ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS, EFFECTIVE 2015

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Proton mass, m p = 1.67 ¥ 10 -27 kg Electron charge magnitude, e = 1.60 ¥ 10 -19 C
Neutron mass, mn = 1.67 ¥ 10 -27 kg 1 electron volt, 1 eV = 1.60 ¥ 10 -19 J
Electron mass, me = 9.11 ¥ 10 -31 kg Speed of light, c = 3.00 ¥ 108 m s
Universal gravitational
Avogadro’s number, N 0 = 6.02 ¥ 10 23 mol-1 G = 6.67 ¥ 10 -11 m 3 kg is 2
constant,
R = 8.31 J (moliK) Acceleration due to gravity
Universal gas constant, g = 9.8 m s 2
at Earth’s surface,
Boltzmann’s constant, k B = 1.38 ¥ 10 -23 J K
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1 u = 1.66 ¥ 10 -27 kg = 931 MeV c 2
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 ¥ 10 -34 Jis = 4.14 ¥ 10 -15 eVis
hc = 1.99 ¥ 10 -25 Ji m = 1.24 ¥ 103 eVinm
Vacuum permittivity, e0 = 8.85 ¥ 10 -12 C2 N i m 2
Coulomb’s law constant, k = 1 4 pe0 = 9.0 ¥ 10 9 N i m 2 C2
Vacuum permeability, m0 = 4 p ¥ 10 -7 (Ti m) A
Magnetic constant, k ¢ = m0 4 p = 1 ¥ 10 -7 (T i m) A
1 atmosphere pressure, 1 atm = 1.0 ¥ 10 5 N m 2 = 1.0 ¥ 10 5 Pa

meter, m mole, mol watt, W farad, F

kilogram, kg hertz, Hz coulomb, C tesla, T
UNIT
second, s newton, N volt, V degree Celsius, ∞C
SYMBOLS
ampere, A pascal, Pa ohm, W electron volt, eV
kelvin, K joule, J henry, H

PREFIXES VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

Factor Prefix Symbol
q 0 30 37 45 53 60 90
1012 tera T
sin q 0 12 35 2 2 45 3 2 1
10 9 giga G
cosq 1 3 2 45 2 2 35 12 0
106 mega M
10 3 kilo k tan q 0 33 34 1 43 3 •
10 -2 centi c
10 -3 milli m The following conventions are used in this exam.
I. The frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial unless
10 -6 micro m otherwise stated.
-9 nano n II. In all situations, positive work is defined as work done on a system.
10
III. The direction of current is conventional current: the direction in which
10 -12 pico p positive charge would drift.
IV. Assume all batteries and meters are ideal unless otherwise stated.
V. Assume edge effects for the electric field of a parallel plate capacitor
unless otherwise stated.
VI. For any isolated electrically charged object, the electric potential is
defined as zero at infinite distance from the charged object.
 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS, EFFECTIVE 2015

MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Ãx = Ãx 0 + a x t a = acceleration  1 q1q2 A = area
FE =
A = amplitude 4 pe0 r 2 B = magnetic field
x = x 0 + Ãx 0 t +
1 2
a t d = distance  C = capacitance
2 x  FE
E = energy E = d = distance
F = force q E = electric field
Ãx2 = Ãx20 + 2ax ( x - x0 ) f = frequency  e= emf
1 q
E =
  I = rotational inertia 4 pe0 r 2 F = force
 ÂF Fnet K = kinetic energy I = current
a = =
m m k = spring constant DU E = qDV  = length
  L = angular momentum 1 q P = power
Ff £ m Fn  = length V = Q = charge
4 pe0 r
m = mass q = point charge
Ã2  DV
ac = P = power E = R = resistance
r p = momentum Dr r = separation
  r = radius or separation
p = mv DV =
Q t = time
T = period C U = potential (stored)
 
Dp = F Dt t = time
A
energy
U = potential energy C = ke0 V = electric potential
d
K =
1 2
mv
v = speed v = speed
2 W= work done on a system Q k =
E = dielectric constant
x = position e0 A r= resistivity
DE = W = Fd = Fd cos q y = height 1 1 q = angle
a = angular acceleration UC = QDV = C ( DV )2
DE 2 2 F= flux
P = m= coefficient of friction
Dt DQ
q = angle I =
t = torque Dt
1 2 
q = q0 + w0 t + at
r  
2 w= angular speed
R= FM = qv ¥ B
A
w = w0 + at 1 2   
Us = kx P = I DV FM = qv sin q B
2
x = A cos ( wt ) = A cos (2 p ft ) DV   
DUg = mg Dy I =
R FM = I  ¥ B
xcm =
 mi xi 2p   
 mi T = =
1 Rs = Â Ri FM = I  sin q B
w f i
   
 Ât
a=
I
=
t net
I
Ts = 2 p
m 1
Rp
= Â R1i F B = B A
k i
 
t = r^ F = rF sin q  Cp = Â Ci FB = B cos q A
Tp = 2 p i
g
L = Iw  mm
Fg = G 1 2 2
1
Cs
= Â C1i e = - DF B
DL = t Dt i Dt
r
 m0 I
1  Fg B= e= B v
K = I w2 g= 2p r
2 m
  Gm1m2
Fs = k x UG = -
r
 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS, EFFECTIVE 2015

FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS WAVES AND OPTICS

m A = area v d = separation
r= l=
V F = force f f = frequency or
h = depth focal length
c
P=
F k = thermal conductivity n= h = height
A Ã
K = kinetic energy L = distance
L = thickness n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q2 M = magnification
P = P0 + rgh
m = mass 1 1 1 m = an integer
+ = n = index of
Fb = rVg n = number of moles si so f
N = number of molecules refraction
hi s s = distance
A1v1 = A2 v2 P = pressure M = = i
Q = energy transferred to a ho so v = speed
1 system by heating DL = m l l = wavelength
P1 + rgy1 + rv 2
2 1 T = temperature d sin q = m l q = angle
1 t = time
= P2 + rgy2 + rv 2
2 2 U = internal energy
V = volume
Q kA DT
= v = speed GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Dt L
W = work done on a system Rectangle A= area
PV = nRT = NkBT y = height A = bh C= circumference
r = density V= volume
3 Triangle
K = k T S = surface area
2 B 1
A = bh b = base
2
W = - P DV h = height
= length
DU = Q + W Circle w= width
A = pr 2 r = radius
C = 2 pr
MODERN PHYSICS
E = hf E= energy Rectangular solid Right triangle
f = frequency V = wh
K max = hf - f c 2 = a 2 + b2
K= kinetic energy
a
m= mass Cylinder sin q =
h c
l= p = momentum V = pr 2
p b
l= wavelength S = 2 pr + 2 pr 2 cos q =
c
E = mc 2 f= work function
a
Sphere tan q =
b
4 3
V = pr c
3 a
S = 4 pr 2 q 90°
b