Professional Documents
Culture Documents
8B
Disease (Enfermedad)
Noun
Illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health rather than by an accident.
Examples:
• Chickenpox is a very common disease among children.
• Regular exercise reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.
• There is no known cure for this disease.
• The children were vaccinated against the major childhood diseases.
• The disease is spread by the contamination of food and water by faeces.
• I hadn't had enough sleep and was feeling a bit grumpy.
Enough (Suficiente)
Determiner, pronoun, adverb
As much as is necessary; in the amount or to the degree needed.
Examples:
• My concern is that you're not getting enough work done.
• There isn't enough contact between teachers and parents.
• He didn't allow us enough time to finish the test.
• Are there enough pencils for everyone?
Twice (Dos veces)
Predeterminer, adverb
Two times.
Examples:
• I wouldn't work for them even if they paid me twice my current salary.
• I've paid this bill twice by mistake.
• We speak on the phone about twice a week.
• The shoes will stretch a little after you've worn them once or twice.
• 5 goes into 11 twice with 1 left over.
Warm (Calentar)
Adjective
Having or producing a comfortably high temperature, although not hot.
Examples:
• Are you warm enough or do you want me to put the heating on?
• I put my hands in my pockets to keep them warm
• Everyone huddled round the fire to keep warm.
• Dissolve two spoons of powder in warm water.
• The room is so warm it's making me feel drowsy.
8C
Ache (Dolor)
Noun
Used in combinations with parts of the body to mean a continuous pain in the stated.
Examples:
• She felt a persistent ache at the back of her head.
• He's been suffering various aches and pains.
• I've had a stomach ache all morning.
• She complained of an ache in her shoulder which kept her awake at.
• This painkiller is good for general aches and pains, but maybe you need something stronger?
Awful (Horrible)
Adjective
Extremely bad or unpleasant.
Examples:
• He suffered awful injuries in the crash.
• We had awful weather.
• She has an awful boss.
• What an awful thing to say!
• Would life be so awful without a car?
Nothing (Nada)
Pronoun
Not anything.
Examples:
• He reassured people that law-abiding citizens would have nothing to fear from the enquiries.
• We talked late into the night, but nothing was concluded.
• There was nothing we could do about it - the situation was beyond our control.
• Although they said nothing, she could sense their disapproval of her suggestion.
• There's nothing more refreshing on a hot day than a cold beer.
Headache (Dolor de cabeza)
Noun
A pain you feel inside your head.
Examples:
• I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any effect.
• It's an extremely effective cure for a headache.
• I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert.
• She didn't want to go out, so she faked a headache.
• He's got a headache and a slight fever.
Hurt (Herir)
Verb
To feel pain in a part of your body, or to injure someone or cause them pain.
Examples:
• Tell me where it hurts.
• My head hurts.
• She says that her ear hurts her.
• Emma hurt her back when she fell off her horse.
• Several people were seriously/badly hurt in the explosion.
Ill (Enfermo)
Adjective
Not feeling well, or suffering from a disease.
Examples:
• I felt ill so I went home.
• He's been ill with meningitis.
• He was very ill for a while but he's all right now.
• She felt quite ill from exhaustion.
• Don't talk nonsense! She's far too ill to return to work!
8D
Couple (par)
Noun
Two or a few things that are similar or the same, or two or a few people who are in some way connected.
Examples:
• The doctor said my leg should be better in a couple of days.
• A couple of people objected to the proposal, but the vast majority approved of it.
• We'll have to wait another couple of hours for the paint to dry.
• She'll be retiring in a couple more years.
• The weather's been terrible for the last couple of days.
Staff (Personal)
Noun
A person who works for an organization.
Examples:
• Has the news been communicated to the staff yet?
• She thanked the staff for their dedication and enthusiasm.
• We are lacking three members of staff due to illness.
• Management have offered staff a 3% pay increase.
• We could take on extra staff - that's one possibility.
