Adaptive Remedial Action Scheme Based on
Phasor Measurement Unit
Ahmad Yusuf Salile Nanang Hariyanto
PT. PLN (Persero) Bandung Institute of Technology
Jakarta, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
ays@pln.co.id nanang.hariyanto@stei.itb.ac.id
Abstract— Most of the blackout occurrences are caused by
non-credible contingency events and often, the response to these
situations is not prepared. One of such contingency event is the
violation of transmission line limits leading to the disconnection
of multiple highly loaded transmission lines. To prevent this
event, knowing the loadability of the transmission line is
important. In this research, a method to obtain the loadability
of the transmission line is proposed. The data from the phasor
measurement units are utilized to obtain the characteristics of
the transmission lines (i.e. reactance, voltage drop pattern).
Then, the loadability of the transmission lines in terms of
thermal, voltage drop, and stability limits are calculated. The
adaptive remedial action scheme (RAS) is also designed to
maintain power transfer within a safe limit by load shedding
and/or generation rejection. This scheme will update the total
amount of load shedding or generation rejection and select the
target based on the sensitivity of voltage to active power change.
The method is applied to the Java-Bali system, in which a high
amount of power is transferred from eastern to the western part
through the transmission lines at the north and south corridors
and hence, knowing the loadability limits of each corridor is
important. Using the proposed method, the separation of
western and eastern Java could be effectively prevented.
Keywords—Adaptive remedial action scheme, greedy
algorithm, loadability, phasor measurement unit, voltage
sensitivity
I. INTRODUCTION
In the last two years, there were at least two significant
blackouts in some areas in the Java-Bali system because of the
fault at the 500 kV extra-high voltage transmission lines
(EHVTL). In September 2018, a fault occurred on Paiton–
Grati EHVTL followed by a forced outage with the amount of
3846 MW of generations and 2621 MW of loads. In August
2019, the fault occurred at two circuits of Ungaran–Pemalang
EHVTLs (north corridor) followed by the trip two circuits of
Tasik–Depok EHVTLs (south corridor) triggered by out-of-
step protection. Hence, the system split into two sub-systems.
To stabilize the frequency, under-frequency protection in the
western region was triggered to release 2043 MW of loads.
Meanwhile, over-speed protection in the eastern region was
triggered to release 2263 MW of generations.
Considering technical, operational, and economic aspects,
it is important to exploit the transmission lines within their
limits. However, without proper knowledge of their actual
loadability limits, the instability might occur in the system and
causing system blackouts. The modeling of the loadability of
the transmission line using representations of auxiliary
constants A, B, and C is proposed in [1]. In [2], the error in the
calculation of the transmission line parameter due to the sag
effect is investigated. To reduce the error, the application of a
linear estimator is proposed in [3]. In this paper, the loadability
of the transmission lines will be determined based on the
978-1-7281-4701-7/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
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Masayuki Watanabe Fathin Saifur Rahman
Kyushu Institute of Technology Bandung Institute of Technology
Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Japan Bandung, Indonesia
watanabe@ele.kyutech.ac.jp fathinsr@stei.itb.ac.id
phasor measurement unit (PMU) data, in which the sag effect
has been included.
To prevent the transmission lines operates above their
loadability limits and negatively impact the system stability,
in this paper, the application of an adaptive remedial action
scheme (RAS) based on the phasor measurement unit (PMU)
is proposed. RAS is a scheme that enables immediate
corrective actions to be taken when abnormal system
conditions are detected. Based on the design methodology,
RAS classified as event-based and response-based [4]. In [5],
an overload shedding (OLS) scheme based on the dynamic
rating of transmission lines is presented. However, this
scheme only considers the thermal rating. In [6] the OLS is
designed by considering both transient and overload factors.
However, only a small amount of load shedding may be
applied to keep the frequency in the normal range. A
probabilistic approach based on statistical distribution factors
that allow the computation of an overload index in real-time is
proposed in [7]. However, the application of the method is
limited to lines that are connected to the same bus. In this
paper, an adaptive RAS that performs a load shedding (LS)
with or without generation rejection (GR) is proposed. LS
would be applied at the load-heavy area, while GR would be
performed at the generation-rich area. Thus, by using the
methods proposed in this paper, the actual loadability of the
transmission line could be obtained and then, the overloading
of the transmission lines could be effectively prevented while
maintaining the system frequency within the normal range.
The main contributions of this paper are: a) Determination of
the loadability of transmission lines based on PMU data, and
b) Designing an adaptive RAS scheme to effectively prevent
line overloading while maintaining frequency within limits.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Objective
In this paper, a study is conducted on the 500 kV
interconnection between the eastern and western regions of the
Java-Bali system. It comprises of two circuits at each of the
north and south corridors as shown in Fig. 1. The PMUs have
been installed at the studied segment. Thus, the real-time
change in system parameters at the line could be monitored.
Fig. 1. Simplified west-east Java interconnection
 To anticipate the overload of transmission lines under
normal conditions subject to credible or non-credible
