Test 8

Over the past generation, people in many parts of the United States have become accustomed
to dividing their household waste products into different categories for recycling. 1 Regardless,
paper may go in one container, glass and aluminum in another, regular garbage in a third.
Recently, some US cities have added a new category: compost, organic matter such as food
scraps and yard debris

1 A) NO CHANGE

B) However,

C) Furthermore,

D) For example,

This strict approach may not work everywhere. However, given the clear benefits of composting
and the environmental costs of not composting, all municipalities should encourage their
residents either to create their own compost piles for use in backyard gardens 11 or to dispose
of compostable materials in bins for collection.

11

A) NO CHANGE

B) nor

C) but

D) and

The shape that fire assumes on Earth is a result of gravitational influence and the movement of
molecules. In the microgravity environment of space, 34 moreover, combustion and the
resulting fire behave in fundamentally different ways than they do on Earth—differences that
have important implications for researchers.

34

A) NO CHANGE

B) however,

C) accordingly,

D) subsequently,
Test 10

The story of The Cat in the Hat’s publication began when William 3 Spaulding, the director of
the education division at the publishing company Houghton Mifflin, read Hersey’s article and
had an idea. Spaulding agreed that there was a need for appealing books for beginning 4
readers. He thought he knew who should write one.

A) NO CHANGE

B) Spaulding the director

C) Spaulding, the director,

D) Spaulding—the director

4 Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

A) readers, and he

B) readers—namely, he

C) readers; and Spaulding

D) readers, and meanwhile he

Having known Spaulding for many years and having maintained a professional relationship with
him, Geisel was an experienced writer and illustrator. 6 However, this new project presented
him with an obstacle. Spaulding told Geisel to write his entire book using a restricted vocabulary
from an elementary school list of 348 words.

A) NO CHANGE

B) For example,

C) Furthermore,
D) At any rate,

His main character established, Geisel commenced the difficult task of writing a book with a
limited vocabulary. 8 At the end of a duration nine months long, The Cat in the Hat was
complete.

A) NO CHANGE

B) After thirty-six weeks—or nine months—had passed,

C) After a length of nine months had elapsed,

D) Nine months later,

In the years that 10 followed. Many talented writers and illustrators of children’s books
imitated Geisel’s formula of restricted vocabulary and whimsical artwork.

10

A) NO CHANGE

B) followed; many

C) followed, many

D) followed—many

She found that students who were required to volunteer rushed to complete their service hours
in early high 19 school, they then did significantly less regular volunteer work in the twelfth
grade 20 than the service hours of those not required to volunteer.

19

A) NO CHANGE

B) school; they then,

C) school. They, then

D) school; they then

However, a recent finding of handedness in marsupials suggests that a 25 trait other than the
presence of a corpus callosum 26 links as handedness: bipedalism.

25

A) NO CHANGE

B) trait,

C) trait;

D) trait:

While eating, the eastern gray kangaroo, red-necked wallaby, red 28 kangaroo and, brush-tailed
bettong, all bipedal marsupials, preferred using their left forelimb, as revealed by 29 positive
mean handedness index values less than 0.2 for all four species.

28

A) NO CHANGE

B) kangaroo, and

C) kangaroo; and

D) kangaroo—and

Employees whose tuition is reimbursed often stay with their employer even after they complete
their 39 degrees. Because their new qualifications give them opportunities for advancement
within the company.

39

A) NO CHANGE

B) degrees: because

C) degrees because

D) degrees; because
Test 5

Because CT scanners can map objects that are impossible to excavate, CT scanning and 3-D
printing can also be used to reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. 8 By
contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied on this technique to study a
fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

A) NO CHANGE

B) Nonetheless,

C) Besides,

D) For example,

“Stop them pictures!” Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once used
those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast, an artist who had become
famous for cartoons that called for reforms to end corruption. 12 As a result, Tweed’s attempt
to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly,
actually played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

12

A) NO CHANGE

B) Therefore,

C) Furthermore,

D) DELETE the underlined portion.

These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts with hand-picked supporters
by purchasing 14 votes, a form of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for
votes. Once a political machine had control of enough important positions, its members were
able to use public funds to enrich themselves and their friends. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall
group, which controlled New York 15 City in the 1860s—stole more than $30 million, the
equivalent of more than $365 million today.

14

A) NO CHANGE

B) votes, being
C) votes, that is

D) votes, which it is

15

A) NO CHANGE

B) City in the 1860s,

C) City, in the 1860s,

D) City in the 1860s

Those who have seen the space consider it vital. 25 However, that group may not be large
enough; with just fourteen days to go in the fund-raising period, the campaign is only 46 percent
funded.

25

A) NO CHANGE

B) Therefore,

C) In effect,

D) As a rule,

Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of
potential contributors. 28 In addition, audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not
make contributions.

28

A) NO CHANGE

B) Conversely,

C) However,

D) Thus,
Test 4

In the name of health, spending $1.60 for every dollar they would have spent on food that is
grown in a manner that is considered conventional. Scientific evidence, 15 therefore, suggests
that consumers do not reap significant benefits, in terms of either nutritional value or safety,
from organic food.

15

A) NO CHANGE

B) furthermore,

C) however,

D) subsequently,

Although advocates of organic food preserve that organic produce is healthier than
conventionally grown produce because it has more vitamins and minerals, this assertion is not
supported by scientific research. 17 For instance, one review published in The American Journal
of Clinical Nutrition provided analysis of the results of comparative studies conducted over a
span of 50 years; researchers consistently found no evidence that organic crops are more
nutritious than conventionally grown ones in terms of their vitamin and mineral content

17

A) NO CHANGE

B) However,

C) In addition,

D) Likewise,

Today’s researchers have found that the veritable army of trained volunteers traveling the
country conducting face-to-face interviews can sometimes be 29 replaced by another army the
vast array of individuals volunteering details about their lives—and, inadvertently, their
language—through social media.

29

A) NO CHANGE

B) replaced—by another army,

C) replaced by another army;

D) replaced by another army:

Conceptualizing a game is only the beginning of a video game designer’s 36 job, however, no
matter how good a concept is, it will never be translated into a video game unless it is
communicated effectively to all the other members of the video game development team.

36

A) NO CHANGE

B) job, however. No

C) job—however, no

D) job however no

A designer must generate extensive documentation and explain his or her ideas clearly in order
to ensure that the programmers, artists, and others on the team all share the same vision. 39
Likewise, anyone considering a career as a video game designer must be 40 skilled writers and
speakers.

39

A) NO CHANGE

B) Nevertheless,

C) Consequently,

D) However,