FLUID

PROPERTIES – III
LEC-4
FLUID PROPERTIES 2

•
•
• Viscosity
•
•
VISCOSITY 3

Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion or the
“fluidity” e.g. the magnitude of the drag force exerted by a flowing fluid on a body in the
flow direction depends, in part, on viscosity
VISCOSITY 4

𝐴 𝑎
𝑉
𝑉
𝐹∝𝐴 𝐹
𝑙 𝐹
𝛽 𝑦
𝐹 𝑉 𝑑𝑢 𝑙
∝ 𝜏∝ Fluid
𝐴 𝑙 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑎/𝑑𝑡 𝑢
𝜏∝ 𝑎 𝑉 𝑑𝑢
𝑙 = tan 𝛽 ≈ 𝛽 =
𝑙 𝑙 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑎
𝜏∝
𝑑𝑡 𝑙
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∝ 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝛽
𝜏∝
𝑑𝑡
VISCOSITY 5

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜏∝ 𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝜇: coefficient of viscosity, dynamic (absolute) viscosity

kg N∙s
N m/s or 2
or Pa ∙ s kg
= 𝜇 m s m
2 𝜈 = m s
m m dyne∙s
kg m/s 2 m/s 1 Poise = 1 = 0.1 Pa  s kg
cm2 3
= 𝜇 m
m2 m 1 CP = 0.01 Poise = 0.001 Pa  s
𝜇 m2
𝜈: kinematic viscosity =
𝜌 s
Stokes (St) = cm2/s
1 CSt = 0.01 Stokes = 10−6 m2/s
VISCOSITY OF DIFFERENT FLUIDS 6

𝜏
Oil
Water

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝜇
Air
𝜇𝑤 = 0.001 Pa ∙ S = 1 CP
2 𝑑𝑢
m
𝜈𝑤 = 10−6 = 1 CSt 𝑑𝑦
s
VISCOSITY OF DIFFERENT FLUIDS 7
EXAMPLE 8

A steel (𝑆𝐺 = 7.8) rectangular plate of 0.5 m x 0.5 m x 26 mm

dimensions slides down an inclined plane making 30o angle with
horizontal at a velocity of 1.75 m/s. If the 2 mm gap between the
plate and inclined surface is filled with lubricating oil (𝑆𝐺 = 0.8), find:
a) its dynamic viscosity and express it in poise as well as N s / m2.
b) its kinematic viscosity and express it in stokes as well as m2/s.
SOLUTION 9

𝐹𝜇 = 𝐹𝑔
S.G. = 7.8
𝑚=𝜌𝑉
𝑚 = 7.8 × 1000 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.026
𝐹𝑔 = 50.7 N
S.G. = 0.8
𝑈 30o
𝐹𝜇 = 𝜇 𝐴
𝑌
𝐴 = 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.25 m2
𝑈 = 1.75 m/s
𝑌 = 0.002 m
𝜇 = 0.2318 Pa ∙ s = 231.8 CP
𝜇 0.2318
𝜈= = = 289.7 CSt
𝜌 800
EXAMPLE 10

Calculate the drag force on a flat plate (3 m x 2 m) immersed in air

(18 CSt – 1.15 kg/m3) flow with velocity profile:
𝑢 = 5𝑦 − 2𝑦 3
SOLUTION 11
𝑢 = 5𝑦 − 2𝑦 3
𝑦
𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝐹=𝜇𝐴
𝑑𝑦
𝑢 = 5𝑦 − 2𝑦 3
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
= 5 − 6𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
ቤ = ቤ =5
𝑑𝑦 plate 𝑑𝑦 𝑦=0
𝜇 = 𝜈 𝜌 = 18 × 10−6 × 1.15
𝐹 = 0.000621 N
EXAMPLE 12

• How much power is lost in friction in a journal bearing with a 5 cm diameter

shaft and 10 cm long sleeve? knowing that the gap (0.005”) is filled with SAE
10W-30 oil (69 CSt – 865 kg/m3) and shaft rotates at 1500 rpm.
SOLUTION 0.1 m
13
0.005”

0.05 m

1500 rpm

𝑈 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑 = 0.1571 m2
𝐹=𝜇𝐴
𝑌 2𝜋𝑁 𝑑 m
𝜇 = 𝜈 𝜌 = 69 × 10−6 × 865 𝑈 = 𝜔𝑅 = = 3.927
60 2 s
= 0.059685 Pa ∙ s 𝑌 = 0.005" = 0.000125 m
SOLUTION 0.1 m
14
0.005”

0.05 m

1500 rpm

3.927 𝑇 = 𝐹 𝑅 = 7.364 N ∙ m
𝐹 = 0.059685 × 0.1571 ×
0.000125 Power = 𝑇 𝜔 = 1157 watt
𝐹 = 294.6 N
PROJECT: AUTOMOBILE OILS 15

• Crank case
• Gear box
• Properties
• Grades
• Saybolt Universal Seconds and Viscosity index
• Mineral oils and synthetic oils
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 16
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE (GAS VS LIQUID) 17

Oil

Air

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS 18
 19
BEHAVIOR OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
𝜏

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
 20
EXAMPLES OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• Bingham plastic:
– Tooth paste
– Mayonnaise
• Pseudoplastic (shear thinning)
– Blood
– Paints
– Ketchup
• Dilatants (shear thickening)
– Cornstarch suspension
 21
EXAMPLES OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
 22
SUMMARY

• Viscosity