contingencies, an adaptive remedial action scheme (RAS) is
proposed. This scheme will keep the power transfer within the
transmission loadability by releasing loads and/or releasing
generators. The total disconnected load or generator should be
determined in a way that guarantees the transmission line
loading returns within the allowable limits with a high voltage
rise at the sending-end bus while maintaining the frequency
within normal limits of 49.5 Hz and 50.5 Hz. To accomplish
those objectives, the optimization method is used to determine
the proper amount of load shedding and/or generation
rejection based on the sensitivity of the voltage change respect
to the active power change (dv/dP), while maintaining the
frequency within normal limits.
B. Research Procedures
In this study, several aspects related to the transmission
lines are calculated, including the transmission loadability and
the expected voltage increase at the bus. The obtained results
will then used to design the appropriate adaptive RAS.
Three principal factors that affect the ability to transfer
active power are the thermal limit, voltage drop limit, and
small-signal stability limit [8]. Thermal limits are set by the
strength of the physical structure itself due to exposed
temperature fluctuation. For safety purposes, the ground
clearance between conductors with the object underneath is
necessary to be maintained within its design standard. The sag
increases at high temperatures or high loading of the
transmission line. In this study, the effect of temperature is not
directly considered. However, a specific current value limit
according to the design considering the two factors above is
taken into consideration. The thermal power transfer limit is
expressed with the following equation:
Pt-limit = √3 V It cos θ
Meanwhile, the voltage drop is generally limited to 5%.
This value is acceptable to represent heavy line loading
without any system problems [9]. In this study, the voltage
quality limit [10] is applied and determined based on the grid
code of the Java-Bali system, in which the lowest voltage at
the 500 kV bus is 0.95 p.u. or 475 kV.
The active power transfer is the function of voltage
magnitude at sending Vs and receiving-end bus Vr , sine of
power angle δ at sending and receiving-end bus, and the
inverse of reactance X (2). The small-signal stability is limited
to 70% of the maximum power transfer, or at a power angle of
44.4º [8]. We now have (3).
= Vs Vr sin δ⁄X
Ps-limit = 0.7 Vs Vr ⁄X
PMU provides real-time measurements of essential state
variables such as voltage, current magnitude, and power angle.
With these data, the reactance of the transmission line in (2)
could be obtained [11]. In the 500 kV transmission system, the
reactance is more dominant compared to the resistance and
thus, the resistance is negligible in most cases. In this case, we
do not consider the resistance as a separate parameter.
However, it is included in the reactance parameter as a
variable factor that changes depends on the level of conductor
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heating due to the current flow. All factors that affect the
reactance value will be included as an equivalent reactance
Xeq . In section III, the relation of an equivalent reactance with
the sine of power angle (4) is described.
Xeq = f(sin δ) (4)
The relationship of other system variables with respect to
the voltage drop is investigated by using the regression
method. The variables that might be correlated with the
voltage drop (Vdrop ) are active power (Ps), voltage (Vs), and
power factor (PF) (5). Hence, the voltage drop is defined as
the function of these variables.
Vdrop = f (Ps, Vs, PF) (5)
In this paper, the adaptive RAS will shed a certain amount
of load if the power transfer exceeds one of the three transfer
limits [12] as shown in (6), and the expected frequency after
the shedding (7) is not higher than 50.5 Hz. However, if the
expected frequency after the load shedding is higher than 50.5
Hz, it is necessary to simultaneously shed the load at the
receiving region and shed the generation at the sending region
to maintain the frequency within its limits. In this paper, the
system stiffness of 919.87 MW/Hz is used. This value is based
on the regression of the frequency response of the system due
to the generation outage events during a year.
Pshed = Ps − min (Pt-limit , Pv-limit , Ps-limit ) (6)
fexpect = factual − Pshed / SS (7)
The maximum amount of generation shedding or rejection
is half of the total power shedding and the rest of the amount
(1) is load shedding. To achieve the expected frequency of 50 Hz
after power shedding, (8) and (9) are used.
GR = 0.5Pshed + SS ( factual − 50 ) (8)
LS = Pshed − GR + SS ( factual − 50 ) (9)
An optimization method is used to determine the target of
load shedding or generation rejection based on the sensitivity
of the voltage variation at the sending-end of the overloaded
transmission lines to the active power of the target candidates.
The constraints are ≤ and ≥ . RAS must
be run in a short amount of time. Therefore, the optimization
method must be able to obtain the desired solutions with fast
processing time. Hence, the greedy algorithm and dynamic
(2) programming as two efficient algorithms [13] are investigated.
The dynamic programming solves the problems by
(3) breaking down the main problem into sub-problems,
combining sub-problem solutions, and obtaining solutions to
the main problem. Dynamic programming has an issue of time
complexity as O (n Pshed ) [14], where O is time complexity,
and n is the candidate number of shedding objects. Meanwhile,
the greedy algorithm presents the decision that seems to be the
best during the process. It offers locally optimal decisions and
the expected outcomes lead to the globally optimal solution.
The greedy algorithm does not always produce the most
optimal solution. The greedy algorithm has time complexity
stated in function as O (n log n ) [15].
 TABLE I. STATISTICAL DATA OF REACTANCE REGRESSION
2
Line Min Max Mean a b c R RMSE NRMSE N(sample)

