 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CAUSES OF FAILURE
ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEM
OPERATION
DESIGN
MANUFACTURE
MATERIALS
MAINTENANCE
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SYSTEM CAUSES OF FAILURE

OVERVOLTAGES

FAST TRANSIENTS

LOAD REJECTION

BACKFEEDING

SHORTCIRCUITS
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OPERATIONAL CAUSES OF FAILURE

LOAD DUTY

OVERLOADING

SWITCHING OPERATIONS

OUT-OF-PHASE SYNCHRONISATION
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BASIC PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL

RESTRICTED EARTHFAULT

OVERFLUXING

OVERCURRENT & EARTHFAULT

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

WORKS ON MERZ-PRICE CURRENT COMPARISON

PRINCIPLE

RELAYS WITH BIAS CHARACTERISTIC SHOULD ONLY

BE USED

RELAY SHOULD BE STABLE DURING MAG-INRUSH &

OVERFLUXING CONDITIONS
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

WHY BIAS CHARACTERISTIC ?

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

LOAD
1A 1A = 200 A

O 0A

OLTC SETTING IS AT MIDTAP

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1
LOAD
0.9 A 1A = 200 A

O
0.1 A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10%

RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A

SO THE RELAY RESTRAINS
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

9A 10 A
2000 A

O
1A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10%

RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A

SO THE RELAY OPERATES
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

9A 10 A
2000 A
B B

O
1A

MODIFIED PICKUP DUE TO A BIAS SETTING OF 30%

IS 30% OF ((10+9)/2), THAT IS, 2.85 A

BUT DIFF. CURRENT IS 1 A, SO THE RELAY RESTRAINS

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

9A 0A
2000 A
B B

O
9A

MODIFIED PICKUP DUE TO A BIAS SETTING OF 30%

IS 30% OF ((0+9)/2), THAT IS, 1.35 A

BUT DIFF. CURRENT IS 9 A, SO THE RELAY OPERATES

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

MAGNETISING INRUSH
TRANSIENT CONDITION - OCCURS WHEN A
TRANSFORMER IS ENERGISED

NORMAL OPERATING FLUX OF A TRANSFORMER IS

CLOSE TO SATURATION LEVEL

RESIDUAL FLUX CAN INCREASE THE MAG-CURRENT

IN THE CASE OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER, THE

POINT-ON-WAVE AT SWITCH-ON DIFFERS FOR EACH
PHASE AND HENCE, ALSO THE INRUSH CURRENTS
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

INRUSH CURRENT
V
+ m 
Im
STEADY STATE
- m
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

INRUSH CURRENT
V
+ m 
Im
STEADY STATE
- m

Im
2 m
 SWITCH ON AT VOLTAGE
V ZERO - NO RESIDUAL FLUX
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

MAGNETISING INRUSH

IF SYMMETRICAL WAVE -- ONLY ODD HARMONICS

- 3RD AT LOW SATURATION LEVELS
- HIGHER HARMONICS AT HEAVY SATURATION

IF OFFSET WAVE -- MAX. INRUSH; 2ND & 3RD HARMONICS

INITIAL INRUSH LIMITED BY AIR CORE INDUCTANCE

INITIAL DECAY RATE HIGH -- REDUCES AS IRON COMES

OUT OF SATURATION
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPICAL DECAY TIMES FOR MAG INRUSH

MVA RATING NO. OF CYCLES TO REACH

50% OF FIRST PEAK

0.5 -- 1.0 8 TO 10

1.0 -- 10 10 TO 60

> 10 60 TO 600
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERFLUXING CONDITION
DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT SHOULD BE
BLOCKED FOR TRANSIENT OVERFLUXING-+

25% OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION

OVERFLUXING
WAVEFORM CONTAINS
VERY HIGH 5TH
HARMONIC CONTENT

43% 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

FAST OPERATION

ADJUSTABLE CHARACTERISTIC

HIGH THROUGH FAULT STABILITY

CT RATIO COMPENSATION

MAGNETISING INRUSH RESTRAINT

OVERFLUXING 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DDT 12/32

FOR TRANSFORMERS UPTO 5 MVA

INDUCTION DISC TYPE

BIAS 20,30,40%

PICKUP CURRENT 40-100%

TIME DELAYED
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DTH 31/32

FOR TRANSFORMERS ABOVE 5 MVA

STATIC HIGH SPEED WITH 2ND & 5TH HARMONIC

RESTRAINT

BIAS 15%, 30%, 45%

PICKUP CURRENT 15%

UNBIASED HIGHSET
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

NEED FOR HIGHSET UNIT

OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) 6
LOWSET WITH HAR.
RESTRAINT
4

