Materials for week 6 (3 hours)

1. Integrations of Hyperbolic Functions

Theorem.
d du
dx
[sinh u ] = cosh u
dx
∫ cosh udu = sinh u + C
d du
dx
[cosh u ] = sinh u
dx
∫ sinh udu = cosh u + C
d du
∫ sech
2
[ tanh u ] = sech2 u udu = tanh u + C
dx dx
d du
∫ csch
2
[coth u ] = − csch2 u udu = − coth u + C
dx dx
d du
dx
[sech u ] = − sech u tanh u
dx
∫ sech u tanh udu = − sech u + C
d du
dx
[csch u ] = − csch u coth u
dx
∫ csch u coth udu = − csch u + C

Example 1 Evaluate the following integral.

∫ sinh x cosh x dx ∫ tanh x dx

5
(a) (b)
4

∫ 1 + sinh x dx ∫ cosh (5x ) dx

2 2
(c) (d)
0

Solution (a)
Use the u – substitution. Let u = sinh x ⇒ du = cosh x dx .
Hence the problem can be simplified into

∫ sinh ∫ u du
5 5
x cosh x dx =
u6
= +C
6
sinh 6 x
= +C
6
Solution (b)
sinh x
Use the identity tanh x = . Therefore the integral
cosh x
sinh x
becomes ∫ tanh x dx = ∫ dx . Use u – substitution
cosh x
method. Let u = coshh x ⇒ du = sinh x dx . Therefore we
obtain:
sinh x
∫ tanh x dx = ∫ cosh x dx
1
= ∫ du = ln u + C
u
= ln cosh x + C
Solution (c)
Use identity to rewrite the integrand:
4 4 4

∫ 0
1 + sinh2 x dx = ∫
0
cosh2 x dx = ∫
0
cosh x dx
4
= sinh x ]0
= sinh(4) − sinh(0)
= 27.2899

Solution (d)
Use identity to reduce the power of cosh x to the first degree.
The appropriate identity to consider is (from the list at the end
of the book): cosh 2x = 2 cosh2 x − 1 . Applying this identity to
our case will give us:
cosh 2(5x ) + 1 cosh(10x ) + 1
cosh2 5x = =
2 2
Hence
1 1 ⎛ sinh10x ⎞⎟
∫ cosh2 (5x ) dx =
2∫
( cosh10x + 1)dx = ⎜
2 ⎜⎝ 10
+ x
⎠⎟⎟
+C

2
 2. Integration of Irrational Functions
12
2.1 Integrals involving (ax + b)
Generally, if an integrand contains only one irrational
expression of the form ax + b , we can use the substitution
z 2 = ax + b to simplify it.

Example 2 Evaluate the following integrals

x
(a) ∫ x 1 + x dx (b) ∫
1+x
dx

Solution (a)
Let z 2 = x + 1 then 2zdz = dx . From our substitution, we have
x = z 2 − 1 . Thus we obtain the following expression for the
integrand: x 1 + x = (z 2 − 1) z = z 3 − z . Since 2zdz = dx we
have

∫x ∫ 2z (z − z )dz
3
1 + x dx =

= 2∫ (z − z )dz
4 2

⎛ z 5 z 3 ⎞⎟
= 2 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + C
⎜⎝ 5 3⎠
Re substituting into x variable we obtain:
⎛(x + 1)5 2 (x + 1)3 2 ⎞⎟
= 2 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + C
⎜⎝ 5 3 ⎠⎟

3
Solution (b)
Similarly with like substitution we obtain:
x z2 −1
∫ 1 + x dx = ∫ z 2z dz
= 2∫ (z 2 − 1) dz
⎛z 3 ⎞
= 2 ⎜⎜ − z ⎟⎟⎟ + C
⎝⎜ 3 ⎠
⎛(x + 1)3 2 1 2⎞
⎜
= 2⎜ − (x + 1) ⎟⎟⎟ + C
⎜⎝ 3 ⎠⎟

4
2.2 Trigonometric Substitution
This technique is applied on integrands with radicals. The
purpose is to eliminate the radical thus simplifying the
integrand.
Table 1
Expression Substitution
x2 + k2 x = k tan θ
x2 − k2 x = k sec θ
k2 − x2 x = k sin θ
The basic purpose: eliminate the radical.
Consider the first substitution suggested for the first radical.
See what happen when we apply the substitution.
2
x 2 + k 2 = (k tan θ ) + k 2 = k tan2 θ + 1 = k sec θ
The resulting expression has no radical.
x 2 − 25
Example 3 Evaluate ∫ x
dx , assuming x ≥ 5 .

