Identifying the Waste Management Issue and Providing Alternative Solutions

for Barangay Basak, Mandaue City

____________________________________________________________

A Concept Paper
Presented to the
Undergraduate Faculty of Department of
Business Administration, University of San Carlos
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirement for the Course
Introduction to Social Entrepreneurship (SOEN 1)

____________________________________________________________

Garsain, John Lynwel

Manalili, Rhyan
Polhen, Earvin
Siao, Kristan Mario
Tabel, Lance Ranier
Vega, Alexane Avrielle
 ENDORSEMENT SHEET

This Concept paper entitled “IDENTIFYING THE WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUE AND
PROVIDING ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR BARANGAY BASAK, MANDAUE
CITY” prepared and submitted by JOHN GARSAIN, RHYAN MANALILI, EARVIN
POLHEN, KRISTAN SIAO, LANCE TABEL, AND ALEXANE VEGA of the Requirements
for the course on the INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP has been accepted
for ORAL PRESENTATION.

ALICIA L. VILLAR, EdD

Adviser

ii
 STUDENTS’ DECLARATION OF
ORIGINALITY

We, JOHN GARSAIN, RHYAN MANALILI, EARVIN POLHEN, KRISTAN SIAO,

LANCE TABEL, AND ALEXANE VEGA, here submit our paper entitled “IDENTIFYING
THE WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUE AND PROVIDING ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
FOR BARANGAY BASAK, MANDAUE CITY” and truthfully declare that the paper is a
product of our original research investigation. To our best knowledge and belief, it contains no
material previously published or written by another person nor does it include contents that are
falsified or fabricated. We also sought permission from the copyright owner to use text,
illustrations and/or framework substantively used in the paper. I understand that should the
University of San Carlos, represented by its Administrators and Faculty, eventually discover that
my attestations herein are not so, I accept the right of the University to impose the appropriate
sanctions including the non-granting of the degree, if so warranted.

Signed (input date) at the University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.

Student’s Name Year/ Course Signature:

STUDENT’S NAME YEAR/ COURSE SIGNATURE

Garsain, John Lynwel 2nd Year/ BS Mechanical Engineering

Manalili, Rhyan 3rd Year/ BS Hospitality Management

Polhen, Earvin 3rd Year/ BS Hospitality Management

Siao, Kristan Mario 2nd Year/ BS Industrial Engineering

Tabel, Lance Ranier 2nd Year/ BS Industrial Engineering

Vega, Alexane Avrielle 2nd Year/ BS Industrial Engineering

iii
Attested
by:

Name of Faculty Adviser: _______________________________________________

Signature of Faculty Adviser: _______________________________________________

Date Signed: _______________________________________________

iv
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study was conducted by six students from the University of San Carlos with different courses.
The group agreed upon choosing Barangay Basak, Mandaue City as the parameter for this study
as there was an evident issue in waste management around the area. Since the study ultimately
tackles the social issue on improper waste management, the researchers unanimously focused on
(1) identifying the root causes of why the issue exists, and (2) providing alternative solutions to
solving the problem.

To be able to identify the recurrent issue on proper waste management in Barangay Basak,
Mandaue City was the main objective of this study. The researchers show the current programs
and practices being followed in the area, as well as the ineffectiveness of these current methods.
Through this report, the researchers were able to provide their recommendations and alternative
solutions that could ultimately promote sustainable development in terms of waste collection,
regulation, and disposal. Through these solutions, the researchers aim to eradicate the side-effects
brought about by the improper waste management, as well.

Through this study, it could potentially provide a great opportunity for the researchers to embrace
the true essence of being a social entrepreneur -- solving societal problems and creating a lasting
impact on the community. Through this report, the researchers were able to give several alternative
solutions to the issue. The researchers hope that this study could be made use of by the higher
authorities and be taken into consideration for implementation.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to acknowledge Dr. Alicia Villar for her help and guidance to the
researchers. The researchers also want to acknowledge the University of San Carlos for giving
them the opportunity to create this study. Lastly, the researchers would like to thank God for
showering them with the wisdom and strength to pursue this paper.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page no.