North Normal 32.69 61.40 34.21 0.05 -1.32 32.67 0.992 0.212 -0.008 3345886

North N-1 64.50 66.68 65.24 0.28 -1.25 62.73 0.641 0.244 -0.139 1530000

South Normal 7.57 26.84 23.58 -1.71 -0.47 32.61 0.994 0.219 0.009 2423420

South N-1 16.60 24.70 21.47 -0.48 -0.75 27.06 0.997 0.129 0.016 841199

The plotted data coincides with the

regression line, it means and
sin have a high correlation

Fig. 3. Extrapolation of reactance for normal cases in the north corridor.

The plotted data less coincides with

the regression line, it means that
and sin have less correlation

Fig. 4. Extrapolation of reactance for N-1 cases in the north corridor.

Fig. 2. Flowchart of Adaptive RAS

The plotted data coincides with the
The outline of the procedures is illustrated in Fig. 2. For regression line, it means and
two or more corridors, if the violation occurs at the same time, sin have a high correlation
the new power shedding candidate of substation or power
plant is a complement of previously selected substations or
power plants.

LSopt-new ∆ LSopt-old (10) Fig. 5. Extrapolation of reactance for normal cases in the south corridor.

GR opt-new ∆ GR opt-old (11)

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

According to the historical PMU data at monitored
transmission lines, there is no state of overloading yet. Hence,
the loadability of transmission lines is estimated by using an
The plotted data coincides with the
extrapolation approach. regression line, it means and
sin have a high correlation
A. Extrapolation
To estimate the variable outside the range of the sample
observed data, we use an acceptable regression model to
predict the value. The extrapolation parameters are the
equivalent reactance and the voltage drop. Fig. 6. Extrapolation of reactance for N-1 cases in the south corridor.

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 Referring to (2), the calculated reactance value is not
constant but varies. The correlation of the obtained value with
the available variable can be found out. The result discovers
that the value of X has a firm relationship with the parameter
of sin δ. From the results, it is discovered that X has a firm
- The plotted data gathered in one spot:
relationship with sin δ. The regression model which have the sample is insufficient
best fit is non-linear power regression given by (12). - The correlation of , and is
high enough

Xeq =a( sin δ)b +c (12)

The reactance extrapolation is shown in Fig. 3 and the

summary of the statistics is shown in Table I. Almost all of the
Fig. 9. Extrapolation of voltage drop for normal cases in the south corridor
cases fit with the proposed regression models with a high
correlation reaching more than 99%, except the N-1 of south
corridor case with correlation around 64%.
The result of extrapolating points out that the value of
equivalent reactance of the north corridor is decreasing and
tends to be constant with the higher value of sin δ. On the
- The plotted data scattered only in x-
contrary, the equivalent reactance value of the southern axis: sample is insufficient
corridor is increasing and tends to be constant with the higher - The correlation of , and is
value of sin δ. We will use the predicted value of Xeq at sin δ very high
= 0.7 to calculate the power transfer stability limit.
Next, we observe the behavior and the response of the
other parameters that drive the change of voltage at the
receiving-end bus and find out the values of other elements Fig. 10. Extrapolation of voltage drop for N-1 cases in the south corridor
when the voltage at the receiving-end bus reaches a minimum
acceptable limit. As initial assumptions, parameters that related to the
voltage at the received-end are the sending power, the
TABLE II. STATISTICAL DATA OF VOLTAGE DROP REGRESSION sending-end voltage, and the power factor. Nevertheless, from
Line p00 p10 p01 p20 p11 p02 R2 RMSE N_Sample the preliminary results of the current experiment, parameters
North Normal -775.1 0.2 2.4 -1.3E-06 -3.0E-04 -1.8E-03 0.779 1.241 2423420
of the sending power and the sending-end voltage have a better
North N-1 -12160.2 -0.8 49.5 -3.2E-04 2.6E-03 -5.1E-02 0.761 1.982 1530000
bond level. A polynomial second-order regression model is
applied to this sample data with the function shown in (13).
South Normal -5824.5 1.2 22.6 1.1E-05 -2.3E-03 -2.2E-02 0.797 0.877 2423420