Solution
The integrand involves a radical of the form x 2 − k 2 with
k = 5 . From the table, the suggested substitution is x = 5 sec θ .
With the substitution we obtain:
x = 5 sec θ , and dx = 5 sec θ tan θ d θ
Therefore,
x 2 − 52 = 52 sec2 θ − 52
= 52 (sec2 θ − 1)

= 5 tan2 θ
= 5 tan θ

5
With x = 5 sec θ and dx = 5 sec θ tan θ d θ the integral becomes:
x 2 − 25 (5 tan θ )(5 sec θ tan θ )
∫ x
dx = ∫
5 sec θ
dθ

= 5∫ tan2 θ d θ

= 5∫ (sec2 θ − 1) d θ
= 5 tan θ − 5θ + C

Our next step is to express the solution in terms of x. To do

that we represent the substitution x = 5 sec θ geometrically by
the triangle below:

From the triangle we obtain:

x 2 − 52 ⎛x ⎞
x 2
x −5 2
tan θ = and θ = sec−1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
5 ⎝5⎠
θ
5
Therefore we have:
x 2 − 25 ⎛x ⎞
∫ dx = x 2 − 25 − 5 sec−1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + C
x ⎝5⎠

6
 12
2.3 Integrals involving (Ax 2 + Bx + C )
The trigonometric substitutions can be extended and applied to
integrals involving radicals with quadratic radicands.

Objectives:
12
1. To change the expression (Ax 2 + Bx + C ) to any of the
following forms:
(ax + b)2 + k 2 , (ax + b)2 − k 2 , or k 2 − (ax + b)2
2. To apply trigonometric substitution to solve the integral

To achieve the first objective, we apply a technique called

‘completing the square’:
2
⎛ b ⎞⎟ b 2 − 4ac
Given ax + bx + c = 0 , then ⎜⎜x + ⎟⎟ =
2
⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a 2
The purpose of this is to rewrite the radicand in a form that
matches the expression that can use trig substitution. Once it
is in this form, we apply the techniques of trigonometric
substitutions.
Table 2
Expression Substitution
2
(ax + b ) + k 2 ax + b = k tan θ
2
(ax + b ) − k 2 ax + b = k sec θ
2
k 2 − (ax + b ) ax + b = k sin θ

7
Example 4 Evaluate the following integrals.
x −2 x
(a) ∫ 2
x − 4x + 8
dx (b) ∫ 3 + 2x − x 2
dx

Solution (a) Complete the square:

x −2 x −2
∫ x 2 − 4x + 8 dx = ∫ (x − 2)2 + 4 dx
From Table 2, the appropriate substitution is:
x − 2 = 2 tan θ from which we obtain dx = 2 sec2 θd θ
Therefore the integrals becomes
x −2 2 tan θ (2 sec2 θ )
∫ 2
(x − 2) + 4
dx = ∫ (2 tan θ ) + 4
2
dθ

2 tan θ (2 sec2 θ )
= ∫ 2
2 tan θ + 1
dθ

2 tan θ (2 sec2 θ )
= ∫ 2 sec θ 2
dθ

2 tan θ (2 sec2 θ )
= ∫ 2 sec θ
dθ

= 2∫ tan θ sec θ d θ
= 2 sec θ + C
Express solution in terms of x:

2
(x − 2) + 4 x–2

θ
2
x −2
∫
2
∴ dx = (x − 2) + 4 + C
x 2 − 4x + 8

8
Solution (b) Complete the square
x x
∫ 3 + 2x − x 2 dx = ∫ 4 − (x − 1)2 dx
Substitution: x − 1 = 2 sin θ ⇒ dx = 2 cos θ d θ . Therefore we
have:
x (1 + 2 sin θ ) 2 cos θ
∫ 2
4 − (x − 1)
dx = ∫ 4 − (2 sin θ )
2
dθ

(1 + 2 sin θ ) 2 cos θ
= ∫ 2 (1 − sin θ ) 2
dθ

(1 + 2 sin θ ) 2 cos θ
= ∫ 2 cos θ 2
dθ

(1 + 2 sin θ ) 2 cos θ
= ∫ 2 cos θ
dθ

= ∫ (1 + 2 sin θ ) d θ
= θ − 2 cos θ + C
Express in terms of x:

2 x-1

θ
2
4 − (x − 1)

x −1 ⎛ x − 1 ⎞
∴ ∫ dx = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 4 − (x − 1)2 + C
3 + 2x − x 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

9
Materials for week 6 (3 hours)

3. Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3.1 The Functions

1 2

1.5

0.5 1
y=sin x y=arcsin x
0.5

0 0

-0.5

-0.5 -1

-1.5

-1 -2
-2 -1 0 1 2 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Function Domain Range

y = sin−1 x ⇔ sin y = x [-1, 1] [ −2π , π2 ]
 y y
4 1.5
3
1
2
y=tan x 0.5
1 y=arctan x

0 x 0 x
-1
-0.5
-2
-1
-3

-4 -1.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -4 -2 0 2 4

Function Domain Range

y = tan−1 x ⇔ tan y = x (−∞, ∞) [ −2π , π2 ]

11
Function Domain Range
y = sec−1 x ⇔ sec y = x (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) [0, π2 ) ∪ ( π2 , π ]