0 10 20 30 40
FAULT CURRENT (XIn)
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

NEED FOR HIGHSET UNIT

OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) 6
LOWSET WITH HAR.
RESTRAINT
4

2
INST. HIGHSET
ELEMENT

0 10 20 30 40
FAULT CURRENT (XIn)
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

MBCH

BIASED DIFF. RELAY

MANY NOVEL FEATURES

MBCH 12 FOR 2 WNDG TFRS

MBCH 13 FOR 3 WNDG TFRS

MBCH 16 FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPICAL MAG INRUSH WAVEFORMS

A
1/3 Cycle minimum
B
C
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

COMPARITIVE CHARACTERISTICS
(WITHOUT HIGHSET)
6
RELAY WITH HAR.
OPERATING TIME

RESTRAINT
4
(CYCLES)

2
MBCH

0 10 20 30 40
FAULT CURRENT (XIn)
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
3
ROLE OF BIAS

2
Differential current (x In) Operate
= I1+ I2 + I3 + I 4

1
Restrain
Setting range
(0.1 - 0.5)
0 1 2 3 4

Effective bias (x In) = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4

2
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SATURATION DETECTOR
NO SATURATION

I1

I2

I 1 + I2

I1 - I2

I1 I2
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SATURATION DETECTOR
NO SATURATION SATURATION DUE
TO THRO’ FAULT
I1

I2

I 1 + I2

I1 - I2

I1 I2
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SATURATION DETECTOR
NO SATURATION SATURATION DUE INTERNAL FAULT
TO THRO’ FAULT
I1

I2

I 1 + I2

I1 - I2

I1 I2
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

USE OF ICT

Dy1(-30 )

Interposing CT provides
 Vector correction
Yd11(+30 )  Ratio correction
 Zero sequence
compensation
R
R
R
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

VECTOR GROUP CORRECTION

Dy1 (-30 )

Yy0 Yd11
0 87 +30

Yy0, Yd1, Yd5 , Yy6, Yd7, Yd11, Ydy0

0 , -30 , -150 , 180,+150, +30 , 0
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SELECTION OF SUITABLE VECTOR

CORRECTION FACTOR

Dy11 (+30 )

Yy0 Yd1
87
0 -30
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT RATIO MISMATCH CORRECTION

33kV : 11kV
200/1 IL = 175A 10 MVA I L = 525A 400/1

0.875A 1.31 Amps

1A 1A
1.14 0.76
87
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION

+VE SEQUENCE
CURRENTS
BALANCE

REQUIRE ZERO
SEQUENCE
CURRENT
TRAPS FOR A B C
STABILITY
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

HIGH IMPEDANCE REF

 Increased sensitivity for earth faults
 REF elements for each transformer winding
 CTs may be shared with differential element

64

64
64
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

LIMITATION OF E/F CURRENT

1.0
IF IF
Current Source IS
(x full load)
IS R
0.2
0.2 1.0 R
Fault position from neutral

Differential relay setting % of Star winding protected

10% 58%
20% 41%
30% 28%
40% 17%
50% 7%
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire

R
CAG14
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire Delta winding

R
CAG14
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire Delta winding

R
CAG14

3 Phase 4 wire
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire Delta winding

R
CAG14

Alt’ 3 phase 4 wire

3 Phase 4 wire
V
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CASE I : NORMAL CONDITION

P1 P2

P2 64

P1

UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS NO

CURRENT FLOWS THRO’ RELAY
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CASE II : EXTERNAL EARTH FAULT

P1 P2

P2
64

P1

FOR AN EXTERNAL EARTH FAULT, THE CURRENT

CIRCULATES BETWEEN THE PHASE & NEUTRAL
CTs; NO CURRENT THRO’ THE RELAY
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CASE III : INTERNAL EARTH FAULT

P1 P2

P2 64

P1

FOR AN INTERNAL EARTH FAULT THE UNBALANCED

CURRENT FLOWS THRO’ THE RELAY
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFF. PROT. FOR

AUTO TRANSFORMER

R R R
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERFLUXING -- BASIC THEORY

2m
V = kf
Causes
m

 Low frequency
 High voltage Ie
 Geomagnetic disturbances

Effects
 Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)
 Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERFLUXING PROTECTION

V  K
f

Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing

Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action

Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BACKUP PROTECTION FOR

TRANSFORMERS

INFLUENCING FACTORS :

VECTOR CONFIGURATION

TYPE OF EARTHING

INFEED CONDITIONS
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

STAR -- DELTA UNGROUNDED

~ LOAD
CAG 37 50 51
CDG 31
CDG 31 51
64
67 N VDG 14
CDD 21
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

WHERE DO WE NEED 3 O/C ?

