Watermelon Positive charge

ATOMS LINE SPECTRA OF THE

HYDROGEN ATOM
Electron
n=8
n=7 Pfund series
n=6 E(n) to E(n = 5)
DISTANCE OF CLOSEST Infrared
n=5
APPROACH EXCITATION ENERGY Brackett series
E(n) to E(n = 4)
Atom model (Infrared)
At closest approach, system n=4
THOMSON'S ATOMIC only have electric potential

Energy levels
Paschen series
MODEL energy, 1 (2e) (Ze)
E2 E(n) to E(n = 3)
(Infrared)
K =U=
• Also known as pudding model 4πεo d e
E1 n=3

• Positive charges are uniformly 1 2 ze2

distributed in the atom. ⇒ d=
4πεo K Balmer series
• Negative charges are embedded BOHR'S MODEL E(n) to E(n = 2)
(Visible)
like seeds in watermelon. 1 2 ze2 n=2
• Overall atom is neutral. ⇒ d= V
e–
4πεo 1
( mv 2 )
2 r
nucleus
+ Eexcitation = E2 – E1
Atoms
Lyman series
LIMITATIONS Alpha particle
Nucleus E1 = energy of lower orbit E(n) to E(n = 1)
(Ultraviolet)
(i) Valid for only one – electron atom. n=1
• This model does not explain
(ii) Electron is revolving around the
the presence of nucleus in d
Closest approach nucleus in a stable orbit. E2 = energy of higher orbit
the atom. (iii) Attractive Coulomb force
• This is not able to explain between electron and nucleus is (1) The wave number or
scattering of α - particles equal to the centripetal Force of
wavelength of the emitted
• This is not able to explain the electron
photon when electron jumps
spectrum of atoms. LIMITATIONS Ze2 mv 2 EXCITATION POTENTIAL
= From higher orbital state
• This model does not explain the
4πεor r Eexcitation ‘n2’ to lower orbital state
r = radius of orbit Vexcitation= ‘n1’ is
stability of nucleus. e
• This model does not explain En2 − En1 1 1
the line spectra of atom.
POSTULATES E − E1 ν= 1
= = 2 − 2
= 2 (volts) λ
hc  n1 n2 
• Electron in an atom could revolve e
in certain stable orbits with R = Rydberg constant
emission of radiant energy. = 1.097 × 107 m-1
OUTCOMES CONCLUSIONS IONIZATION ENERGY
• L=
nh
(2) Number of spectral lines
• Most of the α - particles went • Positive charges was concentrated 2π L = angular momentum,
• Minimum energy required to when electron jump From
straight without any deviation. in small region of an atom is h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Js
remove the electron.
• Some of α - particles were called nucleus. • hυ = Ei - Ef
nth orbit = n(n − 1)
deflected by some angles. Ei & Ef are the energies of initial 2
• Very few α - particles were
• Negative charges were revolving
in circular orbit around the & final states, Ei > Ef • Eionization = 13.6 z volts 2
deflected by an angle 180o nucleus. n2

IONIZATION POTENTIAL
RADIUS OF nTH ORBIT ORBITAL FREQUENCY IN TOTAL ENERGY IN NTH ORBIT
• Vionization = Eionization
NTH ORBIT −me 4 z 2
n2h2 εo 0.53 n2 o • En = Kn + Un =
rn = = A v e Z4 2 8ε02h2n2
RUTHERFORD'S NUCLEAR
zπme2 z fn
2 r 4 02 n 3 h3 −13.6z 2 • En = −K n =
Un e
• En = eV Z
n2 1 n2
MODEL OF AN ATOM rn ∝ , rn ∝ Z2 13.6 z 2
fn ∝ z2 = volts
Vacuum
z m n3 • En ∝ 2 , En ∝ m 2
• α - particles were emitted n n
Gold Foil
by the radioactive element
214
Bi83 & were bombarded on
a thin gold foil.
VELOCITY OF ELECTRON POTENTIAL AND KINETIC BINDING ENERGY
Screen
IN nTH ORBIT ENERGY IN NTH ORBIT
• Minimum energy required to bound the
• Scattered α - particles are ze2 z −1 Ze2 me4 z 2
νn = = 2.19 × 106 ( ) m/s Un = = 2 2 2 electron from nucleus.
Source of
α- particles
collected on ZnS screen. 2nhεo n 4πεo m 4ε o h n
Z 1 me 4 z 2 • B.E. = - Eionization = −13.6 z 2
⇒ νn ∝
n Kn = mν 2 = 2 2 2 2
eV
2 8ε o h n n

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/neetplus