Cover Page I
Endorsement Sheet II
Student’s Declaration of Originality III
Executive Summary V
Acknowledgement VI
Table of Contents VII
List of Tables VIII

1 Introduction 1
Rationale of the Study 1
Significance of the Study 2
Profile of the Community 2
2 Need and Opportunity Analysis 6
Overview of the Problem 6
Current Trends 6
Root Causes of the Problem 8
Environment Landscape 9
Project Statement 12
3 Social Entrepreneurial Opportunity n/a
The Solution n/a
Impact Indicators n/a
Concept Map n/a
Bibliography n/a
Appendices
A Maps of the Barangay/ Locality n/a
B Other Supporting Documents n/a

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Population Census Data (Barangay Basak, Mandaue City)

Census date Population Growth rate

1990 May 1 4,503 –

1995 Sep 1 5,273 3.00%

2000 May 1 7,631 8.25%

2007 Aug 1 9,383 2.89%

2010 May 1 7,858 -6.25%

2015 Aug 1 10,606 5.88%

Table 2.1 PESTEL Analysis

Political Economic Social Technology Environment Legal

● Engr. ● The ● Irresponsible ● The ● Conducted ● 2

Doncoy barangay waste barangay Ecobricks establishme
urged the does not disposal of does not Training nts violated
barangay have the residents have a Workshop the City
officials to functional ● Lack of functional ● Conducted Ordinance
lead by Material knowledge Material SWMP NO. 10-
example Recovery regarding Recovery School 2006-372
● Barangay Facilities proper waste Facility Awareness
captain management ● Have 4 eco-
himself does warden
not practice
segregation
in his home.

viii
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Lack of proper waste management has been a recurrent and constant problem faced in all
aspects of society. From the collection, to the regulation, and ultimately to the disposal of different
types of wastes, a clear lack of management has been evident globally, and especially within the
country. Littering is a common habit among Filipinos as if it is inculcated within the culture. In
the country, garbage of any sort can be found all around -- on streets, vacant lots, seas, rivers,
parks, etc. To further solidify this claim, a 2015 study from the Ocean Conservancy charity has
shown that the Philippines is the world’s third largest waste polluter. Furthermore, a report from
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) claims that the amount of waste
in the country [Philippines] is said to have significantly increased annually from 2008 to 2020.

As stated in the 12th goal of the United Nations’ ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs),
the organization emphasizes on the importance of responsible consumption and production. More
specifically, the non-profit organization aims to “substantially reduce waste generation through
prevention, reduction, recycling, and reusing by 2030”. From a global perspective, there are many
different factors that contribute to the improper management of wastes. Some of the major root
causes of such lack of proper management include (1) lack of financial management and logistics,
(2) deficient municipal infrastructures, (3) lopsided planning pastures, and (4) sociocultural
practices (Mamady, 2016). It is also important to acknowledge the fact that community civilians
also play a role in this problem -- their attitude, waste-handling practices, and their interactions
with others in the system all have an influence.

On a more local scale, the province of Cebu faces the same challenge when it comes to
garbage disposal. Issues regarding the overflowing of landfills, closure of landfills, complaints on
foul smell, and lack of trash segregation are experienced by the different cities in the area (Stinus-
Cabugon, 2019). Through this concept paper, the researchers aim to provide insightful ideas and

1
suggestions that can address the waste management problem specifically in Barangay Basak,
Mandaue City, Cebu. This paper seeks to delve into the different factors attributing to the
barangay’s garbage disposal issue, as well as possible alternatives/solutions to combat them as
well.

Significance of the Study

This study will be undertaken to determine the various social issues currently taking place
in Barangay Basak, Mandaue City. Through this study, the residents of the said barangay would
be made aware regarding the gravity of the pollution in their area due to irresponsible waste
disposal. The results of this study will give knowledge and benefit the following:

Residents of Barangay Basak. This study is beneficial to the current residents of the
barangay in order for them to change their habits to improve their living conditions. The
results of this study will encourage them to dispose of their waste responsibly to maintain
a cleaner environment.

Barangay Officials of Barangay Basak. This study is beneficial to the higher-ups of the
area for them to appropriately implement policies and projects to address the issues. This
way, they can properly enforce rules and regulations that the citizens must adhere to.

School Administration. This study will provide the school administration additional
information regarding the living conditions of the said area.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guide or basis for future researchers that
seek to delve deeper into social issues of the community.