2:1:1 DISTRIBUTION FOR PH--PH FAULT

IF MIN. F.C > 4 X FULL LOAD, THEN 2 O/C CAN BE USED
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

UNRESTRICTED E/F PROTECTION

3 x 51

51N

PROVIDES BACKUP PROTECTION FOR SYSTEM

TIME DELAY REQUIRED FOR COORDINATION
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

STAR -- STAR INTERCONNECTED

CAG 17 50 50 CAG 17

CDD 21 67 67 CDD 21

67 N 67 N
CDD 21 CDD 21

H.S CAN BE APPLIED ON BOTH SIDES

DIREC. O/C & E/F RELAYS ARE PREFERRED

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERLOAD PROTECTION

RATING OF A TFR IS BASED ON THE ALLOWABLE

TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE AN ASSUMED MAX.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

SHORT PERIODS OF OVERLOAD ARE PERMISSIBLE TO AN

EXTENT DEPENDING ON PREVIOUS LOADING
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERLOAD PROTECTION (CONTD..)

SUSTAINED EXCESSIVE OVERLOAD LEADS TO

DETERIORATION OF INSULATION

TEMP. OF 98*C GIVES NORMAL LIFE SPAN OF

20-30 YRS

LIFE SPAN IS HALVED FOR EVERY 6*C TEMP. INCREASE

PROTECTION -- DEFINITE TIME DELAYED O/C

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPICAL PROTECTIONS FOR

TRANSFORMER

51 51
64
ICT
51N
50N 50

87
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT 2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB ) @ VK/4, 3%In

DTH 40 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH 24 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 10%In

CAG 14 2 IF ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 3%In

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT 2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB ) @ VK/4, 3%In

DTH 40 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH 24 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 10%In

CAG 14 2 IF ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 3%In

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT 2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB ) @ VK/4, 3%In

DTH 40 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH 24 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 10%In

CAG 14 2 IF ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 3%In

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT 2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB ) @ VK/4, 3%In

DTH 40 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH 24 In ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 10%In

CAG 14 2 IF ( RCT+2RL ) @ VK/2, 3%In

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS FOR O/C RELAYS

ELEMENT CLASS OUTPUT VOLTAGE

INST. 5 P10 TO DRIVE 2 X ISET

IDMT 5 P 10 TO DRIVE 10 X ISET

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS FOR O/C RELAYS

ELEMENT CLASS OUTPUT VOLTAGE

INST. 5 P10 TO DRIVE 2 X ISET

IDMT 5 P 10 TO DRIVE 10 X ISET

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SETTING CRITERIA
BIASED DIFF.
CURRENT PICKUP IS SET JUST ABOVE THE STANDING
UNBALANCE CURRENT DUE TO OLTC, CT MISMATCH
AND ERRORS

BIAS SLOPE SHOULD TAKE CARE OF SATURATION

DUE TO HEAVY THRO’ FAULT
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SETTING CRITERIA (CONTD...)

HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFF. & REF

LOWEST POSSIBLE SETTING

STAB. RESISTOR = IF (RCT + 2RL)/Is - (VA BURDEN)/ Is2

WHERE IF = MAX. FAULT CURRENT

RCT = CT SECONDARY RESISTANCE
RL = ONE-WAY LEAD RESISTANCE
Is = SETTING CURRENT
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SETTING CRITERIA (CONTD...)

OVERFLUXING
RELAY CHARACTERISTIC SHOULD MATCH THE TFR
WITHSTAND

O/C & E/F

TO BE CO-ORDINATED WITH DOWNSTREAM RELAYS

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

INSTANTANEOUS ELEMENT SETTING

R IF

RELAY SETTING > IF AND MAG INRUSH

PICKUP = 1.3 X MVA / ( 1.732 X KV X pu IMP.)

THANK YOU
 87 64
51 24 67 67N 99
50

WORLD LEADER
IN
PROTECTION
&
CONTROL

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