Vdrop =p00+p10 Vs +p01 Ps +p20 Vs 2 +p11 Vs Ps +p02 Ps2 (13)

South N-1 68382.7 0.3 -266.8 -5.6E-06 -5.8E-04 2.6E-01 0.966 0.544 841199

The voltage drops pattern and its interpolation is shown as

color gradation in Figs. 7 to 10 and the summary of the
- The plotted data scattered enough: statistics is shown in Table II. The correlation of the regression
data sample is sufficient
- The correlation of , and
model and sample data has quite good grades with R2 over
is high enough 77%. The pattern generated by the regression model and its
interpolation still needs to be improved; this is due to the
plotted data gathered at one or two spots.
B. Loadability of Transmission Line
The loadability curve of the transmission line is obtained
by taking the minimum value of the power transfer limit based
Fig. 7. Extrapolation of voltage drop for normal cases in the north corridor on thermal, voltage, and quality. The power transfer curve
considering the thermal limit is obtained by (1). The power
transfer curve considering the voltage quality limit is obtained
by derivating the regression model (13) then we have (14).

= − + − +2 +

- The plotted data gathered in one spot:

−4 −4 −4 +4 ( −
sample is insufficient
- The correlation of , and is 475) 2 (14)
high enough
Meanwhile, the power transfer curve considering the
stability limit is obtained by substituting (12) into (3) at
sin δ = 0.7, and using (13) to obtain in (3). The resulting
Fig. 8. Extrapolation of voltage drop for N-1 cases in the north corridor equation is shown in (15). After that, the numerical method is
used to obtain the solution.