Profile of the Community

A. History

2
 The word “Basak'' simply means “a place that is full of mud or is marshy” -- where
water abounds even in a drought. Previously, the area used to have only several people
living in it and they used to describe the place as “Didto’s basakan nga dapit” (there by the
swampy place). A contraction from ‘Basakan’ to ‘Basak’ occurred as a way of eluding long
phrases -- believed to be a Cebuano cultural trait. A similar account acknowledges the
watery nature of the place, but adds that this quality made it ideal for wet cultivation, a
“basakan”. This is corroborated in the HDP in the 1950s: Basak comes from the Cebuano
word for “wet” as evident by the area’s floods during the rainy season. Basak was planted
with rice, tangkong or swamp cabbage (Ipomea aquatica Torsk), and grass fodder for the
carabaos and horses like zacate (Zacate amargo) and bungalong (Avicennia marina)

B. Population

Basak is a barangay in the city of Mandaue. Its population as determined by the

2015 Census was 10,606. This represented 2.92% of the total population of Mandaue.
According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest population in Basak is 25 to
29, with 1,201 individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 75 to
79, with 44 individualsBarangay Basak is a city of Mandaue. The barangay has an
approximate population of more than 10,000 individuals as of 2015 which represents
2.92% of the city’s total population. According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the
highest population in Basak is 25 to 29, with 1,201 individuals. Conversely, the age group
with the lowest population is 75 to 79, with 44 individuals. Two-thirds of Basak’s
population are economically active and potential members of the city’s workforce
(PhilAtlas, 2015).

Brgy. Basak’s population grew from 4,503 in 1990 to 10,606 in 2015, an increase
of 6,103 people. The latest census figures in 2015 denote a positive growth rate of 5.88%,
or an increase of 2,748 people, from the previous population of 7,858 in 2010.

Table 1.1 Population Census Data

3
 Census date Population Growth rate

1990 May 1 4,503 –

1995 Sep 1 5,273 3.00%

2000 May 1 7,631 8.25%

2007 Aug 1 9,383 2.89%

2010 May 1 7,858 -6.25%

2015 Aug 1 10,606 5.88%

C. Topography and Environment

The barangay is situated at approximately 0.3562, 123.9491, in the island of Cebu.

Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 12.0 meters or 39.4 feet above mean sea level.
It shares a common border with the following barangays of Labogon, Jagobiao,
Pagsabungan, Tibok, and Tingub, Mandaue City. The barangay is composed of residential
areas and commercial establishments.

The environment officials in Mandaue City recently called on barangay captains in

the city to lead by example and encourage people to practice waste segregation. According
to the assistant chief of the EBM, they were observing 10 barangays in Mandaue city and
barangay Basak is one of the selected barangays to be monitored and does not have the
material recovery facilities.

A population of 10,606 in Barangay Basak, the chief spread to the reporters that
they will help guide the Barangay on implementing waste segregation it said he’s been
practicing waste segregation at home for the past 10 years and a year, It’s different when

4
people see you doing waste segregation yourself because it’s not just the problem of
government. It’s everyone’s problem, according to the chief.

5
 Chapter 2

NEED AND OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS

Overview of the Problem

In light of the waste management issue faced in the Philippines, this very same problem is
experienced specifically in Barangay Basak, Mandaue City, Cebu. More specifically, the barangay
has a history of violating proper waste disposal practices. For example, two establishments,
Tingon’s Bakery and Mad Comedy Restobar, were caught by the Solid Waste Enforcement Team
of improperly throwing their garbage on the road (Perolina, 2012). Furthermore, a report states
that 70 percent of the drainage system in Cebu clogs up whenever it rains due to trash -- included
in the list is Basak, Mandaue (Fernandez, 2018).

With these being said, it is evident that disposal practices and systems can be heavily
improved in the area in order to eradicate this issue of improper waste management. Proper waste
management is an essential issue that needs to be addressed accordingly and immediately. The
garbage disposal of an area ultimately plays a significant role in the health and well-being of the
citizens of the said area, as well as their safety. With this, it is of great importance to address this
said issue currently faced in Barangay Basak, Mandaue City.

Current Trends

Table 2.1 PESTEL Analysis

Political Economic Social Technology Environment Legal

• Engr. • The • Irresponsib • The • Conducted • 2

Doncoy baranga le waste barangay Ecobricks establish
urged the y does disposal of does not Training ments
barangay not the have a Workshop violated
officials have residents functional the City

6
 to lead by function • Lack of Material • Conducted Ordinance
example al knowledge Recovery SWMP NO. 10-
• Barangay Material regarding Facility School 2006-372
captain Recover proper Awareness
himself y waste • Have 4
does not Facilitie manageme eco-
practice s nt warden
segregatio
n in his
home.

