International Islamic University Islamabad

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

POWER ELECTRONICS LAB (EE421L)

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

Name of Student: ……………………………………

Registration No.: ……………………………………..

Date of Experiment: …………………………………

Submitted To: ………………………………………,..

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 1

Objectives:
 The main objective of this experiment is to understand the working and analysis of a
single-phase full bridge (square-wave) inverter with resistive load.

Equipment Required:
 DMM
 Oscilloscope
 Function Generator
 DC Power Supply: +12V (fixed);
 Resistors: 22-Ω [Qty=4];
 Power Resistor: 1-kΩ /5W[Qty=1];
 Capacitors: 0.47uF [Qty=2]; 2.2uF [Qty=2];
 Diodes: Si [Qty=2];
 N-channel Power MOSFETs: IRF740 [Qty=4];
 Transistor’s Driver IC: IR2110 [Qty=2];
 TTL Inverter’s IC: 74LS14 [Qty=1];
 Connecting wires

Theory:
DC-to-AC converters are known as inverters. The function of an inverter is to change
a DC input voltage to a symmetric AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
The output voltage could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency. A variable
output voltage can be obtained by varying the input DC voltage and maintaining the gain of
the inverter constant. On the other hand, if the DC input voltage is fixed and it is not
controllable, a variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of the inverter,
which is normally accomplished by pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control within the
inverter. The inverter gain may be defined as the ratio of the AC output voltage to DC input
voltage. The output voltage waveform of the ideal inverter should be sinusoidal. However,
the waveforms of practical inverters are non-sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics. For
low and medium-power applications, square-wave or quasi-square-wave voltages may be
acceptable; and for high-power applications, low-distorted sinusoidal waveforms are
required. With the availability of high-speed power semiconductor devices, the harmonic
content of the output voltage can be minimized or reduced significantly by switching
techniques. Inverters are widely used in industrial applications like variable-speed AC motor
drives, induction heating and uninterrupted power supplies.

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 2

 A single-phase full bridge inverter with resistive load is given in Figure 12.1. It
consists of four switches (transistors). When transistors Q1 and Q4 are turned ON, the input

voltage (+Vin) appears across the load. Similarly, if transistors Q2 and Q3 are turned ON at

the same time, the voltage across the load is reversed (-Vin). The r.m.s output voltage can be
written as,
𝐓
𝟐
𝐕𝐨(𝐫.𝐦.𝐬) = √ ∫𝟎𝟐 𝐕𝟐𝐢𝐧 dt = 𝐕𝐢𝐧 …………. (12.1)
𝐓

The r.m.s output current can be obtained as,

𝐕𝐨(𝐫.𝐦.𝐬)
𝐈𝐨(𝐫.𝐦.𝐬) = …………. (12.2)
𝐑𝐋

The output power can be calculated as,

𝟐
𝐕𝐨(𝐫.𝐦.𝐬)
𝐏𝐨 = …………. (12.3)
𝐑𝐋

The instantaneous output voltage can be expressed via Fourier series as,

𝟒𝐕
𝐕𝐨 = ∑∞
𝐢𝐧
𝐧=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓,… 𝐧𝛑 sin (nwt) …………. (12.4)

The r.m.s fundamental component (V1) of the output voltage is,

𝐕𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝐕𝐢𝐧 …………. (12.5)

Performance Parameters:

When DC voltages are changing to the AC voltages, there are some losses in the
circuits and thus 100% efficiency is not possible. The output of practical inverters contains
harmonics and the quality of an inverter is normally evaluated in terms of following
performance parameters.

i. Harmonic Factor of nth Harmonic (HFn): The harmonic factor, which is a measure of
individual harmonic contribution, is defined as
𝐕𝐧 (𝐫.𝐦.𝐬)
𝐇𝐅𝐧 = for n > 1 …………. (12.6)
𝐕𝟏 (𝐫.𝐦.𝐬)

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 3

 where V1 s the r.m.s value of the fundamental component and Vn is the r.m.s value of the
nth harmonic component.

ii. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): The total harmonic distortion, which is a measure of
closeness in shape between a waveform and its fundamental component, is defined as,
𝐕𝐡 (𝐫.𝐦.𝐬)
𝐓𝐇𝐃 = …………. (12.7)
𝐕𝟏(𝐫.𝐦.𝐬)

where 𝐕𝐡 is the r.m.s harmonic voltage and can be written as,

𝟏/𝟐
𝐕𝐡 = (∑∞ 𝟐
𝐧=𝟐,𝟑,…. 𝐕𝐧 )
𝟐
= √𝐕𝐨(𝐫.𝐦.𝐬) 𝟐
− 𝐕𝟏(𝐫.𝐦.𝐬) …………. (12.8)

iii. Distortion Factor (DF): The distortion factor is a measure of effectiveness in reducing
unwanted harmonics without having to specify the values of a second-order load filter
and is defined as,
𝟏/𝟐
𝟏 ∞ 𝐕𝐧 𝟐
𝐃𝐅 = [∑𝐧=𝟐,𝟑,… ( 𝟐 ) ] …………. (12.9)
𝐕𝟏 𝐧

