fllrl 'ro$tl5tl No.

8 Kr'rrrc Mom, r Mxrrtn

NOTES ON KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER
h IITTRODUONOil

g Air is made up of billirms ard billions of tiny partides called rnolecules. Each molecule is very
light and small that we cannot wen sae them throtgh a powerfirl microscope-

-r
I" Xinetic Theory | O aU matter is rnade up of molecules.
of Matter I O *fotreculer are not stationa4T but arc constantly moving.

-.1
ti
Using this theoqy, r^/e can explain physical properties of the THREE STATES GF MATTER by
studying the molecules and their motions.

trT THREE STATIS OF I'IATTTR

c PnoprtrrEs cF Solrus, Lteutos A\D Grsrs

- SuLstances can exist in three states of matter: SOLIDS, LIQUIDS and GASES-
e.g, Water {liqu}d} can ehange into ice (solid} and steam {gas},

--a
T/:rg tlree sfafes Physical properties
of nntter:

n fixed voltrrne and shape

il high densitr'
Solid
rl normallv hard and rigid, a large force is needed to change the shape
o incompressible

tr fixed vtrlurne but does not haue a fixec{ shap'rg

Liquid fI high densitv

il irot cornprersiLrle

n no fired volume or shaps

a

Cas il lorr densi t v

I
q (-)ntlxressit le

f xen lip -r'-

C zt j,': :'.r:s sh,ftr'-f L:: .'.' :h? l "','::^ .^es be:.'. ea''
.,!,ar :-.ri lnCV ^tli,,' I - l^,'" i -:';: '.- 2 frla:,?. 11 *5

1
 No.8 Knrrrc iiota. or hlrrt;
ff-lr4J
sT0P e Tfiill(
tffif"llo-i.g ;t"ctly st.'ttt's the pmpenies of solids, liquids and Sastrs?
Iq]
solids liquids trses
t{rr ttt}t flort' easily fltrr+' easill' flttn' easily
A
B c.rsilr comPresled e.rsily cttltrprc\std hard tc comPress

firetl shape fixed shapg no fired shaPe

C
mr fired volurne fixed vr)ltlnle no fixed volume
D

[.{nsJ A Fact'

frcnliP $.
Candidates should studY the properties of 3
different states of matter'

sT0P & TlllNl(

of gas, one of liquid and one of
t0l A student has three sealed plastic bags. One b.g b full
strl id-
The student squeezes each bug to see if
it changes shaPe, and l*,arrns each bag to see if

fiff#
it exTands-

Whidr brg contains gas?-

the least when heated
A the one that changes shape easily and expand,s
the mmt when heated
B s.e.one that changes shaPe easily and expards
de least when heated
c the one that is fixed in shape and expands
the most when heated
D the one that is fixed in shape and expandi

tvhen heated'
fixecl shape or size and expands the most
[Anst B Agashas r1CI

f xan{ip J}'
have the greatest ex pansf?n
Gases can'change shaPe cssily and
c*mpared to liqurds anC g1i '.!S.

2
 fp| llo-B Krrcnc MooGi oF Mrrra

I &-? ER0tlfllmlf U0fi0r.l

I

d Errrntrrr\T.ll Srn'r, Onttnt'ATI()\ A\D E"xrlrxATIoN

Z The existence of molecules in CONTIIIUOUS RANDOId hIOTION can be demonsirated bY

Brorrnian mrrtiotr .

In the experimental s€tuP beloA', a microscope is used to look into a smoke cell w'hich contains
some smoke particles as well as air molecules (not seeq by the naked e-ve).

17777\

| | trave*ing
rnicroscope
I I
d
n-gtassboxcontaining
I I

ll
I I srnoke

Obseruttion: In bright light, smoke L'articles shorv up as bright spots rrhkh moge in a con-
tinuous and jerky random motion.
Erplnnatiott:
I Smoke particls are fluids rvhich florv or mol'e freely. Air mrrlectttes, being rnuch smaller
than the smoke particles, can easily' collide rvith them.
I When bombarded by an air molecule, each smoke particle is fcrrced to change its direction
of motion.
-'r Because smoke particles are continually bombarded on different sides by the air rnoleculet
thel' are seen moving in a random zig'zag path.

t
R.rndom paths
oi a smoke
p.r rt icle

t!, The randonr nlotion of smoke particles in air is knorrn ns Brorvnia{r, nro.tion'
e The m(tyunlcfltr pf thc1nt()ke particle^; are dge t() thrir r.tfldtr?n follisictn>
rr-ith thc air rnoltcttles.

i
c tt predict: thrlt thc nloler'ules.tre m()\'in$ r.rndomlr'-

frunlip !:i -
It is a cornmon rnrstake lor students to think that the rar:rJc* movemeflts ate |ve
to the
cof lrsicn betrleen smo ke parlicles.