Outdoors (Al aire libre)
Adverb, noun
Outside.
Examples:
• If your cactus has been outdoors during the summer, move it into the garage or house when
overnight temperatures
• The party is going to be outdoors, but we have permission to use the community hall if it
• We hung the washing up outdoors in the fresh
• I don't like you hanging around outdoors with your friends - why don't you
• He's very tanned because he works outdoors in all weathers.
Unfit (Lento)
Adjective
Moving, happening, or doing something without much speed.
Examples:
• She's a very slow eater.
• We're making slow but steady progress with the painting.
• The government was very slow to react to the problem.
• Business is always slow during those months because everyone's on holiday.
• His movements were slow and awkward.
Review and extension
Bit (Poco)
Noun
A small piece or amount of something.
Examples:
• Would you like a bit of chocolate?
• The glass smashed into little bits.
• There were bits of paper all over the floor.
• She tries to do a bit of exercise every day.
• I don't understand this bit.
Towel (Toalla)
Noun
A piece of cloth or paper used for drying someone or something that is wet.
Examples:
• She came downstairs after her shower, wrapped in a towel.
• He used a paper towel to mop up the spill.
• Don't wipe your grubby hands on my clean towel!
• She gave the dirty towel a quick rinse.
• I used a towel to rub the dog down after his bath.
United 9
9A
Own (Propio)
Determiner, pronoun
Belonging to or done by a particular person or thing.
Examples:
• Each neighbourhood in New York has its own characteristics.
• I'd like to have my very own apartment.
• He wanted an apartment of his own.
• She makes all her own clothes.
• Was that your own idea or did someone suggest it to you?
9B
Abroad (Extranjero)
Adverb
In or to a foreign country or countries.
Examples:
• He's currently abroad on business.
• We always go abroad in the summer.
• We have two grown-up children, both of whom live abroad.
• They decided to move abroad and make a fresh start.
• Some very well-known British football players have gone to clubs abroad.
Tonight (Esta noche)
Adverb, noun
The night of the present day.
Examples:
• Tonight, will be my first chance to meet her.
• Tonight's meeting will take place in the school hall.
• Come round tonight and we'll.
• What's on television tonight?
• We're leaving early tomorrow morning, so you'd better pack tonight.
9C
Try (Tratar)
Verb
To attempt to do something.
Examples:
• Keep trying and you'll find a job eventually.
• If I don't get into the academy this year, I'll try again next year.
• I've tried really hard but I can't convince him to come.
• She can be really irritating but I try to ignore her.
• We must try to spend less money.
Wear (Vestir)
Verb
To have clothing, jewellery, etc. on your body.
Examples:
• Tracey is wearing a simple black dress.
• What are you wearing to Caroline's wedding?
• Some musicians don't like to wear rings when they're playing.
• He wears glasses for reading.
• She wears very little make-up.
9D
Swap (Intercambiar)
Verb
To give something and be given something else instead.
Examples:
• When you've finished reading your book, and I've finished mine, can we swap?
• We swapped addresses with the people we met on holiday.
• Would you mind swapping those plates over?
• We swapped houses during the children's school holidays.
• Do you want to swap places?
Review and extension
Bored (Aburrido)
Adjective
Feeling unhappy because something is not interesting or because you have nothing to do.
Examples:
• It was a cold; wet day and the children were bored.
• I was so bored that I slept through the second half of the film.
• I enjoyed my course at first, but after a time I got bored with it.
• He sensed (that) his guests were bored, although they were listening politely.
• He grew bored of the countryside.
Meal (Comida)
Noun
An occasion when food is eaten, or the food that is eaten on such an occasion.
Examples:
• That was the worst meal I've ever eaten.
• Every so often I treat myself to a meal in an expensive restaurant.
• Do you fancy going out for a meal after work?
• You should always wash your hands before meals.
• If you eat three good meals a day, you're less likely to snack on biscuits and crisps.