Political:
1. Engr. Amansio Doncoy, assistant chief of the Environment Management Bureau (EMB),
urged the barangay officials to lead by example so that the residents themselves would
strive to practice proper waste management.
2. Doncoy said their teams do surprise inspections in homes and barangay halls and found
out that the barangay captain himself does not practice segregation in his home.
Economic:
• Engr. Doncoy said they were monitoring 10 barangays in Mandaue City that don’t have
functional Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) which included Barangay Basak.
Social:
• Irresponsible waste disposal of the residents - the residents irresponsibly throw their
trash along the streets and in residential areas as well.
• Lack of knowledge regarding proper waste management - barangay officials and
experts must hold seminars to raise awareness regarding proper waste management.
Technological:
• Engr. Doncoy said they were monitoring 10 barangays in Mandaue City that don’t have
functional Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) which included Barangay Basak.
Environmental:

7
 • Conducted Ecobricks Training Workshop - an eco brick workshop was conducted for
the Brgy Solid Waste Management Committee facilitated by Dann Diez, in cooperation
with Ecobricks Philippines
• Conducted SWMP School Awareness - the barangay has conducted a Solid Waste
Management Program School Awareness for Basak Elementary School students and
teachers.
• Have 4 eco-warden - According to the Best Practices on SWM of Mandaue City,
Barangay Basak has contributed 4 eco-wardens.

Legal:
• 2 establishments violated the City Ordinance NO. 10-2006-372 - Mang Tinong’s and
Mad Comedy Resto Bar were issued citation tickets after being caught throwing garbage
on the road.

Root Causes of the Problem

Figure 2.2 Fishbone Diagram

8
Environmental Landscape

4.1 Institutions/Persons Addressing the Social Problem

Ecobricks Philippines

The institution organized a workshop for the Barangay Solid Waste Management
Committee which was facilitated by Dann Diez. The Ecobrick Philippines organization is all about
sharing the various eco bricks activities and updates globally. Their mission is to prevent plastic
from destroying our biosphere under the environmental program of SEED4COM. The
organization is about spreading the various eco bricks activities nationwide and zero waste
practices in support of the Republic Act 9003 of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Central Visayas (DENR-7)

This government agency called for volunteers to clean up the Butuanon river. The river
was declared dead in 1992 but is 25% rehabilitated as of 2015. DENR-7 strengthened the river
policies and continues the river rehabilitation project. The regional officer appealed to the people
to take initiative in not throwing garbage into the river.

Mayor Jonas Cortes

Mandaue City Mayor Jonas Cortes warned the Mandauehanons in his first 100 days in
office speech that fines will be imposed on those that will not segregate their trash at home. Two
years ago, the city was finding a way to include a Waste Segregation Campaign in DepEd’s
curriculum. The City Mayor also headed a rehabilitation project in which the Umapad Dumpsite
was converted into a Green Learning Ecopark. Tree planting and maintenance activities then
followed wherein the city partnered with San Miguel Corporation.

Guun Corp. Limited

9
This waste recycling company is in agreement with the Mandaue City Government to collect
garbage every Tuesday and Thursday for 700 hundred pesos per ton of waste. They collect about
20 tons of waste from Mandaue City every week. This recycling plant processes the waste into
compacted plastic then delivers it to Apo Cement Corporation, a cement factory in Cebu.
Compacted plastics are considered to be eco-friendly because they emit carbon monoxide 17%
less than coal.

4.2 Matching Interventions with Expectations

“Kwarta sa Basura” (Cash from Trash) Program

Local barangay officials initiated the “Kwarta sa Basura” project. Through several female-
composed organizations, the project was realized. These women, as prime movers of the program,
gathered recyclable trash of any sort weekly and brought them to the collection site for the sole
purpose of selling them. Partnering with different buyers for the different recyclable materials,
several barangays all over Cebu, including Mandaue, formed a strategic partnership with these
women, the buyers, and the government to promote environmental sustainability. Furthermore,
local malls and other big establishments have reached out and partnered with the government to
create their own waste market programs and ultimately contribute to the program as a form of
corporate social responsibility.