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 . C. Optimization of Power Management
= − + + +
Load shedding and/or generation rejection selected based
+ + (15) on voltage sensitivity gives a higher voltage rise at the
sending-end bus. Optimization methods are utilized to obtain
The power transfer limit of each factor is achieved by the composition of load shedding and/or generation rejection
plotting the thermal limit (red line), voltage quality limit target that adequately finds the total of power shedding and
(green line), and stability limit (blue line). The power transfer increases the voltage at violating transmission bus. This
(MW) is on the vertical axis and the sending-end voltage (kV) additional voltage is expected to get a beneficial impact to
is on the horizontal axis. The continuous and dashed lines increase the power transfer and reduce further power
show normal and N-1 state, respectively. shedding. By the comparison based on the objective of
optimization that obtains the highest voltage increase,
The loadability of transmission lines on the north corridor dynamic programming is always superior to the greedy
with the assumption of the power factor is 0.85, is shown in algorithm. However, when the processing time is compared,
Fig. 11. Under normal circumstances, the power transfer is the greedy algorithm is the fastest and more stable under 0.01s.
limited by the voltage quality section when the sending-end In contrast, the processing time of dynamic programming
voltage is below 495 kV and limited by the thermal section increases as the target load increases, as shown in Table III.
when the sending-end voltage is above 495 kV. Under N-1 The greedy algorithm is applied in the adaptive RAS since it
circumstances, the loadability of transmission lines is only meets the main criteria for selecting the optimization method
limited by voltage quality. in this study (i.e. can obtain an optimal solution with the fastest
Similar to the northern corridor, the loadability of time during any circumstances).
transmission lines on the southern corridor also is limited by D. Simulation Result
the voltage drop section when the sending-end voltage below
480 kV and limited by the thermal section when the sending- Since there is no power transfer violation history based on
end voltage above 480 kV as shown in Fig. 12. Under N-1 PMU data, in this study, some hypothetical scenarios are used
contingencies, power transfer is limited by the thermal factor. to see how this proposed method works.
a) Load shedding (LS)-only scenario
This scenario occurs if the power transfer exceeds the
loadability of transmission lines and the expected frequency
after the power shedding is lower than 50.5 Hz. Hence,
generation rejection (GR) is not necessary. Fig. 13 shows that
the initial frequency is 49.89 Hz and the power transfer exceed
the limit as 273.0 MW. This excess power will be set as a
power shedding. The system stiffness is assumed to be around
919.8 MW. So, the estimated expected frequency using (7) is
fexpect-1 = 49.89 + 273.0⁄919.8 = 50.19 Hz, lower than 50.5
Hz. Therefore, only load shedding (LS) is triggered. The total
actual LS obtained from the greedy algorithm is 326.5 MW,
Fig. 11. Power transfer curve of the north corridor which targets five substations in the western region. The
expected voltage rise at the substation “A” is 0.5 kV and the
frequency is expected to increase 0.35 Hz becomes 50.25 Hz.
b) Load shedding and generation rejection scenario
This scenario occurs if the power transfer exceeds the
loadability of transmission lines and the expected frequency
after the power shedding is higher than 50.5 Hz. In this
condition, generation rejection should also be performed to
prevent over frequency in the system. Fig. 14 shows that the
initial frequency is 50.11 Hz. The power transfer at the north
corridor is 937.9 MW higher than loadability. The estimated
expected frequency after power shedding using (7) is
fexpect-1 = 50.11 + 937.9⁄919.8 = 51.13 Hz, higher than 50.5
Fig. 12. Power transfer curve of the south corridor
Hz. Hence, both load shedding (LS) and generation rejection
(GR) should be activated. The calculated GR target obtained
TABLE III. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING VS. GREEDY using (8) is = 0.5 (937.9) + 919.8 (50.11 − 50) =
570.1 . The total actual GR obtained from greedy
Target
Dynamic Programming Greedy
algorithm is 554.0 MW, which targets four power plants in the
(MW) Shed
(MW)
deltaV
(k V)
Elapsed
(s)
Shed
(MW)
deltaV
(k V)
Elapsed
(s)
eastern region. The rest of required power shedding (i.e. in the
100 97.3 0.20 0.2458 89.0 0.17 0.0041
form of LS) is calculated using (9) as = 937.9 −
200 196.5 0.40 0.4619 177.1 0.33 0.0077
554.0 + 919.8 (50.11 − 50 ) = 487.1 . The result
500 490.9 0.95 3.5650 487.8 0.74 0.0030
of the optimization of the LS target is 487.8 MW in which the
1000 982.0 1.75 7.6271 940.1 1.35 0.0012
targets are nine substations in the western region. The
1500 1466.0 2.38 12.0190 1495.9 1.88 0.0015
expected voltage rise at bus “A” is 0.7 kV, and the final
2000 1956.9 2.91 16.1828 1982.1 2.36 0.0017
frequency after power shedding is 50.04 Hz.

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c) Simultaneous violation on both corridors
Fig. 15 shows that the power flow through the northern
corridor is 3620.5 MW and exceeds its loadability by 294.9
MW. Meantime, the power transfer in the southern corridor is
2353.3 MW (i.e. overload by 371.7 MW). The expected
frequency after load shedding caused by overload in the north
corridor is fexpect-1 = 50.15 – 294.9⁄919.8 = 50.47 Hz . The
expected frequency after load shedding to secure the southern
corridor from overload is calculated by considering the value
of fexpect-1 as the actual frequency. Thus, fexpect-2 = 50.47 –
371.7⁄919.8 = 50.87 Hz. To maintain the transmission lines
in safe operation and the frequency within a normal range,
simultaneous LS and GR are required since the expected
frequency after load shedding is 50.87 Hz, higher than 50.5
Hz. The actual LS in the north and south corridor is 326.5 MW
and 245.2 MW, respectively. Meanwhile, the actual GR is
590.0 MW. The targets are three power plants in the eastern
region. The final frequency is 50.13 HZ, within a normal
range, as expected.
V = 495.2
P = 3602.1
Fig. 13. Load shedding triggered by north corridor violation
V = 498.1
P = 4370.6
Fig. 14. Load shedding and generation rejection triggered
V = 495.1
P = 3620.5
V = 495.1
P = 2353.3
Fig. 15. Power transfer violation at both north and south corridor
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IV. CONCLUSION
The loadability of the transmission lines has been obtained
by processing the PMU data. Then, an adaptive remedial
action scheme (RAS) has been proposed to maintain the power
transfer within the obtained limit. The greedy algorithm is
used to perform the optimization in the proposed adaptive
RAS. While its result is not as good as that of the dynamic
programming, the greedy algorithm is faster and more stable
in terms of processing time. Using the proposed method, the
proper amount of load and generation shedding to prevent the
instability caused by the overloading of transmission lines
could be effectively determined, while maintaining the system
frequency within normal limits.
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