Noise (Ruido)
Noun
A sound or sounds, especially when it is unwanted, unpleasant, or loud.
Examples:
• The noise out in the street was deafening.
• I heard a loud noise and ran to the window.
• Can you hear that strange clicking noise?
• Lots of people have complained about the noise.
• His main dislikes about work are the noise and dust in the factory.
Pepper (Pimienta)
Noun
A grey or white powder produced by crushing dry peppercorns, used to give a spicy, hot taste to food.
Examples:
• The pasta was served in a cream sauce spiked with black pepper.
• Taste the soup and adjust the seasoning, adding more salt or pepper as desired.
• Shall I grind a little black pepper over your pizza?
• a pepper grinder.
• a pepper mill.
Sauce (Salsa)
Noun
A thick liquid eaten with food to add flavour.
Examples:
• a creamy sauce
• a mild chilli sauce
• Add a pinch of salt to the sauce.
• Stir the sauce gently until it begins to boil.
• Thicken the sauce with a little flour.
Spare (De repuesto)
Adjective
If something is spare, it is available to use because it is extra.
Examples:
• I keep a spare tyre in the back of the car.
• Do it in a spare moment at the weekend or whenever - it really doesn't matter.
• We should be in when you arrive, but if the worst comes to the worst, the neighbours have a spare
key and will let you into the house.
• We were able to bunk down in a spare room for the night.
• He bought an old engine and cannibalized it for spare parts.
Waste (Residuos)
Noun
An unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy, abilities, etc.
Examples:
• What a complete waste of time!
• It is the height of folly and a tragic waste to gallop into war.
• This report is nonsense and nothing but a waste of paper.
• Buying that sports car was a sinful waste of money.
• The conference was a monumental waste of time.
United 10
10A
Advice (Consejo)
Noun
An opinion that someone offers you about what you should do or how you should act in a particular
situation.
Examples:
• The centre provides expert advice for people with financial problems.
• I decided to follow her advice and go to bed early.
• The service offers young people practical advice on finding a job.
• I've always valued her advice.
• You should get some legal advice before you take any further action.
Either (Ya sea)
Adverb
Used in negative sentences instead of "also" or "too".
Examples:
• I don't eat meat and my husband doesn't either.
• I've never been here before either, so it's all strange to me too.
• We certainly don't lead a life of luxury but we're not poor either.
• "And the dress that you bought me doesn't fit either!" she shouted as she walked off.
• Actually, I'm pleased you don't want to go, because I don't either.
Handbag (Bolso)
Noun
A small bag for money, keys, make-up, etc., carried especially by women.
Examples:
• I've got far too much clobber in my handbag.
• She took her hairbrush from her handbag and began to brush her hair.
• Her handbag was snatched from her in the street.
• She beat off her attacker by hitting him with her handbag.
• I scooped up my belongings into my handbag.
Heavy (Pesado)
Adjective
Weighing a lot, and needing effort to move or lift.
Examples:
• This box is really heavy - can we put it down for a minute?
• He laboured up the hill with his heavy load.
• Several pieces of heavy equipment had to be manhandled into the lorry.
• These books are too heavy for me to carry.
• In the past, armies used catapults to hurl heavy stones at enemy fortifications.
Screen (Pantalla)
Noun
A flat surface in a cinema, on a television, or as part of a computer, on which pictures or words are shown.
Examples:
• If you press this key, the computer screen will clear.
• Click the icon in the bottom right-hand corner of the screen.
• Laser images were projected onto a screen.
• On screen he had more charisma than any actor of his generation.
• The television also comes in a compact 36 cm screen size, ideal for bedroom or kitchen use.
Worth (Valor)
Adjective
Having a particular value, especially in money.
Examples:
• "I paid £2,000 for this car." "You've been had, mate. It's not worth more than £1,000."
• Thieves broke the shop window and carried off jewellery worth thousands of pounds.
