2-Getting Started

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Tab 2 – How to Get Started
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Course notes provided to students in any form, electronic
or otherwise, are the exclusive copyrighted property of
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Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies
International. Course participants may only use the
course notes for completion of the course and for each
© 2015 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI)
participants own future reference. Course participants
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may not make copies or share the course notes in any
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Siemens Power Academy TD – NA - PSSC 500 PSS®E Introduction to Power Flow and Steady State Analysis 2-2
A Quick Overview
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Bare-bones essentials of PSS®E power flow will be covered in
this chapter:
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n Basic data categories: Buses/Loads/Plants/Generators/Lines/
Transformers /Shunts
n Power flow solution
n Tree view
n Diagram view
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n Simple one-line diagram
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To Create a New Case
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n Use menu bar File>New or toolbar button
n Choose New Network Case
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n Enter Base MVA, frequency, rating options
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Per Unit
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n Branch impedance and transformer adjustment information entered in per
unit values:
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Physical Value
Per Unit Value =
Base Value
n Bus voltages specified as Line-Line kV and three-phase apparent powers

specified in MVA.
n From the relationship between voltage and apparent power,
n Therefore, base current is:

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and base impedance is:
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S3Æ = 3 S1Æ = 3 VLN IL
I L Base =
= Ö 3 VLL IL
S3Æ Base
Ö 3 VLL Base
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VLN Base VLL Base / Ö 3 VLL Base2
Z Base = = =
IL Base S3Æ Base / Ö 3 VLL Base S3Æ Base
Examples of Per Unit Impedance Calculation
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n Example: Find the per unit impedance of a 50 ohm 345 kV line
on a system base of 100 MVA.
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V 2 LLBase ( 345 x 10 3 )2
Z Base = = = 1190 W
S 3f Base 100 x 10 6
Z actual 50 W = 0.042 pu
Zpu = =
Z Base 1190 W
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n Example: Convert a 0.2 per unit transformer impedance on a
nameplate rating of 500 MVA to a system base of 100 MVA.
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S3 f Base new
( ZBaseold (Z Basenew = Z puold ( S3f Base old ( 100
Z actual ZBaseold
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Z punew =
( ( ( = 0.2
( = 0.04
500
Entering Bus Data
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n Bus type codes
e Type
1
2
Definedm
P, Q
P, V
Calculated
V, q
Q, q
Example
With/without loads, shunts
Synchronous generators/motors
V, q
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3 P, Q System swing (or slack) bus
4 none None Disconnected
Enter Fixed Bus Shunt Data
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Note: m
n ID is 2-character alphanumeric.
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n Each bus can have multiple shunt entries.
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n IEEE convention, i.e. B-Shunt is negative for reactor and positive
for capacitor.
Load Data
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- constant MVA (Pload, Qload)
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n Loads can have Area, Zone and Owner designations separate from the
buses to where loads are attached
n Loads can be:
- constant current (IPload, IQload)