3
 ilo.g Knrnc lromr of Mernn
rT_*l
sToP s, TlltHl(
Brolt'nian motion of srnoke particles can be studied by using
the aPParatus shown.
lA
fJ_---microscoPe
tf
lens
cell containing
smoka

What causes the Brownian motion?

A convection currents in the air
B heat from the lamP
c random colllsions between air molecrrle and smoke particles
Drandomcollisionsbetrt'eensmokeparticlesandothersmokeparticles

IAnslcTtezig-Ta|motionofthesmokepa*iclesisduetotherandommotionofthe
r---J
air molecuies ihi"h colhd" u'ith the smoke particles'

fxanlipf;.
The reasCIn w€ use srn3ke panicres rs because air
molecules are tco tiny to observe
by naked eYes-

STOP 8, TilI}T
particles in air is observed. with a micrccope, rnving
[Q] Wtren tre Brownian motion of srnoke
points of light are seen-
Ttlese points of light are reflections from
A air particles only, morring randomly'
B snnoke partictes only, moving randcxnly'
C smoke Particles ontY, vibrating'
D both srnoke and air partictes, rnoving randomly'

[AnstBTheairparticlesaretootinytobeobeen'edandsothelightspotscorrronly
f1omtheo""r.up"*i.r*.Thesmokeparticlesaremovingfreelybutnotr.ibrating.

fnnfip I
hght rays are teliect'ec by the smoke
Liqht source is Placr:d at ihe Erce s<.r th;rt the
perlrcles and recei;*':J r I t he q,trstrvcr through the mlcroscope-
:
,4

4
l1
I,} I fl? I GCE 'O' LEYEL PhyI*TsKEYTSOINTS No.8 Xrnc Mom. * M*rra

s"r KIHEfic tottculf,R IloDEt

j t\'tor-rcr-'r-u LItrDrL oF THE Tuxre Sr.rrs or [Lrrrrn

EI The Kinetic lUotrula.r Model assumes that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms or
groups of atoms ioined togs*rer called molecules.
A Thcse particles ere in contianoas randorr tnotion.

g Tlu nrolecrilnr modcl of 3 states af Arangement and movemerrt of particles

,rr{rtter:

Solid tl The particles are cloce together-

fl Th"y are armnged in a rryular pattern.

-D The attractive forces between thern are stronS.

D Thuy vibrate to and fro and c.u:rnot change
positions.
fI This is why solid has a fixed tltoP. and volume.

liquid D The particles are cl.o-se together.

D the attractive forces between thern are h:'eaker
lt'hen compared lvith those in solid-
q.
PdP
qo'PP f} Th"!' move rigourously.
tr Th") can move from one prcsition to another.
ot ,P G This is why liquid has no fixed shape but has
.O- Ue fixed volume.
a

Cas fI The particles are rery far aPart-

f<C
?
tl Th"!' can hardly attract each other-
D Th.!' move randomlv s'ith a high speed.
tl This is why gas has no fixtrcl shapte and volume
c>
b and is highly compres.sible.

{ no!t: /cttg.'o r?rroirs ripr sr'IIf /ri.gllrr

S!st'*il )

5
 GCE'O' l.E\'[:t- I'hrr**KEY : ryINTS No.8 l(n'nrr Mooer. or Mrree

j errtr 0r Trurrnarung oN Mt:ntrN t'rF lr{trLR1'LLs

El AII molectiles uill gain kinelic cnetgy :(/,hca tlrc'n, is an inctca* ia taLaatutr $'e' thennal cactgy

conrcrts to kinetic enetgy).