• Buying those shares was a very far-sighted move - they must be worth ten times their original value
now.
• Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune.
• The country exports goods worth $600 million per annum.
10B
Awkward (Torpe)
Adjective
Difficult to use, do, or deal with.
Examples:
• If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss.
• When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very awkward position.
• He fielded some awkward questions very skilfully.
• If they ask any awkward questions, just let me do the talking.
• It's going to be awkward, to say the least.
Foreign (Exterior)
Adjective
Belonging or connected to a country that is not your own.
Examples:
• As a leader, he's been criticized for his inexperience in foreign affairs.
• He is trying to persuade local and foreign businesses to invest in the project.
• The government wanted an inflow of foreign investment.
• The foreign invaders were finally defeated by allied forces.
• My grandfather has a profound mistrust of anything new or foreign.
Understand (Entender)
Verb
To know the meaning of something that someone says.
Examples:
• She explained the whole idea again, but I still didn't understand.
• Is there anyone here who understands Arabic?
• I think he was calling from a club - it was so noisy; I couldn't understand a word he said.
• He explained it as simply as he could, but the class still didn't understand.
• The plot of the film was too involved - I couldn't understand it.
Weigh (Pesar)
Verb
To have a heaviness of a stated amount, or to measure the heaviness of an object.
Examples:
• I weigh ten and a half stone.
• She's neurotic about her weight - she weighs herself three times a day.
• She weighs between 55 and 60 kilograms.
• Your fruit and vegetables will be weighed at the checkout.
• We use the metric system of measuring and weighing.
10C
Show (Enseñar)
Verb
To make it possible for something to be seen.
Examples:
• Cracks began to show in his facade of self-confidence.
• She was asked to show her press credentials.
• Mum dug out some old family photos to show me.
• Let me show you Pat's embroideries.
• Shall I show you my new dress?
Wrong (Incorrecto)
Adjective
If someone is wrong, they are not correct in their judgment or statement about something.
Examples:
• I got eight correct answers and two wrong ones in last week's exam.
• On the last question, she guessed wrong.
• He doesn't have the humility to admit when he's wrong.
• I'd marked her down as a Labour Party supporter, but I was completely wrong.
• I'm hopeless at physics, and it's the same with chemistry - I get it all wrong.
10D
Annoy (Molestar)
Verb
To make someone angry.
Examples:
• I'm sure he says these things deliberately to annoy you.
• It really annoys me when people push in front of me like that.
• They were afraid to complain about the noise in case they annoyed the neighbours.
• The film portrayed the artist as a complete drunk, which has annoyed a lot of people.
• After a while her coughing really began to annoy me.
Mind (Mente)
Noun
To think repeatedly about an event that has happened.
Examples:
• He's made up his mind, and nothing you can say will change his opinion on the issue.
• I know she's gone forever, but I just can't put her out of my mind.
• Her words kept running through my mind.
• If you change your mind about coming tonight, just give me a call.
• The events of last year are still fresh in people's minds.
Laugh (Risa)
Verb
To smile while making sounds with your voice that show you think something is funny or you are happy.
Examples:
• Please don't laugh - I'm being serious.
• I could see Emma trying not to laugh and of course that started me off.
• They joked and laughed as they looked at the photos.
• The audience was still laughing as the curtain fell.
• When he laughs he sounds like a horse neighing.
Review and extension
Forget (Olvidar)
Verb
To be unable to remember a fact, something that happened, or how to do something.
Examples:
• I'm sorry, I've forgotten your name.
• Let me write down that date before I forget it.
• I completely forgot about Jenny's party.
• I'll write it down now so I won't forget.
• We left in such a hurry that we forgot our tickets.
United 11
11A
Outside (Fuera de)
Adjective, adverb, preposition
Coming from another place or organization.
Examples:
• Don't walk around outside in your
• We curled up in bed, all snug and warm
• I hate being stuck behind a desk
• Most ordinary people still had outside toilets in those days.
