Electrical Machines

Transformers
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Introduction
• An advantage of AC over DC is that the AC voltage can be
increased or decreased as per requirement.
• In AC transmission system, high voltages are preferred to
reduce I2 R losses. Transformers are very much essential.
• Transformer terminals are marked with LV and HV.
• Step up transformer – VP < VS , NP < NS
• Step down transformer – VP > VS , NP > NS
• Transformer is a static device – No moving parts – No Fig. 1
friction losses – High Efficiency
• Transformer is always rated in kVA – operating p.f. of the
load is unknown. Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Classification of Transformers

Core-type Transformers
• HV and LV windings (Primary and Secondary) are situated
side by side on each limb.
Application: Electrical Power System (power and distribution
transformers)
Fig. 2

Shell-type Transformers
• HV and LV windings (Primary and Secondary) are situated
on the central limb.
Application: Low voltage Applications like electronic circuits,
power electronic converters. Fig. 3
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Construction of Core-type and Shell-type Transformers
Transformer core is made up of silicon steel laminations separated by a layer of varnish. This is
done to reduce Hysteresis loss and Eddy current loss. The laminations are stacked together and are
revetted.

Core-type Transformers
• For large transformers core is of cruciform or circular cross section.
• HV and LV windings (Primary and Secondary) are situated side by side on each limb.
• Windings are made of enamel insulated cylindrically wound copper coils.

Shell-type Transformers
• HV and LV windings (Primary and Secondary) are situated
on the central limb.
• Windings are made of enamel insulated cylindrically wound
copper coils.
• Windings occupy only a smaller portion of the core Fig. 4
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Basic Principle of Operation
• A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction and mutual inductance between two coils.
• Primary winding (LV/HV) – the coil into which AC supply
is fed and has N1 number of turns.

• Secondary winding (LV/HV) – the coil from which AC

power is drawn out and has N2 number of turns. Fig. 5
𝒅𝝓 𝒅𝝓
𝑬𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 = −𝑵𝟐 𝒅𝒕
• When AC voltage V1 is connected to the primary winding - 𝒅𝒕

primary current I1 flows through primary winding - creates 𝑬𝟐 𝑵𝟐

∴   𝑬 =  𝑵 =  𝑲
alternating flux 𝝓 in the core. 𝟏 𝟏
K – Transformation ratio
• This alternating flux links with both primary winding and When secondary is open circuit, V = E
secondary winding.
𝑽 𝑵
∴   𝑽𝟐 =  𝑵𝟐 =  𝑲
• This produces self induced emf E1 in primary winding & 𝟏 𝟏

mutually induced e.m.f. E2 in secondary winding. Bharath Y.K.

Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…

Considering efficiency of transformer = 100%

𝑽𝟏  𝑰𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 =    𝑽𝟐  𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓
𝑰 𝑽
 𝑰𝟏 =  𝑽𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝑰 𝑵
∴   𝑰𝟏 =  𝑵𝟐 =  𝑲
𝟐 𝟏

K – Transformation ratio

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
E.M.F. equation of a Transformer
Considering that an alternating voltage V1 of frequency f is applied to the primary winding, the sinusoidal flux 𝝋 produced
can be represented as,
𝝓 = 𝝓𝒎  𝒔𝒊𝒏  𝝎𝒕

The instantaneous e.m.f. e1 induced in the primary winding is,

𝒅𝝓 𝒅
𝒆𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 𝝓𝒎  𝒔𝒊𝒏  𝝎𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 = 𝝎  𝑵𝟏 𝝓𝒎  𝒄𝒐𝒔  𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇  𝑵𝟏 𝝓𝒎  𝒄𝒐𝒔  𝝎𝒕
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇  𝑵𝟏 𝝓𝒎  𝒔𝒊𝒏   𝝎𝒕 − 𝟗𝟎°

From the above equation that maximum value of induced e.m.f. in the primary winding is,
𝑬𝒎𝟏 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇  𝑵𝟏 𝝓𝒎
The r.m.s. value 𝑬𝟏of the primary e.m.f. is,
𝑬𝒎𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒇  𝑵𝟏 𝝓𝒎
𝑬𝟏 = =
𝟐 𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒  𝒇𝝓𝒎 𝑵𝟏
𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒  𝒇𝝓𝒎 𝑵𝟐
Bharath Y.K.
Note: In an ideal transformer, 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Power Losses in a Transformer

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…
Being a static device, transformer does not have friction and windage losses, however the only losses
occurring are
a) Core or Iron Losses, 𝑷𝑪 : Occurs in the core of the transformer and comprises of,
i. Hysteresis loss: This occurs because of rapid magnetization and demagnetization of the core
because of sinusoidal alternating flux. The power is dissipated in the form of heat.
𝑾𝒉 = 𝐏  𝑩𝟏.𝟔
𝒎𝒂𝒙  𝒇 watt