- constant admittance (YPload, YQload)
Sometimes called ZIP load model
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n User can enter constant I or Y load directly or
use CONL (Powerflow > Convert Loads and Generators…) to convert load
n Loads can be conforming (scalable) or non-confirming (not scalable)
Plant Data
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Machines
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Plant
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n Plant must exist before machine data can be entered.
n Vsched is scheduled voltage at remote bus. If remote bus is 0, plant
controls voltage at the local bus.
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n RMPCT is the remote MVAR percentage.
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E.g., plants at bus 101 and bus 102
generate equal parts of reactive power to
maintain bus 151 at the schedule voltage
of 1.02 pu.
Machine (or Generator) Data
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Note:
n MBASE: Machine MVA base
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n RSource and XSource: Machine impedance in per unit of
MBASE and machine voltage base
n RTran and XTran: Generator-step-up transformer For implicitly
modeled
impedance in per unit values of MBASE and machine
generator
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voltage base step-up
n Gentap: Tap ratio at high voltage side of GSU transformers
Machine Data (continued)
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n All per unit generator data is entered in per unit on machine MVA
base and machine voltage base.
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n RSource and XSource are required for switching studies, fault
analysis & dynamic simulations.
n It is highly recommended that the user make a standard practice of
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entering this data as a part of all power flow data base set-ups.
n Up to four owners. Each fraction (Fi) must be positive. The Fi’s are
normalized such that they sum to 1.0 before they are placed in the
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working case.
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Generator Step-Up Transformer
Modeling Options
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Bus K
p.u. on MBASE
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T :1 XT
G
High
Generator Step-Up Generator
Voltage Transformer
Bus
Implicit Generator Step-Up Transformer Configuration
(Specified as part of Generator Data)
e Bus K m T :1
G
p.u. on SBASE
X
T
Terminal
Bus
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High Generator Step-Up
Voltage Generator
Transformer
Bus
Explicit Generator Step-Up Transformer Configuration
(Specified as a separate Transformer Data Record)
Examples of Explicit
and Implicit Step-Up Modeling
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200 MVA 250 MVA 250 MVA 250 MVA 800 MVA
800 MVA
X"=.26 X"=.22 X"=.26 X"=.22 X"=.25
X"=.25
1 2 3 4 1 2
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Transformer
Bus Bus At +5% Tap
1238 1239 On 345 kV Side
X=0.18 on X=0.18 on
X=.033 on X=.033 on 800 MVA
800 MVA
100 MVA 100 MVA
Bus 1237
(345 kV)
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Branch data records for explicit modeling of GSU’s are not shown here
Generator Boundary Conditions
in Power Flow
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1. Real power output at terminal bus is set as specified.
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2. Voltage magnitude of terminal bus (or other controlled bus) is set
as specified.
3. Voltage magnitude is overridden by reactive power constraints.
4. Swing buses are held at constant voltage magnitude and phase
angle.
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5. Reactive power is split among machines at the same bus to achieve
the same power factor, subject to reactive power constraints.
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Read-Only Fields
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n “Read-only” fields are colored light grey to distinguish them from
editable fields.
n For example, plant output is automatically computed by summing the
outputs of all machines located at a plant bus and cannot be changed
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here.
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Nontransformer Branch Data
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continued
Transmission
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Line Equivalent
PI model
m Bus i
Ii
R ij + j Xij
Ij
Bus j
B B
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G li +j B li j ch j ch G lj + jB lj
2 2
Tie-Line Meter Position & Losses
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Area 1 Area 2
Bus 151 Bus 201
e m * indicates metered end
Losses for tie line are accounted

for in AREA 2
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Specifying Zero Impedance Lines
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1. R = 0.0
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2. X < THRSHZ
- THRSHZ is a user-defined solution parameter such that a branch with
an impedance less than or equal to THRSHZ will be treated as a zero
impedance branch.
- The value of THRSHZ can be changed Power flow -> Solution ->
Parameters -> General
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3. Zero impedance loops allowed in V33
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Modeling Breakers and Switches
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n Breakers and switches are represented as non-transformer
branches, typically as zero impedance lines
n ‘@’ in the first character of the circuit ID for a breaker
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n ‘*’ in the first character of the circuit ID for a switch
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2-Winding Transformer Data
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Bus 151
m Wnd 1 Ratio Wnd 2 Ratio
Bus 101
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500 kV 21.6 kV
R=0.3%, X=13.6%
entered on system
Winding 1 Winding 2
100 MVA base
Transformer Data Codes
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1. Winding I/O code defines how winding data (WINDV1, etc.) are entered:
1 = off-nominal turns ratio in pu of bus base voltage
2 = winding voltage in kV
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3 = off-nominal turns ratio in pu of nominal winding voltage
2. Impedance I/O code defines how impedance data (R1-2, X1-2, etc.) are entered:
1 = R and X in per unit on a system power base and winding voltage base;
2 = R and X in pu on winding power base and winding voltage base;
3 = load loss R in watts and X in pu on winding power and voltage base
eentered:
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3. Admittance I/O code defines how magnetizing admittance data (MAG1, MAG2) are
1 = in pu on system power base and system voltage base