The increase in kinetic ener8y causes the molecules to move at higher
s1't'r:ds'
S

'l l

d Ert'r.rxtsc TtlE Pnelsunr ExrRrEo E'I' A G,Ls

Kirretic Thetrry of lr'Iatter says that rnolecules are in contirutotts rwtdom ,flatio't '
7

E Hor,t, does the Kinetic Theory of_Ca:= explain the Presitrre exertd on the tl'all of a container
b1'a gas?
lYe know that MOLECULES OF A GAS move randomly with
a high sp'eed'
= will take place behteen tlre
I 111{EN A GAS IS INstDE A coNTAtNER, countless collisions
gas molecules and the inner rvall'
-l A force is exerted whenever a gas molecule his the wall'
quantity to describe the behaviour of a gas is PRESSURE' i'e' the
I Therefore a more useful
pgn on the v"all'
AVERAGE FORCE UXIT ARFS acting

0 The gas moltculs are in random and Conrinuorls rnotion

vvhen they collide \^'ith it'
{ @ They exert a force on the h'all of the container
is produced-
@ since the force is exerted over an area, a pressure

g In a contairur al fi-xed oolarne, the prcssa* actted by a gas rlaitl iaaease:

0 when the molecules ,',ooe faster (rnsults in greater force and more collisions)'
(Ihis is done by increasing TI;I'r{PESAIURE of gas')
@ l,lltren the molecules (no charrBe in sp,:ed) hit the wall morc freqaently'
(BY reducing VOLUME of gas'!

O When there are ,itatc wolacules hitting th€ wall at any one time'
{Bv incre.rsing !r'IASS of gas'}

Exan[ip-!:;'
-- should
Canddates thai ani' itlc?ease lR Llnellc snet gy v.ll resull tA ,'tecolksrons
rha:
,sr.!..crand
-5^"r-r ulld€rstand
btlwcenthemo'eculesardt}:eC,JnlaJn€fyJall.Atlhesa'netime.agrealeramou.lol'orce
rs erened on fhe watt duting the colltrloos Bolh
lactots inc'ease the pressurc'

6
f ue1 CCE'(} LEVEL Plrr:isKEY' POI liTS $lo-8 Krlrrc Maosl oF f,i*ren

sT0P * Tllllll(
[Q] The cylinder shown contains a gas- The piston is held fixed and the cylinder is heated.

pislon
qylinder

Whv does the pressure of the trapped gas increase?

A The gas molecules exPand.
B The motecules rnove at the same speed brrt hit the rvalls more often.
C The molecules move faster and hit the *'alls more often.
D The number.of molecules of gas increases-

[Ans] C The average kinetic energy of the ga-s molecules depends oi th" guu temPerature.

walls increases causing an increase in pressure.

fxenfip ''
!
'..r,rith Sare yAlume Cf gaS, r-:-: elerJ:tiC .nCieCU:eS
I
I
i
3er unit tlrne.
I
.'

SIOP & IHI}IK

the prol')erties of
IQI A fixed mass of gas is heated rvhitre kept at constant volurne. Hort' do
the molecules of the gas change?

freq rre nq' ('|f ctrl I isurn I

a r-er.r ge d ista nce
rralls
lr'ith I apclrt
A increases incre.tses i
unchangecl
increaser
I

B increases I decreases

C lncreases :
a
unchangetl |I .rr,.t onl;ed
I
D I
i
u nc hi ngect
-, i
increa:es l ir,ct*"teo
E
I
I Lrnchans€.{ Llnch.logt'tl I .lecrcl-e:

incre.r:es This
{AnsJ A Arer.rge speed of the g.rs molecr:les increase; u:hen tempcr.rtrtrc lhe m'lss
also c"rr.rs,= the rnotecules ii colli.le rtith the s'alls more freqtlentlr'- Since
is fixed and the |olume is kept crln-it.int. the density of the g.rs is ;t con:t.rnt. The
.1\'era ge d is L': nce betlveen molecu l.'s rem.r i n-s u nc ha n ged'

fxanlip . i -
i. l tzC -as3 mears sara aJ-:=' t: r'-i"'leg'' A 'onsi:rcl " jlL-.J mi-'j's sa-?
amouirt :! SpaCe. Hi0het t::T{='a\tt2 'L:i1 rnCreases !he kin'}l:: eaeti' ol g4s
r::clecules. Tl'e a'rera3e d's!:':: aiarl rera'.15 unchan3ed-

