ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
seven

beam sections -
geometric properties
Sections 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Center of Gravity
• location of equivalent weight
• determined with calculus
z y W
W4 W1
W3 W2

• sum element weights W   dW

Sections 2 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Center of Gravity
• “average” x & y from moment
z y W
W4 W1
W3 W2

x
n
  x W 
My  
i 1
xi Wi  x W  x 
W
  y W 
“bar” means average
n

Mx  
i 1
yi Wi  yW  y 
W
Sections 3 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Centroid
• “average” x & y of an area
• for a volume of constant thickness
–  W  t A where  is weight/volume
– center of gravity = centroid of area

  x A 
x
A
  y A 
y
A
Sections 4 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Centroid
• for a line, sum up length
  x L 
x
L
  y L 
y
L

L

Sections 5 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
1st Moment Area
• math concept
• the moment of an area about an axis

Qx  yA y
A (area)

  y A 
y
Qy  xA y x x
A

Sections 6 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Symmetric Areas
• symmetric about
an axis

• symmetric about
a center point

• mirrored symmetry

Sections 7 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Composite Areas
• made up of basic shapes
• areas can be negative
• (centroids can be negative for any area)

 +
(-)
-

Sections 8 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure
1. Draw reference origin (if not given)
2. Divide into basic shapes (+/-)
3. Label shapes
Component Area x xA y yA
4. Draw table
5. Fill in table 

6. Sum necessary columns

7. Calculate xx̂ and yŷ

Sections 9 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Area Centroids
• Table 7.1 – pg. 242

h b
3
right triangle only
b

Sections 10 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Moments of Inertia
• 2nd moment area
– math concept
– area x (distance)2
• need for behavior of
– beams
– columns

Sections 11 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Moment of Inertia
• about any reference axis
• can be negative
y

I y   x dA
2
dx = ydx
dA

I x   y dA
2
x el dx
x

• resistance to bending and buckling

Sections 12 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Moment of Inertia
• same area moved away a distance
– larger I

x x x x

Sections 13 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Polar Moment of Inertia
• for roundish shapes
• uses polar coordinates (r and )
• resistance to twisting

J o   r dA 
2 o
pole

Sections 14 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Radius of Gyration
• measure of inertia with respect to area
Ix
rx 
A

Sections 15 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Parallel Axis Theorem
• can find composite I once composite
centroid is known (basic shapes)

I x  I cx  Ad y
2
dA y
B axis through centroid
 I x  Ad y
2 B
at a distance d away
y d from the other axis

A A axis to find moment of

inertia about

I   I   Ad 2

I  I  Ad 2

Sections 16 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure
1. Draw reference origin (if not given)
2. Divide into basic shapes (+/-)
3. Label shapes
4. Draw table with A, xx, x xA, y yyA,
A y, A II’s, d’s,
and Ad2’s
5. Fill in table and get xx̂ and xŷ for composite
6. Sum necessary columns
7. Sum I’sI and Ad 2’s ( d x  x̂  x )
( d y  ŷ  y )
Sections 17 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Area Moments of Inertia
• Table 7.2 – pg. 252: (bars refer to centroid)
– x, y
– x’, y’
–C

Sections 18 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 7 ARCH 331