2 = no load loss in watts and exciting current in pu on winding one-two MVA and kV
4. Control mode defines automatic control modes:
0 = no control; ±1 = voltage; ±2 = reactive power flow; ±3 = active power flow; ±4 =
DC line quantity, ±5 = asymmetric active power flow.
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NOTE:
n Tap ratio or phase shift angle auto adjustable only on Winding 1.
n Refer to Program Operation Manual, Section 5.2.1 for complete format.
3-Winding Transformer Data
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Select one 3-winding
transformer to edit
windings data
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BUS I
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BUS J
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Winding 1 Winding 2 Taps on all 3 windings can be
automatically adjusted, if desired.
Winding 3
BUS K
Spreadsheet Data Editing
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This row of data being edited. Press <enter> after data entry to confirm
data change.
Spreadsheet Editing
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n Copying & pasting between cells and between rows:
- Menu Bar (Edit>Copy, Edit>Paste),
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- Right-Mouse-Click Menu, or
- Standard Keystrokes (Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V).
n Copying spreadsheet to another application via the clipboard:
- Menu Bar (Edit>Copy, Edit>Paste),
- Ctrl-C
n Exporting spreadsheet:
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- Menu Bar (File>Export>Spreadsheet tab to text file)
- Creates tab-delimited text file
n Importing from other spreadsheet programs:
- New elements: copy from Excel and paste into the proper tab
- Existing elements with updated data: limited to one cell at a time,
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and cannot overwrite read-only fields
Configurable Spreadsheets
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n Can change precision, font/style/color of any column.
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Regional Settings in Spreadsheet
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n Can observe regional settings (use of decimal or comma).
n Defined in Control Panel > Regional and Language Options.
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n Choose option in PSSÒE > Edit > Preferences > General
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After Editing, Save the Data
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n File > SAVE or Show >
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Case Data - Saves a power
flow model (“working” case)
in binary format.
n File > Open - Retrieves
power flow model from a
previously saved file and
makes it the “working” case.
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Problem 2-1 System Modeling
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A. Create a PSS®E power flow model of the five bus system shown in the next page. Enter the data for all Buses
first, followed by Branches, Transformer Data, Plants, Machines and Loads.
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Refer to the Course Notes for descriptions of the data elements in the spreadsheet.
B. Save this model in a file (under File > Save As...) called EXER2-1.SAV
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Problem 2-1 System Modeling (continued)
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3.3 kV
33.0 kV 33.0 kV
Steam Machine:
Hydro Machines:
Size = Each 5 MVA
Pmax = 5 MW
Pmin = 0 MW
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Dispatch = 4 MW
Qmax = 2 MVar
Qmin = 0 MVar
m6.0 MW
1.6 MVAR
33.0 kV
Size = 10 MVA
Pmax = 10 MW
Pmin = 0 MW
Dispatch = 8 MW
Qmax = 4 MVar
Qmin = 0 MVar
15.0 MW 3.3 kV
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7.9 MVAR
Assign All Buses to Area 1
Assign All Buses to Zone 1
Problem 2-1 System Modeling (continued)
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System Data
System Base = 100 MVA System Swing = Bus 100
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Machine Data Hydro Steam
VAR Limits 0 - 2 MVAR 0-4 MVAR
Machine Reactance (Machine Base) 25 % 20 %
GSU Transformer Reactance (Machine base) 9% (Explicit Branch)
GSU Transformer Tap + 2.5 % (Explicit Branch)
Voltage Set Point 33.0 kV 34.65 kV
Controlled Bus 100 200
Line Data
100 - 200
100 - 150
150 - 200
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Transformer Data R
200 - 201
150 - 151
0.00
0.00
R
0.02
0.01
0.01 m
Impedances (PU on System Base)
X
0.2
0.1
0.1
B
0.030
0.018
0.018
X
0.8
0.3
B
0.000
0.000
Rate A
10
10
10
Rate A
10
10
(MVA)
Rate B
12
12
12
Rate B
12
12
Rate C
15
15
15
Rate C
15
15
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Tap Position Tap No. of Controlled Voltage Tap Position
(Winding 1 side) Range Tap Positions bus Range (Winding 2 side)
200 - 201 Nominal ±10% 15 200 Nominal to - 2% Nominal
150 - 151 +2.5% ±10% 3 151 +2.5% to Nominal Nominal
To Solve a Power Flow
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Problem 2-2 Solve the Power Flow
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A. Open the case EXER2-1.SAV
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B. Solve the system using Full Newton-Raphson Solution (under Powerflow >
Solution) with the Taps Locked, all Solution Options disabled and Var
Limits applied automatically.
C. Obtain a Solution Key and check all modeling data. If necessary, correct
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data re-solve the case. SAVE the final case as EXER2-2.SAV
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Tree View Basics
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n Provides quick glance of network
elements, e.g. area numbers, bus
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numbers, machine ID’s, etc.
n Displays data in each category, e.g.
area, bus, branch, machine, load, etc.,
in a folder with a symbol. Folders are
expandable and collapsible.
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n Indicates whether data items exist in
diagram. Symbol is hollow if not
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drawn.
n Tree View can be “hidden” or
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“docked,” e.g. attached to the left hand
side of the Program Window.
Tree View Operations
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Bring up menu of available operations by right mouse click on:
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n Main Tree View Window - Allow Floating, Docking, Auto Hide and Hide.
n Folder (for each data category) - Sort (sort items within category in
alphanumeric order).
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n Data Item - Locate, Bind, Assign item to layer, Draw, Switch, Create bus
subsystem, Sort, Network Data Spreadsheet, Network Data Record,
Delete. (Actual options available depend on the data category and if
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diagram is active).
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Example of Data Item Menu in Tree View
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Select bus
and right
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click
Bus Data
Menu
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Diagram View
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n Purpose: To create/modify a one-line diagram or add elements to
network data base.
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n Features
- Import DRAW raw data files
or Slider binary file.
- Growing a Diagram
e- Layers Management
- View Management
- Displaying Powerflow
Results or Impedance
Data
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Diagram Toolbar
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Manipulating Tools
n Selection
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n Set Rotation Mode
n +/- 90º Rotation (+ is clockwise)
n Show Grid
n Grid Snap
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Adding network elements from diagram
n Knee-point (turns a link into two straight-line segments)
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To Create a New Diagram
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n Use menu bar File>Open or toolbar button
n Choose New Diagram
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Adding Existing Buses to a Diagram
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n Open a diagram window (File > New)
n Select Bus in Tree View
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n Right Click to bring up Item Menu
n If bus does not exist in diagram, “Draw” option will be available
n Select “Draw”
n Bus bar and associated equipment, such as shunts, loads and
egenerators, will be drawn
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600.0
450.0
154
DOWNTN
400.0
350.0
0.0
2
1
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-264.5
0.939
216.0
Creating Diagram of a Subsystem
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1. Open a diagram window.
2. Use the subsystem selector to identify the subsystem.
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3. Go to Edit > Preferences… > Diagram, and select Only
“Grow” items in current bus subsystem, if preferred.
4. In Tree View. Select all buses in subsystem.
5. Choose Auto Draw button.
growing.
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6. In Diagram View, choose location where diagram can start
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Moving Items in Diagram View
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n Moving a bus plus all associated equipment
- Select bus and drag with mouse.
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n Moving bus-connected equipment, such as generator,
load, shunt, line
- Select item.
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-
-
-
Select item again.
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Right click to bring up Menu.
Select Item Properties and disable Auto Position.
Drag end point of item to desired position.