12
Materials for week 6 (3 hours)

3.2 Important identities

π
i. sin−1 x + cos−1 x =
2
π
ii. tan−1 x + cot−1 x =
2
π
iii. sec−1 x + cosec−1 x =
2

3.3 Differentiation
d ⎡ −1 ⎤ 1 du
i. sin u = ,u <1
dx ⎣ ⎦
1−u 2
dx
d ⎡ −1 ⎤ 1 du
ii. tan u =
dx ⎣ ⎦ 1 + u 2 dx
d ⎡ −1 ⎤ 1 du
iii. sec u = ,u >1
dx ⎣ ⎦
u u 2 − 1 dx

Example 5
Differentiate the following expressions with respect to x.
sin−1( x )

Solution
du 1 du 1
Let u = x , then = (x )−1/ 2 , → =
dx 2 dx 2 x

d ⎡ −1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ 1
∴ sin x ⎤= ⎜⎜ ⎟ =
dx ⎣ ⎦
1−( x )
2 ⎝ 2 x ⎠⎟ 2 x − x2
Example 6
Differentiate the following expressions with respect to x.
1
tan−1 x

Solution
d ⎡ 1 ⎤ d ⎡(tan−1 x )−1 ⎤
∴ ⎢ −1 ⎥
= ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
dx ⎢⎣ tan x ⎥⎦ dx
−2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
= (−1) ⎡⎢(tan−1 x ) ⎤⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 + x 2 ⎥⎦
−1
= 2
(tan−1 x ) ⎡⎣1 + x 2 ⎤⎦

Example 7
Differentiate y with respect to x.
y = sin(tan−1 2x )

Solution
dy d ⎡
= ⎣ sin(tan−1 2x )⎤⎦
dx dx

To help us solve the problem we are going to do a few

substitutions to simplify the expression:

Let u = 2x , and let w = tan−1 u ⇒ y = sin(w ) .

We want to find
dy dy dw
= i
dx dw dx

14
Now
dy
= cos w
dw
and
dw dw du
= i
dx du dx
dw 1 du
where = and =2
du 1 + u2 dx

dw dw du 2 2
∴ = i = = 2
dx du dx 1 + u2 1 + (2x )

Hence
⎛ 2 ⎞⎟ 2 cos ⎡⎣ tan (2x )⎤⎦
−1
dy dy dw
= i = [ cos w ]⎜⎜ ⎟=
dx dw dx ⎝1 + 4x 2 ⎠⎟ 1 + 4x 2

15
 4. Integrations of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1 u
i) ∫ a2 − u2 du = sin−1
a
+C
1 1 u
ii) ∫ 2 2
du = tan−1 + C
a +u a a
1 1 −1 u
iii) ∫ du = sec +C
2
u a −u 2
a a

dx
Example 8 Evaluate ∫ 9 + 4x 2
Solution
dx dx
Rewrite ∫ 9 + 4x 2
as ∫ 32 + (2x )
2 .

Use substitution to simplify expression:

du
Let a = 3 and u = 2x , ∴ du = 2dx , or = dx .
2

dx 1 du
∫ 32 + (2x )
2 =
2 ∫ a 2 + (u )2
1 ⎛1 u⎞
= ⎜⎜ tan−1 ⎟⎟ +C
2 ⎝a a⎠
1 ⎛1 2x ⎞ 1 2x
= ⎜⎜ tan−1 ⎟⎟ +C = tan−1 +C
2 ⎝3 3⎠ 6 3

Example 9
dx
Evaluate ∫ 3 + 2x − x 2

16
Solution
Complete the squares:
3 + 2x − x 2 = −(x 2 − 2x − 3)
= − ⎡⎣(x − 1)2 − 3 − 1⎤⎦
= − ⎡⎣(x − 1)2 − 4⎤⎦
= − ⎡⎣(x − 1)2 − 22 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣22 − (x − 1)2 ⎤⎦

dx dx
∴ ∫ 3 + 2x − x 2
= ∫ 22 − (x − 1)2

Use substitutions:
Let a = 2 and u = x − 1, ∴ du = dx

dx du u
∴ ∫ 2 − (x − 1)2
= ∫ a2 − u2
= sin−1
a
+C

x −1
= sin−1 +C
2

Example 10
sin−1 2x
Evaluate ∫ 1 − 4x 2
dx .

Solution
du 2 du dx
Let u = sin−1 2x , then = or = .
dx 1 − 4x 2 2 1 − 4x 2

17
Hence we have
sin−1 2x 1
∫ 1 − 4x 2
dx =
2 ∫ udu
2
u2
(sin−1 2x )
= = +C
4 4

Example 11

∫ sin
−1
Evaluate x dx .

Solution
Use the integration-by-parts method. Let
u = sin−1 x and dv = dx
dx
du = 2
and v = x
1−x

Thus we obtain
x
∫ sin−1 x dx = x sin−1 x − ∫
1−x 2
dx

= x sin−1 x − 1 − x 2 +C

18