7
 €E'O' LEVEL Phrsi"*l(EY@ No.8 f,rrrc MostL 0r hlerrcr

STOT & IHIHN

tQI The outlet on a bicycle PurnP is blo*ed'

prmp h!t*t alr ttlodott

ou&t

Thepumphandleispushedinslowly.Thetemperatureremainsconstant'
Why does the pressure of tl're air in the pump increase?
A The air molecules have a Sreater average speed'
B The air molecules all travel towards the outlet'
C The air molecule hit the walls of the pump more frequently'-
D There are now morle air molecules to hit the walls of tlle PumP.

molecules is constant'
tAnsl c The mass of tlre air is fixed, therefg-re the number of air
when the ,ot,r* i, i"a"."a, t}ere will be more collision per unit time' Thus the
Pressure is increased'

frenlip3F
Rate of collision is a keV factor for change in pressure'

j RnrnoxsHlls BmtEE{ Pnrsstxr, Vorurc aso Tr:rnrxart-nr

z pressure-Temprafire (P-1) relationship of a fixed mass of gas al co;stant ooluae M:
increasing the temperature of gas increases the
3 whor the volume of gas isthekept con*ant,
aver.Se kinetic energf of S"s molecriles'
the rate of collision with the cor$ainer wall increase'
The
D Gas molecules move hster and
As a result, p€ssure increases.
force of i^p"c aG"g collisions also increases.

D I
rau.ti"" I P r r l;ruJJil::il proporrionar to temperaturet
I
I

(P):
Z .Votume-Tempernhtre {V-n relationship of a fixed mass af gas at cons tant Prcssure

: Increasing ternPerature of gas increases Pressure'

lo be increased so
I In order for the pressure to remain constant, the vCIlurne of tas rreds
that the force pei unit area acting on the lt'all can rsrrEin the
same'

lT7:'
r I
ee.,r*ion
I v r T lmfl?r'Hffe,ono.ionar,o ru*r-,r.,,*j

8
 GCt'O' LEVEL Phpi,csKEY. POIIYTS No.8 Krcrc Mm. of, Mlrrcx

@ PEs*n-Volmc (P-v) relationship of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperatan (Tl:

O l{tren temperature. of gas is kept constant, there is no change to the average
kinetic energy
of the gas molecules.
3 Reducing the volume of g1s (meaning a smalhr for same nurnber of gas motecgles
space
to move around) increases the rate of c,ollision between the gas molEcules and
ile inner wall.
-i The force per unit area acting on the walt increase and pressure increases.

,i I when T is constant
I
Equatidn I Px 7 (pressure is inversely proportionat to volurnel
:

THI}IK
Which graph shows the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass
of gas at constant temperafure?

A c

I
\
pressure pressure pressure \ pressure
\
_.\___-_.-
o 0
0 lrneovotumeOvolurr
volurne O vdume 0 volume

IAnsJ C Pis inrersely proportional to V.

f runlip 3-_,.-.
A: :cnstant iemperature, the pressure cf a fixed mass
to rts valu?'ne. ln other words, tt the pressute of
ges decreases and vice versa.

9
 cffAlttllslllo QWSfit}NS

briefly th€ differences between the motions

of the molecules of ice, water and steam'
1. (a) Describe t3l
in a block of ice when the ternPerature of the
(b) State and explain what hoPP*ns to the molecules
t2I
ice is increased and the iii
aoes not melt'
involved' why a liquid coots as it evaProrates t3I
(c) Erplain, in terrns of the enerty changtrs

syringe is ftee to
2. (a) A s-vringe contains trapped air, as shon'n in Fig' 21' The piston inside the
move up and down in ,rr" ]rirg"- w-hui** tyririg" ir pl"ciin hot water, the air insi& expands'
as shown in Fig. 2.2.

giston
&prston
t -l-raPp€d
rapped

seal
a$

Fig. 2.2.
ui''syringc in hot water
F€. 2.1 sYringc in cold wttcr
Explain, in terms of the rnotion of the
molecules'

(i) rrhy the air inside the syringe exerts a Pres'sure on the piston'
is placed in hot water' t4l
(ii) *.1y the piston is pushed up$"ards r+'hen the syringe
80 cur of sovrrv e'- -
(b) contains tx'
srringe contarns
Anotlrr slrlllSe cm' ur il::.t:IT:',Y:,';lntH,:
TqP{:lI 1t ,o", the'air inside the slringe *TJ'JHiil
is given in the
i"--=rar, i"."fit"*lng the air- Some
$"ff:t:T-"1!*- *-nrccian
p
f ?.I
I3l
trj
AI*i;e 11,* pressure of rhe air afrer compre*sion"
befare comPressinn after comPression
crn' 20
volume of air S0
"tt3
teYnPerature of air 25c 25c
of air 1.0 x l0' Pa P
Prer:"sure

