Microprocessor
A microprocessor is an electronic component
that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a
central processing unit on a single integrated
circuit chip containing millions of very small
components including transistors, resistors, and
diodes that work together.
ALE signal
The meaning of ALE is address latch enable.
This is a special pin of 8086/8088 processor. ...
When processor transfers address on AD0-
AD15, it makes ALE pin high to suggest the
multiplexed lines contain address on it. When
this pin becomes low, data is transferred after
inserting some propagation delay between
operations.
Immediate Addressing mode
An immediate operand has a constant value or
an expression. When an instruction with two
operands uses immediate addressing, the first
operand may be a register or memory location,
and the second operand is
an immediate constant.
Implicit addressing mode
The implied addressing mode, also called
the implicit addressing mode (X86 assembly
language), does not explicitly specify an
effective address for either the source or the
destination (or sometimes both). Either the
source (if any) or destination
effective address (or sometimes both) is
implied by the opcode.
Direct addressing mode
Direct addressing mode means that the value
for a given instruction in assembly
programming is pointed to by a given value.
This means the value is variable, based on
what is stored in memory at a given address.
Indirect Addressing Mode
In Indirect addressing mode, address field in
the instruction contains the memory location or
register where effective address of operand is
present. It requires two memory access. It is
further classified into two categories:
Register Indirect, and Memory Indirect.
Register Addressing mode
In this addressing mode, a register contains the
operand. Depending upon the instruction,
the register may be the first operand, the
second operand or both. As processing data
between registers does not involve memory, it
provides fastest processing of data.
Register Indirect Addressing Mode
Register indirect addressing means that the
location of an operand is held in a register. It is
also called indexed addressing or
base addressing. Register indirect addressing
mode requires three read operations to access
an operand.
Based indexed mode 
In this the effective address is sum of base
register and index register. The physical
memory address is calculated according to the
base register. Indexed mode – In this type
of addressing mode the effective address is
sum of index register and displacement.
Register relative addressing mode-
In this mode, the operand address is calculated
using one of the base registers and an 8 bit or a
16 bit displacement. This instruction moves a
byte from the address pointed by BX + 4
in data segment to CL. Physical address can be
calculated as DS * 10H + BX + 4H.
Relative based indexed addressing mode-
In this mode, the address of the operand is
calculated as the sum of base
register, index register and 8 bit or 16 bit
displacement. This instruction moves a byte
from the address pointed by BX + DI + 20H in
data segment to CL.
stack pointer 
A stack pointer is a small register that stores
the address of the last program request in
a stack. A stack is a specialized buffer which
stores data from the top down. As new requests
come in, they "push down" the older ones.
Functions: Stack pointer holds the address of
the last accupied memory location of
the stack called stack pointer. It is used to save
the contents of register if it is required
Memory map 8086