Rehabilitation of the Umapad Dumpsite

As a development project under the Mandaue City government, Mayor Jonas Cortes
spearheaded the transformation of Umapad Dumpsite into an ecopark -- the Mandaue Green
Learning Park. The two-hectare park transformation was part of the government’s effort to
promote environmental sustainability. Furthermore, other areas of the then-dumpsite were gifted
to private corporations, such as San Miguel and DGS, for the very same purpose of rehabilitating
the environmental landscape of the area. Through this intervention, the city was able to transform
the landfill into a more decent and habitable eco-park open to visitors.

10
Community River Clean-up Drives

Organized by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Central Visayas

(DENR-7), the community clean-up drives is volunteerism-basis activity that aims to clean
different rivers over the region, including those found in Mandaue City. Students, government
representatives, and other volunteers make use of rice sacks and gloves to collect the garbage found
on these rivers in hopes of rehabilitating them properly. The Butuanon River in Mandaue City,
which was proclaimed dead in 1992, is one of the locations for the clean-up drives.

Mandaue City Solid Waste Conceptual Framework

Mandaue City imposes a framework on the flow of solid wastes and how they ultimately
are disposed of from the main source to the receiver. The framework specifically states that waste
segregation must be practiced by the main source into three main classifications: (1)
biodegradable/compostable, (2) residual and hazardous, or (3) non-biodegradable/ recyclable. For
the biodegradable/compostable waste, these will go to the barangay material recovery facility
(MRF) , while the non-biodegradable/recyclable wastes will go to different recyclers/junk shops.
Meanwhile, the residual and hazardous waste will be handled by the municipality and will go to
the local city’s sanitary landfill.

4.3 Assessment Effectiveness of the Implemented Intervention

The interventions that were implemented by the concerned organizations or institutions

were beneficial in alleviating the social issue they are currently experiencing - waste management.
Among the interventions that were executed, I believe that the Cash from Trash program would
be the most effective solution. This would be mainly because it would greatly motivate the
residents around the area to properly dispose of their garbage for them to be able to sell it to
collection sites. This way, proper waste management would serve them two purposes - cleaner
surroundings and a way to earn extra income. The program caters to the very root of the problem
and seeks to address it by encouraging the residents to pick up trash found not only in their homes

11
but also those lying idly around the streets. Clean-up drives may prove to be effective as well since
aside from cleaning the environment, it boosts community morale by establishing a sense of
camaraderie among the residents. Furthermore, classifying the waste into different categories
would allow the smooth flow of the disposal of garbage and the means on how to reuse them for
various purposes.

Although these solutions may greatly aid in minimizing the amount of trash disposed
irresponsibly, it should not be overlooked that this problem may continue to reoccur in the future.
Soon enough, proper education and periodic cleaning may not be sufficient for proper waste
management. Thus, various organizations must collaborate to form a system that allows the
consumption of single-use plastics to drop drastically. Our reliance on these plastics entails that
we are accumulating more waste at a staggering rate. If we don’t find an alternative to single-use
plastics that is both accessible and affordable to the residents, the problem would continue to
worsen as time passes by. The researchers believe that the barangay must introduce more
sustainable alternatives to lessen the amount of waste disposed every day.

Project Statement

The researchers conducted this study to identify the current waste management issue that
is experienced in Barangay Basak, Mandaue City, Cebu. Through this paper, they seek to propose
different alternatives to the current protocols/practices when it comes to the different aspects of
waste management: (1) collection, (2) regulation, and (3) disposal. Based on the PESTEL Analysis
and the Fishbone Diagram, there are currently many shortcomings and issues of the current
methods that need to be addressed and resolved -- whether it be political, economic, environmental,
etc.

Despite the actions/initiatives currently provided by the local authorities, as mentioned in

the ‘Environmental Landscape’ above, the researchers aim to shed a different light on this recurrent
issue on waste management within the area, in hopes that such recommendations brought about
by this study will be pondered upon by the higher authorities.

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References

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Villa, A. (2018, October 14). Philippines plastic pollution: Why so much waste ends up in oceans.
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United Nations. (2016, July). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved March 04, 2021, from
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Perolina, F. Z. (2012, February 2). 2 establishments fined for garbage. Philstar. Retrieved from
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mandaue-city

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