Hysteresis loss is reduced by using high permeability silicon steel for core.
ii. Eddy current loss: This occurs due to the eddy currents caused by the induced emf in the iron
core because of alternating flux. The power is dissipated in the form of heat.
𝑾𝒆 = 𝐐  𝑩𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙  𝒇𝟐 watt
Eddy current loss is reduced by making the core of thin laminations separated by varnish hence
creating a high resistance path for eddy currents.
The Core loss, 𝑷𝑪 = 𝑾𝒉 + 𝑾𝒆 , is practically constant as 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 and 𝒇 are constants. Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Contd…
b) Copper Losses, 𝑷𝑪𝒖 or I2R losses: These losses occur due to the ohmic resistance in both primary
and secondary windings.
𝑷𝑪𝒖 =     𝑰𝟐𝟏  𝑹𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐𝟐  𝑹𝟐 = 𝑰𝟐𝟏  𝑹𝑶𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐𝟐  𝑹𝑶𝟐 watt
Copper loss is proportional to I2 or (kVA)2

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Efficiency of a Transformer
The efficiency of a transformer at a particular load and power factor is defined as the output power divided by the input
power, both being measured in the same units, i.e., either in watts and kilowatts.
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
∴𝜼= =
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆   𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓   𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

 𝑽𝟐  𝑰𝟐  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓

=𝑽
𝟐  𝑰𝟐  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓  R  𝑷𝑪   R  𝑷𝑪𝒖

𝒙  𝒌𝑽𝑨  ×  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓
𝜼   =
𝒙  𝒌𝑽𝑨  ×  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓   +   𝑷𝑪   +   𝒙𝟐  𝑷𝑪𝒖

𝒙 – fraction of full load capacity

Efficiency can aslo be expressed as,

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓   − 𝑷𝑪 − 𝑷𝑪𝒖
𝜼= =
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

(𝑷𝑪 + 𝑷𝑪𝒖)
𝜼= 𝟏−
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕   𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
Copper loss = 𝑰𝟐𝟏  𝑹𝑶𝟏
Iron loss = 𝑾𝒉 + 𝑾𝒆
Power input to primary = 𝑽𝟏   𝑰𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓  

𝑽𝟏   𝑰𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓X  𝑷𝑪  X𝑰𝟐𝟏  𝑹𝑶𝟏 𝑷𝑪   𝑹𝑶𝟏

𝜼= =
𝑽𝟏   𝑰𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝑽𝟏   𝑰𝟐𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝑽𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓

𝑰 𝟐𝟏  𝑹𝑶𝟏 𝑷 𝑰 𝑹 𝑷𝑪  
𝜼=𝟏 − 𝑽 𝑰  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 − 𝑽 𝑰 𝑪   = 𝟏 − 𝑽 𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓
𝑶𝟏
−𝑽 𝑷𝑪   = 𝑰𝟐𝟏   𝑹𝑶𝟏 or             𝑰𝟐𝟐   𝑹𝑶𝟐
𝟏   𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝟏   𝟏 𝑰 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓

Differentiating L.H.S. and R.H.S. w.r.to 𝑰𝟏 ∴ Core Loss = Copper Loss

𝒅𝜼 𝑹𝑶𝟏 𝑷𝑪   𝑷𝑪  
= 𝟎−𝑽 + 𝑰𝟏   =
𝒅𝑰 𝟏 𝟏   𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝑽𝟏  𝑰 𝟐𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝑹𝑶𝟏

𝒅𝜼
In order that the efficiency 𝜼 is maximum should be equated to zero
𝒅𝑰𝟏
𝑹𝑶𝟏 𝑷𝑪  
− + =𝟎
𝑽𝟏   𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝑽𝟏   𝑰𝟐𝟏  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Load Corresponding to Maximum Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when, Iron Loss = Copper Loss.

If 𝑿 is the fraction of full load kVA under this condition,

We know that,
𝑷𝑪𝒖   (𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍  𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅) ∝ (𝑭. 𝑳. 𝒌𝑽𝑨) 𝟐
𝑷𝑪𝒖   (𝒎𝒂𝒙.𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚) ∝ 𝑿𝟐

𝑿 𝟐 𝑷𝑪𝒖 (𝒎𝒂𝒙.  𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚) 𝑷𝑪

∴   = =
𝑭.𝑳.  𝒌𝑽𝑨 𝑷𝑪𝒖 (𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍  𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅) 𝑷𝑪𝒖

𝑷𝑪
𝑿   = 𝑭. 𝑳.  𝒌𝑽𝑨  ×   𝑷𝑪𝒖

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Numerical Problems
1. The required no-load ratio in a single phase, 50 Hz, core type transformer is 6000/250 V. Find the number of
turns per limb on the high and low voltage sides if the flux is to be about 0.06 Wb.