The DF of an individual (or nth) harmonic component is defined as,

𝐕𝐧
𝐃𝐅 = …………. (12.10)
𝐕𝟏 𝐧𝟐

iv. Lowest Order Harmonic (LOH): The LOH is that harmonic component, whose
frequency is closest to the fundamental one, and its amplitude is greater than or equal to
3% of the fundamental component.

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 4

Procedure:

a. Construct the circuit of Figure 12.1 on the breadboard. Measure and record the value of
load resistor (RL).

Figure 12.1
RL (measured) = __________
b. Set up an effective MOSFET gate control in such a way that there is a short dead time
between the switching of Q1 and Q2 or Q3 and Q4.
c. Generate a PWM signal through function generator having frequency f = 50-Hz and duty
cycle k = 0.50 (50%) with amplitudes equal to 5V (peak) and 0V respectively. Apply this
PWM signal and its inverted version at the specific pins of driver ICs (IR2110).
d. Energize the circuit of Figure 12.1. Connect the oscilloscope leads across the load to
observe the output waveform.
e. Using oscilloscope, sketch the waveforms of output voltage (VO) and gate-source voltages
(VGS1, VGS2) appearing at the inputs terminals of Q1 and Q2.

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 5

 Figure 12.2

f. Measure and record the r.m.s value of output voltage, current and power.

Vo (r.m.s) (measured) = ________

𝐕𝐨 (𝐫𝐦𝐬)
Io (r.m.s) (measured) = = ________
𝐑𝐋

𝐕𝐨 (𝐫𝐦𝐬)𝟐
Po (r.m.s) (measured) = = ________
𝐑𝐋

g. Determine the THD of single-phase full bridge inverter with resistive load.

V1 (r.m.s) (measured) = 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝐕𝐢𝐧 = ________

𝟐 𝟐
Vh (r.m.s) (measured) = √𝐕𝐨(𝐫𝐦𝐬) − 𝐕𝟏(𝐫𝐦𝐬) = ________

𝐕𝐡
THD (measured) = = _________
𝐕𝟏

h. Again, generate a PWM signal through function generator having frequency f = 1-kHz
and duty cycle k = 0.50 (50%) with amplitudes equal to 5V (peak) and 0V respectively.
Apply this PWM signal and its inverted version at the specific pins of driver ICs
(IR2110).
i. Using oscilloscope, sketch the waveforms of output voltage (VO) and gate-source voltages
(VGS1, VGS2) appearing at the input terminals of Q1 and Q2.

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 6

 Figure 12.3

j. Measure and record the r.m.s value of output voltage, current and power.

Vo (r.m.s) (measured) = ________

𝐕𝐨 (𝐫𝐦𝐬)
Io (r.m.s) (measured) = = ________
𝐑𝐋

𝐕𝐨 (𝐫𝐦𝐬)𝟐
Po (r.m.s) (measured) = = ________
𝐑𝐋

k. Again, determine the THD of single-phase full bridge inverter with resistive load.

V1 (r.m.s) (measured) = 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝐕𝐢𝐧 = ________

𝟐 𝟐
Vh (r.m.s) (measured) = √𝐕𝐨(𝐫𝐦𝐬) − 𝐕𝟏(𝐫𝐦𝐬) = ________

𝐕𝐡
THD (measured) = = _________
𝐕𝟏
l. Compare the results of step g and k and comment.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 7

 Salient Features of IC-IR2110

Pin Configuration of IC-IR2110

Lead Definition of IC-IR2110

Pin No. Pin Symbol Description
1 LO Low side Gate driver output
2 COM Low side return

3 VCC Low side supply

4 --- ---
5 VS High side floating supply return

6 VB High side floating supply

7 HO High side Gate driver output

8 --- ---

9 VDD Logic Supply

10 HIN Logic Input for high side Gate driver output, in phase
11 SD Logic input for shutdown
12 LIN Logic Input for low side Gate driver output, in

13 VSS Logic ground

14 --- ---

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 8

 Typical Connections of IC-IR2110

Experiment No. 12: Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Page 9