Mechanics of Machine: Governors

Engr.
Ghulam Murtaza
Mechanics of machine
INSTRUCTOR Ghulam Murtaza
2k18 Session
Governors
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Swedish College of Engineering and Technology
Wah Cantt
5/26/2021 1
Mechanics of Machine
Governors
The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine
with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain
limits.
When the load on engine increases, the

configuration of the governor changes
and a valve is moved to increase the
supply of the working fluid; conversely,
when the load decreases, the engine
speed increases, and the governor
decreases the supply of working fluid.
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Animation#01

Types of Governors
1. Centrifugal Governors
2. Inertial Governors
Most of our discussion will be around Centrifugal Governors

Terms used in Governors
1. Height of a governor:
It is the vertical distance from the center of the ball to a point
where the axes of the arms (or arms produced) intersect on the
spindle axis. It is usually denoted by h.
2. Equilibrium speed:
It is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc., are in
complete equilibrium and the sleeve does not tend to move upwards
or downwards.
3. Mean equilibrium speed:
It is the speed at the mean position of the balls or the sleeve.
5
Terms used in Governors
4. Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds:

The speeds at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation of the
balls, without tending to move either way are known as maximum and
minimum equilibrium speeds respectively.
5. Sleeve lift:
It is the vertical distance which the sleeve travels due to change in
equilibrium speed.
6
Centrifugal Governors
The balls moves rise up or
fall down when rotate
Centrifugal force
Sleeve
can slide
up and
down
The balls revolve with a spindle, which

is driven by the engine through bevel gears
Watt Governor
The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a Watt
governor, as shown in Figure. It is basically a conical
pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of negligible
mass.

Watt Governor
m = Mass of the ball in kg
w = Weight of the ball in newtons = mg
T = Tension in the arm in newtons
ω = Angular velocity of the arm and ball about the spindle axis in rad/s
r = Radius of the path of rotation of the ball
FC = Centrifugal force acting on the ball in newtons
h = Height of the governor in metres
hg  895
 2
N2
Where Fc  m 2 r
2 N

60
This governor may only work satisfactorily at relatively
low speeds i.e. from 60 to 80 r.p.m.
Derivation:

Watt Governors

Porter Governor
The Porter governor is a modification of a Watt’s
governor, with central load attached to the sleeve as
shown in Fig. The load moves up and down the central
spindle. This additional downward force increases the
speed of revolution required to enable the balls to rise
to any predetermined level.

Porter Governor
1. Method of resolution of forces
m = Mass of each ball in kg,
w = Weight of each ball in newtons = m.g,
M = Mass of the central load in kg,
W = Weight of the central load in newtons = M.g,
r = Radius of rotation in metres,
h = Height of governor in metres ,
N = Speed of the balls in r.p.m .,
ω = Angular speed of the balls in rad/s = 2 πN/60 rad/s,
FC = Centrifugal force acting on the ball in newtons= m.ω2.r,
T1 = Force in the arm in newtons,
T2 = Force in the link in newtons,
α = Angle of inclination of the arm (or upper link) to the vertical,
β = Angle of inclination of the link (or lower link) to the vertical.

Porter Governor
The relation between the height of governor (h) and the speed
of the ball is
When the length of arms are equal to length

M of links and point P and D are on same
m 1  q  895 vertical line
N2  2 
m h tan 
q 1
tan a
Where
tan 
q In that case the relation would be
tan a
m  M 895
r N 
2

tan   m h
h

Porter Governor
When the loaded sleeve move up and down a friction force ‘F’
acts on in opposite to the direction of motion of sleeve
When the length of arms are equal to length

 M .g  F  of links and point P and D are on same
m.g    1  q  895 vertical line
N2   2  
m.g h tan 
q 1
tan a
Where
tan 
q In that case the relation would be
tan a
m.g   M .g  F 1  q  895
r N2  
tan   m.g h
h
The + sign: governor speed increase and sleeve move upward
The - sign: governor speed decrease and sleeve move downward
Porter Governor

Porter Governor

Porter Governor

Porter Governor

Porter Governor

Porter Governor

Porter Governor

Hartnell Governor
(Do Yourself)
Spring Loaded
Governor
Spring tension can

be adjusted by nut
Frame is attached to
spindle
Pivoted at O,O
Hartnell Governor
m = Mass of each ball in kg,
M = Mass of sleeve in kg,
s = Stiffness of the spring or the force required to compress the spring by one mm,
x = Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever in metres,
y = Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever in metres, and
r = Distance of fulcrum O from the governor axis or the radius of rotation when the
governor is in mid-position, in metres.

Hartnell Governor
r2 = Maximum radius of rotation in metres,
r1 = Minimum radius of rotation in metres,
ω1 = Angular speed of the governor at minimum ω2 = Angular speed of the governor at maximum
radius in rad/s, radius in rad/s,
S1 = Spring force exerted on the sleeveat ω1 in S2 = Spring force exerted on the sleeveat ω2 in
newtons, newtons,
FC1 = Centrifugal force at ω1 in newtons = FC2 = Centrifugal force at ω2 in newtons =
m (ω1)2 r1 m (ω2)2 r2

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

Hartnell Governor

End

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Engr.

When the load on engine increases, the

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Most of our discussion will be around Centrifugal Governors

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4. Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds:

The balls revolve with a spindle, which

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When the length of arms are equal to length

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When the length of arms are equal to length

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Spring tension can

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