Solution:

Primary induced voltage, E1 = 6000 V

Secondary induced voltage, E2 = 250 V
Maximum flux in core, 𝝓 𝒎 = 0.06 Wb
Supply frequency, f = 50 Hz
Using the relation, 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒  𝒇𝝓𝒎 𝑵𝟏
𝑬𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎
∴  Primary winding turns, 𝑵𝟏 = = 𝟒.𝟒𝟒×  𝟓𝟎  × 𝟎.𝟎𝟔 = 450
𝟒.𝟒𝟒  𝒇𝝓𝒎

Similarly using the relation, 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒  𝒇𝝓𝒎 𝑵𝟐

𝑬 𝟐𝟓𝟎
∴  Secondary winding turns, 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟒.𝟒𝟒  𝟐𝒇𝝓 = 𝟒.𝟒𝟒×  𝟓𝟎  × 𝟎.𝟎𝟔 = 19
𝒎
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
2. A 125 kVA, single phase transformer has a primary voltage of 2000V at 60 Hz. Primary turns are 182
and the secondary turns are 40. Neglecting losses, calculate:
(i) no load secondary e.m.f.
(ii) full-load primary and secondary currents, and
(iii) flux in the core.

Solution:
𝑵 𝟒𝟎
(i) Transformation ratio, 𝑲 = 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐
𝟏

no-load secondary e.m.f., 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑬𝟏 ×𝑲 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟎. 𝟐𝟐  = 439.6 V

𝟏𝟐𝟓,𝟎𝟎𝟎
(ii) Now, full-load primary current, 𝑰𝟏 = = 62.5 A
𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑰𝟏 𝟔𝟐.𝟓  
full-load secondary current, 𝑰𝟐 = = = 284.37 A
𝑲 𝟎.𝟐𝟐

(iii) Flux in the core, 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒  𝒇𝝓𝒎 𝑵𝟏

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒  ×  𝟔𝟎  ×  𝝓𝒎 ×  𝟏𝟖𝟐  

 𝝓𝒎 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟐  𝐦  𝐖𝐛 Bharath Y.K.

Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
3. A 25 kVA single phase transformer has 500 turns on primary and 40 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate:
(i) secondary e.m.f.
(ii) primary and secondary currents on full-load
(iii) the maximum flux in the core.

Solution:
𝑬𝟐 𝑵 𝑬 𝟒𝟎
(i) = 𝑵𝟐 ,           𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐
= ,          𝑬𝟐 = 240 V
𝑬𝟏 𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝟎

(ii) Assuming p.f. = 1,

𝒌𝑽𝑨 𝟐𝟓,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = =   𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 8.33 A
𝑬𝟏

𝒌𝑽𝑨 𝟐𝟓,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝟐 = =   𝟐𝟒𝟎 = 104.16 A
𝑬𝟐

(iii) Using the relation, 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒  𝒇𝝓𝒎 𝑵𝟏

𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒   ×   𝟓𝟎  ×  𝝓𝒎 ×   𝟓𝟎𝟎

  𝝓𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕   𝐖𝐛 Bharath Y.K.

Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
4. In a 25 kVA, 2000 / 200 V, Single phase transformer, the iron and full-load copper losses are 350
and 400 W respectively. Calculate the efficiency at 0.8 p.f. lagging on
(i) full-load (ii) half full-load
Solution:
(i) full-load (i) half full-load
Output = 𝒙  𝒌𝑽𝑨  𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓    𝒌𝑾 Output at half full-load = 𝟏
×   𝟐𝟓  ×   𝟎. 𝟖    𝒌𝑾 = 10 kW
𝟐
∴ Output at full-load = 𝟏  ×  𝟐𝟓  ×  𝟎. 𝟖 = 20 kW 𝟏 𝟐
Copper loss at half F.L. = × F.L.Cu losses
Iron loss = 350 W (Constant) 𝟐
𝟏
F.L. Copper loss = 400 W = ×   𝟒𝟎𝟎 = 100 W
𝟒
Total losses = 350 + 400 = 750 W = 0.75 kW Total losses = 350 + 100 = 450 W = 0.45 kW
Input = Output + losses Input = Output + losses
= 20 kW + 0.75 kW = 20.75 kW
= 10 kW + 0.45 kW = 10.45 kW
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝟐𝟎
∴ Efficiency,  𝜼𝑭.𝑳. = =  ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 96.38% 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝟏𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝟐𝟎.𝟕𝟓 ∴ Efficiency,  𝜼𝑯.𝑳. = =  ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 95.7%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝟏𝟎.𝟒𝟓

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
5. A 40 kVA transformer has iron loss of 450 W and full-load copper loss of 850 W. If the power factor
of the load is 0.8 lagging. Calculate:
(i) the kVA load at which maximum efficiency occurs, and
(ii) the maximum efficiency.
Solution:
𝑷𝑪
(i) Load for max. efficiency, 𝐗 = 𝑭. 𝑳. 𝒌𝑽𝑨  ×   𝑷𝑪𝒖

𝟒𝟓𝟎
= 𝟒𝟎  ×   = 29.1 kVA
𝟖𝟓𝟎

(i) Output in kW = 29.1 × 0.8 = 23.3 kW

For max. efficiency, Iron loss = Cu loss
Total losses = 450 + 450 = 900 W = 0.9 kW
Input = 23.3 + 0.9 = 24.2 kW
𝟐𝟑.𝟑
Maximum efficiency = 𝟐𝟒.𝟐 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 96.28%
Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering
Thank you

Bharath Y.K.
Assistant Professor, Department of E&E Engg.
Malnad College of Engineering