3. Explain by n'liting about rrplecules'

the walls'of the tyre' t2I
(a) how tlre air insi& a car tyre exertsa Pressure on
as the tyre becomes hotter' t2I
(b) *'hy the preszure in the car tyre increases
into the qre' tr I
(c) vvhv the pressure in the tyre increaseE as more air is pumped

sus;rnded in a liquid or 8as' Il can bc nrn

when
Brorr.nian motion is the motion of tiny
pa*icles
4.
" by using a microscope'
,rnofu in a seated conlainer is obscn'ed
t2l
(a) Explain what catr.ses Srapnun ntol'on'
particle s€tErr through the rnicluscope' tl I
(b) Draw a diagram to shsrr the srotion of a $nolce the smoke
rrptio*. Suggsst what is oboerved wlxn
(c) Convrtion currcnts & not causie Brarrnian
l'Partkkfareinamnvc*iorrcu,rrBrrl tIl

10
 f rs-:l ff E'O' L-EVEL PhysicsKEY.POIt{TS No.8 l(nerr tiioos. oF f,fitrren

Using a migqcope, smoke particks can be seen troving inside a glass tube. They appear as tr
spots of light that nove in varinus directions. The air halccules inside the glass tube cinnot Ue se
r,r.ith tlre aid of the micrccope. The apparatus is illustrated in the figure.
I
{ave
mllroscops

sraoke particles

*"'e? _>_ glass tube

(a) Stah vr'hy a microscope is needed to see the smoke partictes.

(b) Explain why the smoke particles appear as spots of light.
(c) On the diagram below draw a path taken by one smoke particle over a period of time.

srnoke partlcle glass tube

(d) (i) State what makes the saoke particles move in this way.
(ii) Explain rvhat ihe movement of the smoke particles tetls us about the movement of the a
molecule; that c.lnnot be seen. [:

6. A thin-walled plastic bottle is sealed and contains dry air at atmospheric pressure.
'(a) Explain hour the rnolecules of air inside the bottle ex€rt a pressure on the rvalls. t2
(b) Ice is placed inside the bottle, and the bottle is then sealed again. The temperature of the ai
. inside the bottle falts ahd the bottle becomes partially crushed. Explain, in terms of the molecule
of air inside and outside the bottle, why this happens. [-l

11
 CCE'O' LEVEL PhYsisfgY' I0INN No.8 Xn:rc Mffit aF Merrrn

s0luTlolls AtlD txPtfrlltTlotls

1. (a) In ice, each molecule is only allowed to vibrate about a fixed positkln.
In water, the molectrles are free to rnove within the body of the liquid'
all directions'
ln steam, the molecules are allowed to move heely with high speeds in
(b) when the temperature of the ice is increased, the molecules gain energy
and vibrate more vigorously
;i,h;rt lh"ng" i. ,f,". The speed o{ vibrations of the molecules depends on the
"r,y The "ordering "il".i"g.
temperature. of the molecules depends on the state.
(c) .when evaporation occurs, the more energetic molecules near
the liquid surface have sufficient
are remained and this will decrease
energy to kape from tt iit"iJ. fne hss inergetic molecules
"
the average kinetic .r,u.gli.Ei"* the tempera-ture
of the liquid d+ends on the averag'e kinetic
energy of the molecutes, the temPerahrne decreales'

ExenfipS$
(bl Since the ice does not melt, the heat supplied to the ice
is used to increase its temperature
but not to change its state.
and this will in turn
(cl During evaporation, average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases
cause the temperature to drop'
,t

When rhe air molecules collide with the walls of the syringe, they
exert a force on the area
2. (a) (i) is
of the *rtt iii."
. pressure is force per unit area, a pressure exerted.

