Electrical Machines

Induction Motors
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
 Three-phase Induction Motors
Introduction
• 3𝝓 induction motor is widely used AC motor in the
industries.
• Advantages – Low cost, simple & robust, very reliable,
highly efficient, low maintenance.

• There is no electrical connection from rotor winding to any

supply.
• Necessary voltage and current in the rotor are produced by
induction from the stator winding – Induction Motor
(rotating transformer)

• Disadvantages – Speed cannot be varied easily, speed

reduces with increase in load, lesser starting torque. Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Classification of 3𝝓  Induction Motors

Squirrel-cage Induction Motors

• Rotor resembles the structure of squirrel cage.
Application: Constant speed, moderate starting torque, low
maintenance applications – Centrifugal pumps, fans etc.

Slip-ring / Wound Rotor Induction Motors

• Rotor is wound with a 3-phase winding.
Application: High starting torque, smooth acceleration,
adjustable speed applications – Traction, Elevators etc.

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Construction of Induction Motors
A 3-phase induction motor essentially consists of,
(a) Stator, and
(b) Rotor

Stator
• Stator core - high permeability silicon steel stampings insulated
from each other by varnish – to reduce hysteresis and eddy
current losses.
• Small air gap is kept between stator and rotor (in order of 1mm) –
to make air gap reluctance minimum.
• Copper coils insulated with enamel are used for the winding.
• A 3-phase stator winding (wound for certain number of poles) is
placed in slots present in the inner periphery of the core.
• Construction of stator is same for squirrel cage and slip ring
Bharath Y.K.
induction motors. Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…
Rotor
(i) Squirrel-cage Rotor
• Rotor is made of laminated core with heavy bars of
copper/aluminum placed in skewed slots.
• These conductors are insulated from the core.
• At each end of the rotor, conductor are welded to two
short circuiting copper/aluminum end rings.
• Rotor conductors with end rings form a closed circuit &
resemble a squirrel cage.
• Squirrel-cage rotors are very strong and rugged in
construction.
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…
(ii) Slip-ring Rotor
• Rotor slots are wound with a 3-phase, star connected
winding consisting of copper coils.
• The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as
that of stator.
• The other ends of the winding are connected to three
phosphor-bronze slip-rings at one end of rotor shaft.
• Brushes carry current to and from rotor windings.
• During starting, external resistance is included in the
rotor circuit – provides high starting torque.
• As the rotor picks up speed, resistance is gradually cut
out. When the rotor reaches normal running
condition, the slip-rings are short circuited using a Bharath Y.K.
metal collar. Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Exploded view of Squirrel-cage induction motor Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Exploded view of Slip-ring induction motor Malnad College of Engineering
Rotating Magnetic Field
• The 3-phase stator windings RYB, of induction motor are
phase displaced by 120 electrical degrees.
• When 3-phase supply is connected to the stator, 3-phase
alternating current flows through the windings, the current
in each winding establishes its own flux.
• The fluxes produced by RYB phases are given by,
𝝓𝑹 =    𝝓𝒎  𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝝓𝒀 =    𝝓𝒎  𝒔𝒊𝒏  (𝝎𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎°)
𝝓𝑩 =    𝝓𝒎  𝒔𝒊𝒏  (𝝎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎°) 0

• The resultant flux 𝝓𝑻 at any instant is given by the vector

sum of 𝝓𝑹 , 𝝓𝒀  & 𝝓𝑩.
• We will consider values of 𝝓𝑻 at four intervals of 60°
electrical, marked at 0, 1, 2 & 3. Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
 Contd…
(a) at 𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎, (b) at 𝝎𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎°, (c) at 𝝎𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°, (d) at 𝝎𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°,
𝟑
𝟑 𝝓𝑹 = 𝝓𝒎 𝝓𝑹 = 𝟎
𝝓𝑹 = 𝟎 𝝓𝑹 = 𝝓𝒎   𝟐
𝟐 𝟑
𝟑 𝝓𝒀 = 𝟎   𝝓𝒀 = 𝝓𝒎  
𝝓𝒀 = − 𝝓𝒎   𝟑 𝟐
𝟐 𝝓𝒀 = − 𝝓𝒎   𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝝓𝑩 = −   𝟐 𝝓𝒎  
𝟑 𝝓𝑩 = − 𝝓𝒎  
𝝓𝑩 =   𝟐 𝝓𝒎   𝝓𝑩 = 𝟎 𝟐

𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 ∴  𝝓𝑻  = 𝟐  ×   𝟐 𝝓𝒎  𝒄𝒐𝒔  𝟑𝟎° ∴  𝝓𝑻  = 𝟐  ×   𝟐 𝝓𝒎  𝒄𝒐𝒔  𝟑𝟎°
∴  𝝓𝑻  = 𝟐  ×   𝟐 𝝓𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔  𝟑𝟎°  ∴  𝝓𝑻  = 𝟐  ×   𝟐 𝝓𝒎  𝒄𝒐𝒔  𝟑𝟎°
= 𝟏. 𝟓  𝝓𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟓  𝝓𝒎
= 𝟏. 𝟓  𝝓𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟓  𝝓𝒎
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…

Thus, we come to the following conclusions,

• After each of the instants the resultant flux 𝝓𝑻 has a magnitude of 𝟏. 𝟓  𝝓𝒎 and has rotated
clockwise through an angle of 𝟔𝟎° from the previous instant.

