ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
ten
rigid frames:
compression & buckling
Rigid Frames 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frames
• rigid frames have no
pins
• frame is all one body
• joints transfer
moments and shear
• typically statically
indeterminate
• types
– portal
– gable
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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frames
• behavior

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frames
– moments get redistributed
– deflections are smaller
– effective column lengths are shorter
– very sensitive to settling

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Moment Redistribution
• continuous slabs & beams with uniform
loading
– joints similar to fixed ends, but can rotate
2
• change in moment to center = wL
– Mmax for simply supported beam 8

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frames
• resists lateral
loadings
• shape depends on
stiffness of beams
and columns
• 90° maintained

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frames
• staggered truss
– rigidity
– clear stories

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frames
• connections
– steel
– concrete

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Braced Frames
• pin connections
• bracing to prevent lateral movements

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Braced Frames
• types of bracing
– knee-bracing
– diagonal
–X
diagonal X
– K or chevron
– shear walls

K (chevron) shear walls

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Shear Walls
• resist lateral load in plane with wall

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Compression Members
• designed for strength & stresses
• designed for serviceability & deflection
• need to design for stability
– ability to support a
specified load
without sudden or
unacceptable
deformations

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Column Buckling
• axially loaded columns
• long & slender
– unstable equilibrium =
buckling
– sudden and not good

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Modeling
• can be modeled with a spring at mid-height
• when moment
from deflection
exceeds the
spring capacity
... “boing”
• critical load P

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Effect of Length
• long & slender • short & stubby

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Buckling Load
• related to deflected shape (P)
• shape of sine wave
• Euler’s Formula
• smallest I governs

 EI
2
Pcritical 
L 2

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
 Critical Stress
• short columns
Pactual
f critical   Fa
A
• slenderness ratio = Le/r (L/d)

I
• radius of gyration = r  weak axis
A
Pcritical  2 EAr 2  2E  2 EA
f critical    Pcritical 
AL e 
2 2 2
A  Le   Le 
 r  r
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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Critical Stresses
• when a column gets stubby, Fy will limit the
load
• real world has loads
with eccentricity
• Cc for steel and
allowable stress

Le 2 2
E
 Cc 
r Fy

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Effective Length
• end conditions affect shape
• effective length factor, K Le  K  L

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Bracing
• bracing affects shape of buckle
in one direction
• both should be checked!

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Centric & Eccentric Loading
• centric
– allowable stress from strength or buckling
• eccentric
– combined stresses

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Combined Stresses
– axial + bending
P Mc
f max  
A I
M  P e
– design
f cr
f max  Fcr 
F .S .
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Stress Limit Conditions
– ASD interaction formula
f a fb fa
  1 .0 Fa
Fa Fb
1

– with biaxial bending

f a f bx f by fb
   1 .0
1
Fb
Fa Fbx Fby interaction diagram

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
 Stress Limit Conditions
– in reality, as the column flexes,
P
the moment increases

– P- effect

f a f b  ( Magnificat ion factor)

  1 .0
Fa Fbx

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frame Analysis
• members see
– shear
– axial force
– bending
• V & M diagrams
– plot on “outside”

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frame Analysis
– need support reactions
– free body diagram each member
– end reactions are equal and opposite on
next member
– “turn” member
like beam
– draw V & M

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frame Analysis
– FBD & M P
• opposite end
reactions at joints

M+

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frame Design
• loads and combinations
– usually uniformly distributed gravity loads
– worst case for largest moments...
– wind direction can increase moments

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frame Design
• frames & floors
– rigid frame can have slab floors or slab
with connecting beams
• other
– slabs or plates
on columns

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frame Design
• floors – plates & slabs
– one-way behavior
• side ratio > 1.5
• “strip” beam
– two-way behavior
• more complex

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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Rigid Frame Design
• columns in frames
– ends can be “flexible”
– stiffness affected by beams
and column = EI/L
 EI l
G   c

 EI
– for the joint l b
• lc is the column length of each column
• lb is the beam length of each beam
• measured center to center
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Rigid Frame Design
• column effective length, k

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Tools – Multiframe
• in computer lab

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Tools – Multiframe
• frame window
– define frame members
• or pre-defined frame
– select points, assign supports
– select members,
assign section
– load window
– select point or member,
add point or distributed
loads
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Lecture 10 ARCH 331
Tools – Multiframe
• to run analysis choose
– Analyze menu
• Linear
• plot
– choose options
• results
– choose
options

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