(ii) when the syringe is placed in hot water, tlt temperature of the air increases as the air
motecules g;t"'fi.-1ii;ergy. The air molec,les move at a Ngher-speed' This gives. rise
to an increase ir.tfru ,at" of SUisiot befween the air molea'rles
and the walls of the syringe'
which resulB in the rnovement of the Piston'
Thus the pr"L.r." .r"*ed by the air increases

(b) By BoYle's l-aw,

Pt\ = Pzvz
l$x10sx80=Px20
P=4.0x10sPa

EranfipSF
lal {il Pressure is force per unil area'
a is pcted on the surf ace
{lt wi"n there is a pressure exerted -by the air molecules,. 'orce
*.r.u..o.,i**rwalls.lftheareiotthesurtaceis.A,rhelorceisPrA.
(bl ol gas. is fixed'
Eoyle's Law can only be applied when lh€ mass

by the air molecules

3. rn'ith the walls of the tyre and thus a force is exeded
(a) The air molecrrles collide
the force is exerted ouu, area, pressure is exerted by the air molecules'
on the walls. since "r,
energy. of the air
(b) As the remperature of the air inside the tyre increases, tle a.Y.er:8! kinetic air molecules and
molecules increases. This causes the increal in freqtrency of collision betr^'een
'the walls of the tyre. Therefore the pressure increases'
between the
(c) As the number of air rnotecules increases, the number of collisjon per unit time
air molecules and the watb o{ t}re tyre increascs This results in a greater Pressure'

fnnlip3l;.,
,by wriling about rnolecul€s-, they must use kir€tic theory
Whan candidrtet rec ttrt stttemcnt
to tnlwor thc guGt$+n.
t

;rte

12
 CCE'O' I FIEL PhrxicsKEY' FOINTE Ho.8 Knenc {lloon er Merra
4. (a) l't/hen the air molecules collide rrith a smoke partictre, the motecriles exert
a force on the smokt
partide- The air nplecules rpve in a continuous random rrpt*xr- lluring
&e *ffri"i,lir"aoo.
resullant fore is serted on the srnoke particle causing it to moe raniomly
and continuously
&)

(c) when the smoke particles are in a convection.c'urrent, all rhe light spots observed (smoke
particles)
would drift in the direction of tle convection current.

EnnlipIT
{a} Use kinetic theory tc explain Brswnian lvtotion.
{b} straight lines'of varying tengrhs shoutd be drawn-
(cl Direction of a convection cwrenl is not randcm. ft fs different frcm the random motion ot
the smoke particfes in Brownian motion.

s. (a) The smoke particles are too tiny to be seen using the naked eye.
(b) The smoke particles reflect some of the light from the lamp toarards the microscope.
(c)

glass h.rbe

smoke particle

(d) (i) collisions berr,rreen the air rnolrules and the smoke particles.
(ii) The rnovernent of the smoke particles tells us that the air moleculcs rnove freely and in a
random and continuous motion

lci ?andon: solion Of the sr3ke pa:::cles means the mo:rcn :f tlr: srr..k=:a,l::lss 15 grpr;d:ctible.
!a: s:me s:ldents do no1 llcw tfai the objeative of Bro.snian mo?!L.n,s to deduce the random
ncl:on of rnolecules.
.i
6' (a) The air molecutes .onr{.,ru lo nlove in a random manner. Theu coilide rvith the walls of the
bottleand exert a forcepnlhe u'allsof the bottte. Since pressure= force/area, the
air molecutes
exert a force on the intefnal surface area of the r,t'alls of the bottle hence a pressure
is pioduced.
(b) The ice added to the bottle causes tt.e temperature of air inside the boittle
to drop. The speed
of the air molecules decreases- The force oiimpact that the air moleule; exert
on'the walls of
the bottle becomes smaller- Hence the p.*sr." in the bottle decreases. The pressure
i outside is
atmospheric pressure rvhich remains tle same. The pressure differencebetrue".r
the pressure inside
i and outside the bottle increases. This i::creased p.uisir." differencecauses rhe bottle
to be crushed.

frun lip

i-. Ca'C.aaies ;e?C tc ;^j!.- l"-,... preSsure ,s Claduced by 3rr .1tckaL:.s.

lt^.
t.J' i:e pressure outside rs a ;a,/s.ai,rospheric pressure whrch is essumed.tc be a constant. y/hen
ihe le=',9,e'arure ol the a,r flr67g61o5, the azerage k:netic energy of rhe a,r molecure' dac(eases.
Tt;eretqre. the rate of c",lirsion be?tteen the air molecutes and the bottte also decreases_

13