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Bind Items must be
turned ON
Adding a New Bus to the Power Flow
Model
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n From Spreadsheet View:
- Enter new row in “Buses” tab. If similar data exist at another bus,
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copy and paste item or entire row.
- Diagram, if any, has to be updated manually.
n From Diagram View:
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-
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-
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Use Diagram toolbar to draw bus and associated equipment.
3 different bus symbols: Circle, Dot, Bar
Double click on bus to jump to Spreadsheet View
Enter bus data in Spreadsheet View
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Bind Items must
be turned ON
Diagram View – Results Toolbar
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n Toggle labels
n Diagram annotation
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n Power flow solution results
n Power flow impedance data Also activated from Menu Bar
n Graphical case comparison (Diagram>Results)
n ASCC fault analysis
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n
n
n
n
eIEC analysis
Reliability analysis
Dynamic simulation models
Flow animation
Current loading bar chart
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n Multi-section line reporting
n Lock diagram (but not from deleting or moving equipment)
Saving the Slider Diagram
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n In Diagram view, under File > Save, or File > Save as…
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slider binary file (*.sld).
n Power flow case not saved simultaneously when slider
diagram is saved, and vice versa.
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Problem 2-3 System One-Line Diagram
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A. CASE in EXER2-2.SAV - Solve the system using Full Newton-Raphson
Solution Method (under Powerflow > Solutions) with Defaults Options.
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Create a one-line diagram of the EXER2-2.SAV system. Refer to the
attached one-line diagram to check your progress. (No need to add text
and pointers in red).
B. Use auto-draw to add the system components. When you are finished,
save the diagram information to a file called EXER2-3.SLD
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Problem 2-3 System One-Line Diagram (continued)
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MW
Branch Resistance Generation
Charging
Branch
Qmin, Qmax
Reactance
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Off-Nominal Tap
Ratio
Base kV
SYSTEM
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MW
Load
DATA
MVAR Load
Problem 2-3 System One-Line Diagram (continued)
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MW
Generation
MW Flow
MVAR
Generation
PU
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Flow kV
Voltage
Voltage
POWER FLOW
SOLUTION
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MW
Load MVAR
Load

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n Bus voltages specified as Line-Line kV and three-phase apparent powers

n Therefore, base current is:

- constant current (IPload, IQload)

Losses for tie line are accounted

1 = in pu on system power base and system voltage base

Drag end point of item to desired position.

n From Diagram View:

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