• The company has called in outside experts.
11B
Bring (Traer)
Verb
To take or carry someone or something to a place or a person, or in the direction of the person speaking.
Examples:
• "Shall I bring anything to the party?" "Oh, just a bottle."
• I'll see if Louisa will bring her guitar to the party.
• Please remember to bring a mat and a towel with you to the next aerobics class.
• The waiter brought the
• I brought him some sandwiches because I thought he might be hungry.
Crowd (Multitud)
Noun
A group of friends or a group of people with similar interests.
Examples:
• A crowd had gathered to hear her speak.
• In her bright yellow coat, she was easily identifiable in the crowd.
• A big crowd of demonstrators were protesting against cuts in health spending.
• He pushed his way to the front of the crowd to get a better look.
• The crowd was cheering and urging her on all through the race.
Bet (Apuesta)
Verb
If you say you bet (someone) that something is true or will happen, you mean you are certain that it is true or
will happen.
Examples:
• On the face of it, it seems like a bargain, but I bet there are hidden costs.
• I bet that computer knocked you back a few thousand.
• "I bet you can't eat all that food on your plate." "Is that a challenge?"
• I bet you can't guess how old he is.
• I bet she wishes (that) she'd never got involved in the whole affair.
Might (Podría)
Modal verb
Past simple of the verb may, used especially when reporting what someone has said, thought, asked, etc.
Examples:
• "I thought you might have helped, " she replied peevishly.
• He wrote to me last week regarding a business proposition he thought might interest me.
• Jan hasn't got a ticket but I thought we might sneak her in.
• I suggested that a cup of tea might settle her stomach.
• I've brought with me an article from yesterday's paper that I thought might amuse you.
Stage (Etapa)
Noun
A part of an activity or a period of development.
Examples:
• The project is in its final stages and should be completed by August.
• They did the last stage of their journey on foot.
• Our marriage is going through a difficult stage at the moment.
• Their youngest child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
• Andrew spends all his spare time playing with his computer but it's probably just a stage he's going
through.
11C
Maybe (Tal vez)
Adverb
Used to mean that something is a possible explanation.
Examples:
• "Is she old?" "Fairly old - late sixties maybe."
• "Can we go to the park after school?" "Maybe - it depends whether I get all my work finished."
• Maybe you'll get a letter from Daddy in the post today.
• I think maybe I ought to go round there and apologize for what I said.
• "Are you going out tonight?" "Maybe, maybe not - I haven't decided yet."
Neither (Ninguno)
Determiner, pronoun, conjunction, adverb
Not either of two things or people.
Examples:
• We've got two TVs, but neither works properly.
• Neither of my parents likes my boyfriend.
• Neither one of us is interested in gardening.
• "Which one would you choose?" "Neither. They're both terrible."
• If she doesn't agree to the plan, neither will Tom.
11D
Another (Otro)
Determiner, pronoun
One more person or thing or an extra am aount.
Examples:
• I'm going to have another piece of cake.
• "Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen?" "Another one?"
• We can fit another person in my car.
• Danny's had yet another car accident.
• For another £30 (= for £30 more) you can buy the model with a touchscreen.
Review and extension
Afraid (Temeroso)
Adjective
Feeling fear, or feeling worry about the possible results of a particular situation.
Examples:
• She's afraid of being attacked if she walks across the park.
• He wasn't afraid to stand up to bullies.
• The government is afraid of further serious rioting today.
• Being afraid of the dark, she always slept with the light on.
• Don't go up the tower if you're afraid of heights.
Round (Redondo)
Preposition, adverb
In a circular direction or position; around.
Examples:
• The discussion kept going round in circles.
• Christmas comes round so quickly!
• She wears a gold cross round her neck.
• It has always been my declared intention to sail round the world.
• I'll just turn the car round and go back the way we've come.