization
En(t) Φvn(t)
12 Noise
r[k] S q(ej2πfT)
π 1-G(f)
fo α NnomG(f) fo
NTF Hn(z)
f
0
STF q[k] T G(f) Φtn,pll(t)
nsd[k] n[k] -1 Φ [k] Φdiv(t) Φout(t)
2π z -1
n
Hs(z) fo
1-z
z=ej2πfT
z=ej2πfT
Σ−∆
-80
noise
SΦ (f)
out,En
-90
-100
-110 VCO-referred
Σ−∆ noise
-120
noise SΦ (f)
-130 SΦ (f) out,vn
out,∆Σ
-140
-150
-160
10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz
Frequency
f0 1/T
-80
noise -80
SΦ (f) SΦ (f)
out,En out,En
-90 -90
Σ−∆
-100 -100 noise
SΦ (f)
-110 VCO-referred -110 out,∆Σ
Σ−∆ noise VCO-referred
-120 -120
noise SΦ (f) noise
-130 SΦ (f) out,vn -130 SΦ (f)
out,∆Σ out,vn
-140 -140
-150 -150
-160 -160
10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz
Frequency Frequency
f0 1/T f0 1/T
noise noise