• As 𝝎𝒕 varies from 𝟎 to 𝟑𝟔𝟎°, the resultant magnetic flux also rotates with angular velocity 𝝎 and
has a constant magnitude of 𝟏. 𝟓  𝝓𝒎 .

• The rotating magnetic flux has a speed given by,

𝟏𝟐𝟎   𝒇
𝑵𝑺 =     𝑷

𝑵𝑺 - Synchronous speed

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Principle of Operation
(a) (b) (c)

• When a 3-phase AC supply is connected to the stator of a 3-phase induction motor, rotating magnetic field is
established in its air gap, which rotates at synchronous speed.
• The RMF cuts the rotor conductors, as per Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, an e.m.f. is induced
in the stationary rotor.
• For this induced e.m.f., the frequency is same as that of the supply, magnitude is proportional to relative
velocity between flux and conductors, and direction is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
• The e.m.f. sets up rotor currents which according to Lenz’s law, oppose the relative velocity between RMF
and rotor.
• According to Fleming’s right hand rule, the rotor conductors are subjected to a force and it starts to rotate in
the direction of RMF. Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Slip and its Significance

• Rotor follows the direction of RMF and in actual practice, rotor can never reach the synchronous
speed.
• If it does so, the relative velocity between rotor conductors and RMF would be 0, no induced rotor
e.m.f./current, therefore no torque to drive the rotor. Hence, the rotor speed is always less than the
speed of the rotating magnetic field.
• The difference between the synchronous speed 𝑵𝑺 and rotor speed 𝑵𝑹 is called as ‘slip’.
• The value of slip depends on the load. As the load increases, the rotor slows down and slip
increases.
Slip is expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed, i.e.,
𝑵𝑺   D𝑵𝑹
%𝒔 =     𝑵  ×  𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑺

• In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 3 – 6%.
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Frequency of Rotor Current
• When the rotor is at standstill, the frequency of rotor current is the same as the supply frequency.
• However, when the rotor rotates, the frequency of rotor e.m.f./current reduces as the relative
velocity between rotor and RMF decreases. Therefore, the frequency of rotor e.m.f./current varies
with the speed of the rotor i.e., slip.
• Let at any rotor speed 𝑵𝑹 , the frequency of the rotor current be 𝒇′.
𝟏𝟐𝟎  𝒇F
Then, 𝑵𝑺  − 𝑵𝑹 =   𝑷
𝟏𝟐𝟎  𝒇
Also, 𝑵𝑺 = 𝑷

Dividing the first equation by second, we have

𝒇F 𝑵𝑺   D𝑵𝑹
= =𝒔
𝒇 𝑵𝑺  

• Hence, the frequency of rotor current, 𝒇G = 𝒔𝒇

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Numerical Problems
1. A 3-phase, 4-pole, 400 V, 50 Hz induction motor runs with a speed of 1440 r.p.m. Calculate its slip.

Solution:
𝟏𝟐𝟎  𝒇
Synchronous speed, 𝑵𝑺 = 𝑷

𝟏𝟐𝟎  ×  𝟓𝟎
=   𝟒
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎  𝒓. 𝒑. 𝒎

Rotor speed, 𝑵𝑹 = 𝑵𝑺 𝟏 − 𝒔

𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒔

Slip ‘𝒔’ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 or 𝟒%

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
2. The frequency of the e.m.f. in the stator of a 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor is 50 Hz. The frequency
of rotor current at full-load is 1.5 Hz. What is the full load slip and at what speed is the motor
running.

Solution:
𝟏𝟐𝟎  𝒇
Synchronous speed, 𝑵𝑺 = 𝑷

𝟏𝟐𝟎  ×  𝟓𝟎
=   𝟒
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎  𝒓. 𝒑. 𝒎.

For slip, 𝒇G = 𝒔𝒇, 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝒔  ×  𝟓𝟎

𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 or 𝟑%  

Rotor speed, 𝑵𝑹 = 𝑵𝑺 𝟏 − 𝒔

= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑

= 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟓  𝒓. 𝒑. 𝒎.  

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
 Single-phase Induction Motors
Working principle
• 1𝝓 induction motors are widely used in domestic applications.
• It has (i) a single-phase winding on the stator, and (ii) a squirrel-cage rotor.
• Unlike 3𝝓 induction motors, 1𝝓 induction motors are not self starting,
  ∵ when a single phase supply is connected to the motor, the stator
winding produces pulsating magnetic field which does not rotate in the air
gap.
• The motor starts only when the rotor is rotated by any mechanical means.
• An auxiliary starting winding along with centrifugal switch is provided with
the main stator winding exclusively for starting purpose.
• During starting, the fields produced by both starting and main winding
produce enough torque for the motor to start.
• Once the motor reaches 70-80% of its nominal speed, the centrifugal
Bharath Y.K.
switch opens and disconnects the starting winding. Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Classification of 𝟏𝝓 Induction Motors
1. Split-phase 𝟏𝝓 Induction Motors
Applications: fans and blowers, centrifugal pumps and separators, washing
machines, small machine tools, duplicating machines and domestic
refrigerators.

2. Capacitor start/run 𝟏𝝓 Induction Motors

Applications: fans and blowers, voltage regulators, water pumps and
refrigerators.

3. Shaded pole 𝟏𝝓  Induction motors

Applications: small fans, toys, instruments, hair dryers, ventilators and
electric clocks.

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Thank you

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering