Module 1 & 2

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:
FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
seven
beam sections -
geometric properties
Sections 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Center of Gravity
• location of equivalent weight
• determined with calculus
z y W
W4 W1
W3 W2
• sum element weights W   dW

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Center of Gravity
• “average” x & y from moment
z y W
W4 W1
W3 W2
x
n
  x W 
My  
i 1
xi Wi  x W  x 
W
  y W 
“bar” means average
n
Mx  
i 1
yi Wi  yW  y 
W
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Centroid
• “average” x & y of an area
• for a volume of constant thickness
–  W  t A where  is weight/volume
– center of gravity = centroid of area
  x A 
x
A
  y A 
y
A
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Centroid
• for a line, sum up length
  x L 
x
L
  y L 
y
L
L

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
1st Moment Area
• math concept
• the moment of an area about an axis
Qx  yA y
A (area)
  y A 
y
Qy  xA y x x
A

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Symmetric Areas
• symmetric about
an axis
• symmetric about
a center point
• mirrored symmetry

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Composite Areas
• made up of basic shapes
• areas can be negative
• (centroids can be negative for any area)
 +
(-)
-

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure
1. Draw reference origin (if not given)
2. Divide into basic shapes (+/-)
3. Label shapes
Component Area x xA y yA
4. Draw table
5. Fill in table 
6. Sum necessary columns

7. Calculate xx̂ and yŷ

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Area Centroids
• Table 7.1 – pg. 242
h b
3
right triangle only
b

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Moments of Inertia
• 2nd moment area
– math concept
– area x (distance)2
• need for behavior of
– beams
– columns

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Moment of Inertia
• about any reference axis
• can be negative
y
I y   x dA
2
dx = ydx
dA
I x   y dA
2
x el dx
x
• resistance to bending and buckling

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Moment of Inertia
• same area moved away a distance
– larger I
x x x x

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Polar Moment of Inertia
• for roundish shapes
• uses polar coordinates (r and )
• resistance to twisting
J o   r dA 
2 o
pole

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Radius of Gyration
• measure of inertia with respect to area
Ix
rx 
A

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Parallel Axis Theorem
• can find composite I once composite
centroid is known (basic shapes)
I x  I cx  Ad y
2
dA y
B axis through centroid
 I x  Ad y
2 B
at a distance d away
y d from the other axis
A A axis to find moment of

inertia about
I   I   Ad 2
I  I  Ad 2

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure
1. Draw reference origin (if not given)
2. Divide into basic shapes (+/-)
3. Label shapes
4. Draw table with A, xx, x xA, y yyA,
A y, A II’s, d’s,
and Ad2’s
5. Fill in table and get xx̂ and xŷ for composite
6. Sum necessary columns
7. Sum I’sI and Ad 2’s ( d x  x̂  x )
( d y  ŷ  y )
Lecture 7 ARCH 331
Area Moments of Inertia
• Table 7.2 – pg. 252: (bars refer to centroid)
– x, y
– x’, y’
–C

Lecture 7 ARCH 331
ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
eight
beams:
bending and shear stress
Beam Stresses 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Beam Bending
• Galileo
– relationship between
stress and depth2
• can see
– top squishing
– bottom stretching
• what are the stress across the section?

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Pure Bending
• bending only
• no shear
• axial normal stresses
from bending can be
found in
– homogeneous materials
y
– plane of symmetry
– follow Hooke’s law x

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Bending Moments
• sign convention: V
+ - M
• size of maximum internal moment will

govern our design of the section

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Normal Stresses
• geometric fit
– plane sections
remain plane
– stress varies linearly

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Neutral Axis
• stresses vary linearly
• zero stress occurs at

the centroid
• neutral axis is line of

centroids (n.a.)

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Derivation of Stress from Strain
• pure bending =
arc shape 
R
L  R
Loutside  ( R  y ) c L y
½ ½
 Loutside  L R  y   R y
   
L L R R
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Derivation of Stress
• zero stress at n.a.

Ey R
f  E 
R
Ec c L y
f max 
R ½ ½
y
f  f max
c
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Bending Moment
• resultant moment
from stresses =
bending moment!
M   fy A
yf max f max 2 f max

 y A  y A  I  f max S
c c c
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Bending Stress Relations
1 M My I
 fb  S
R EI I c
curvature general bending stress section modulus
M M
fb  S required 
S Fb
maximum bending stress required section
modulus for design
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Transverse Loading and Shear
• perpendicular loading
• internal shear
• along with bending moment

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Bending vs. Shear in Design
• bending stresses
dominate
• shear stresses exist

horizontally with shear
• no shear stresses
with pure bending

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Shear Stresses
• horizontal & vertical

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Shear Stresses
• horizontal & vertical

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses
• horizontal with bending

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Equilibrium
• horizontal
force V
needed
VT Q
Vlongitudinal  x
I
• Q is a moment area
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Moment of Area
• Q is a moment area with respect to the n.a.
of area above or below the horizontal
• Qmax at y=0
(neutral axis)
• q is shear flow:
Vlongitudinal VT Q
q 
x I
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Shearing Stresses
V V
fv  
A b  x
VQ
f v  ave 
Ib
• f v  ave
= 0 on the top/bottom
• b min may not be with Q max
• with h/4  b, fv-max  1.008 fv-ave
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Rectangular Sections
3
bh 2
I Q  A y  bh
12 8
VQ 3V
fv  
Ib 2 A
• fv-max occurs at n.a.

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Steel Beam Webs
• W and S sections
– b varies
tweb
– stress in flange negligible

– presume constant 3V V
f v  max  
stress in web 2 A Aweb
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Shear Flow
• loads applied in plane of symmetry
• cut made perpendicular VQ
q
I
fv fv fv
fv fv fv

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Shear Flow Quantity
• sketch from Q
VQ
q
I

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Connectors Resisting Shear
• plates with p
– nails y
p
p
8”
– rivets x
4.43”
2”
4”
ya
– bolts 2”
12”
• splices
Vlongitudinal VQ

p I
VQconnected area
nFconnector  p
I
Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Vertical Connectors
• isolate an area with vertical interfaces
VQconnected area p
nFconnector  p p
I p

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
Unsymmetrical Shear or Section
• member can bend and twist
– not symmetric
– shear not in that plane
• shear center
– moments balance

Lecture 8 ARCH 331
ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
six
beams – http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
internal forces & diagrams

Internal Beam Forces 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beams
• span horizontally
– floors
– bridges
– roofs
• loaded transversely by gravity loads
• may have internal axial force V
M
• will have internal shear force R
• will have internal moment (bending)

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beams
• transverse loading
• sees:
– bending
– shear
– deflection
– torsion
– bearing
• behavior depends on
cross section shape
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beams
• bending
– bowing of beam with loads
– one edge surface stretches
– other edge surface squishes

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses
• stress = relative force over an area
– tensile
– compressive
– bending
• tension and compression + ...

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses
• tension and compression
– causes moments
Copyright © 1996-2000 Kirk Martini.

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses
• prestress or post-tensioning
– put stresses in tension area to
“pre-compress”

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses
• shear – horizontal & vertical

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses
• shear – horizontal & vertical

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Stresses
• shear – horizontal

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Deflections
• depends on
– load
– section
– material

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Deflections
• “moment of inertia”

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Styles
• vierendeel
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
• open web joists

• manufactured

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Internal Forces
• trusses
– axial only, (compression & tension)
F A B F
F A F F B F
T´
• in general
– axial force
T
– shear force, V T´
– bending moment, M
V

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Loading
• concentrated force
• concentrated moment
– spandrel beams

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Loading
• uniformly distributed load (line load)
• non-uniformly distributed load
– hydrostatic pressure = h
– wind loads

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Supports
• statically determinate
L L L
simply supported overhang cantilever
(most common)
• statically indeterminate
L L L L
continuous Propped Restrained

(most common case when L1=L2)

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Beam Supports
• in the real world, modeled type

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Internal Forces in Beams
• like method of sections / joints
– no axial forces
• section must be in equilibrium
• want to know where biggest internal
forces and moments are for designing
V
M
R
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
V & M Diagrams
• tool to locate Vmax and Mmax (at V = 0)
• necessary for designing
• have a different sign convention than
external forces, moments, and reactions
(+)V
(+)M
R
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Sign Convention
• shear force, V:
– cut section to LEFT
– if Fy is positive by statics, V acts down
and is POSITIVE
– beam has to resist shearing apart by V
(+)V
(+)M
R
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Shear Sign Convention

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Sign Convention
• bending moment, M:
– cut section to LEFT
– if Mcut is clockwise, M acts ccw and is
POSITIVE – flexes into a “smiley” beam
has to resist bending apart by M
(+)V
(+)M
R
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Bending Moment Sign Convention

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Deflected Shape
• positive bending moment

– tension in bottom, compression in top
• negative bending moment
– tension in top, compression in bottom
• zero bending moment
– inflection point
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Constructing V & M Diagrams
• along the beam length, plot V, plot M
V + L
- load diagram
M
+ L

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Mathematical Method
• cut sections with x as width
• write functions of V(x) and M(x)
V + L
M
+ L
x

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Method 1: Equilibrium
• cut sections at important places
• plot V & M
V + L
M
+ L
L/2

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Method 1: Equilibrium
• important places
– supports
– concentrated loads
– start and end of distributed loads
– concentrated moments
• free ends
– zero forces

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Method 2: Semigraphical
• by knowing
– area under loading curve = change in V
– area under shear curve = change in M
– concentrated forces cause “jump” in V
– concentrated moments cause “jump” in M
xD xD
VD  VC    wdx M D  M C   Vdx
xC xC
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Method 2
• relationships

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Method 2: Semigraphical
• Mmax occurs where V = 0 (calculus)
V L no area
+
-
M
+ L

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Curve Relationships
• integration of functions
• line with 0 slope, integrates to sloped
y y

x x
• ex: load to shear, shear to moment

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Curve Relationships
• line with slope, integrates to parabola
y y

x x

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Curve Relationships
• parabola, integrates to 3rd order curve
y y

x x

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure with Sections
1. Find reaction forces & moments
Plot axes, underneath beam load
diagram
V:
2. Starting at left
3. Shear is 0 at free ends
4. Shear has 2 values at point loads
5. Sum vertical forces at each section
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure with Sections
M:
6. Starting at left
7. Moment is 0 at free ends
8. Moment has 2 values at moments
9. Sum moments at each section
10. Maximum moment is where shear = 0!
(locate where V = 0)

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure by Curves
1. Find reaction forces & moments
Plot axes, underneath beam load
diagram
V:
2. Starting at left
3. Shear is 0 at free ends
4. Shear jumps with concentrated load
5. Shear changes with area under load
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Basic Procedure by Curves
M:
6. Starting at left
7. Moment is 0 at free ends
8. Moment jumps with moment
9. Moment changes with area under V
10. Maximum moment is where shear = 0!
(locate where V = 0)

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Shear Through Zero
• slope of V is w (-w:1)
w (force/length)
load
V
x  w  VA  x  A
height = VA
w
shear
A width = x

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Parabolic Shapes
• cases
- -
+ +
up fast, up slow, down fast, down slow,

then slow then fast then slow then fast
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Deflected Shape & M(x)
• -M(x) gives shape indication
• boundary conditions must be met

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Boundary Conditions
• at pins, rollers,
fixed supports: y = 0
• at fixed supports:  = 0
• at inflection points
from symmetry:  = 0
• ymax at dy
0
dx
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Tabulated Beam Formulas
• how to read charts

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Tools
• software & spreadsheets help
• http://www.rekenwonder.com/atlas.htm

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
Tools – Multiframe
• in computer lab

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
• frame window
– define beam members
– select points, assign supports
– select members,
assign section
• load window
– select point or member,
add point or distributed
loads

Lecture 6 ARCH 331
• to run analysis choose
– Analyze menu
• Linear
• plot
– choose options
– double click (all)
• results
– choose
options
Lecture 6 ARCH 331
ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
eleven
design loads, methods,
structural codes & tracing
Methods & Codes 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Design
• factors out of the designer’s control
– loads
– occurrence
• factors within the designer’s control
– choice of material
– “cost” of failure (F.S., probability, location)
– economic design method
– analysis method

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Design Methods
• different approaches to meeting
strength/safety requirements
– allowable stress design (elastic)
– ultimate strength design
– limit state design
– plastic design
– load and resistance factor design
• assume a behavior at failure or other
threshold and include a margin of safety
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Types
• D = dead load
• L = live load
• Lr = live roof load
• W = wind load
• S = snow load
• E = earthquake load
• R = rainwater load or ice water load
• T = effect of material & temperature
• H = hydraulic loads from soil (F from fluids)
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Dead Loads
• fixed elements
– structure itself
– internal partitions
– hung ceilings
– all internal and external finishes
– HVAC ductwork and equipment
– permanently mounted equipment
• F = mg (GRAVITY)

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Weight of Materials
• for a volume
– W = γV where γ is weight/volume
– W = γ tA for an extruded area with
height of t

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Concentrated Loads

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Distributed Loads
• for an area
w A

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Dynamic Loads
• time, velocity, acceleration
• kinetics
– forces causing motion
W = m·g
– work
– conservation of energy

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Locations
• centric
• eccentric
• bending or flexural load
• torsional load
• combined loading

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Paths
• tributary
areas
• transfer

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Live Loads
• occupancy
• movable furniture
and equipment
• construction / roof
traffic – Lr
• minimum values
• reduction allowed
as area increases

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Wind Load
• wind speed
• gusting
• terrain
• windward, leeward,
up and down!
• drag
• rocking
• harmonic
• torsion

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Snow Load
• latitude
• solar exposure
• wind speed
• roof slope
Moscow 2006 (BBC News)

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Seismic Load
• earthquake acceleration
– F = ma
– movement of ground (3D)
– building mass responds
– static models often used,
V is static shear
– building period, T ≈ 0.1N,
determines C V ZICW
– building resistance – RW RW
– Z (zone), I (importance factor)
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Dynamic Response

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Dynamic Response
• period of vibration or
frequency
– wave
– sway/time period
• damping
– reduction in sway
• resonance
– amplification of sway

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Frequency and Period
• natural period of vibration
– avoid resonance
– hard to predict seismic period
– affected by soil
– short period
• high stiffness
– long period “To ring the bell, the sexton must pull
• low stiffness on the downswing of the bell in time
with the natural frequency of the bell.”
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Water Load
• rainwater – clogged drains
• ponding
• ice formation
mrfussycontracting.com

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Thermal Load
• stress due to strain
• restrained expansion or contraction
• temperature gradients
• composite construction

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Hydraulic Loads
• pressure by water in soil, H
• fluid pressure, F
– normal to surface
• flood

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Building Codes
• documentation
– laws that deal with planning, design,
construction, and use of buildings
– regulate building construction for
• fire, structural and health safety
– cover all aspect of building design
– references standards
• acceptable minimum criteria
• material & structural codes

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Building Codes
• occupancy
• construction types
• structural chapters
– loads, tests, foundations
• structural materials, assemblies
– roofs
– concrete
– masonry
– steel

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Prescribed Loads
• ASCE-7
– live load (not roof) reductions allowed
• International Building Code
– occupancy
– wind: pressure to static
load
– seismic: shear load
function of mass and
response to acceleration
– fire resistance
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Structural Codes
• prescribe loads and combinations
• prescribe design method
• prescribe stress and deflection limits
• backed by the profession
• may require design to meet
performance standards
• related to material or function

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Structural Codes
• Design Codes
– Wood
• NDS
– Steel
• AISC
– Concrete
• ACI
• AASHTO
– Masonry
• MSJC
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Design Methods
• probability of loads and resistance
• material variability
• overload, fracture, fatigue, failure
• allowable stress design
P f capacity
f actual   f allowed 
A F .S .
• limit state design
– design loads & capacities
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Allowable Stress Design
• historical method
• a.k.a.
working stress,
strength design
• stresses stay in
ELASTIC range

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
ASCE-7
ASD Load Combinations (2010)
• D
• D+L
• D + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
• D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
• D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
– D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
– D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S
• 0.6D + 0.6W
• 0.6D + 0.7E
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Limit State Design
• a.k.a. strength design
• stresses go to limit (strain outside
elastic range)
• loads may be factored
• resistance or capacity reduced by a
factor
• based on material behavior
• “state of the art”
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Limit State Design
• load and resistance factor design (LRFD)
– loads:
• not constant,
• possibly more influential on failure
• happen more or less often
– UNCERTAINTY
 D RD   L RL   Rn
 - Resistance factor
 - Load factor for (D)ead & (L)ive load

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
ASCE-7
LRFD Load Combinations (2010)
• 1.4D
• 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
• 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
• 0.9D + 1.0W
• 0.9D + 1.0E
• F has same factor as D in 1-5 and 7
• H adds with 1.6 and resists with 0.9 (permanent)
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Deflection Limits
• based on service condition, severity
Use LL only DL+LL
Roof beams:
Industrial L/180 L/120
Commercial
plaster ceiling L/240 L/180
no plaster L/360 L/240
Floor beams:
Ordinary Usage L/360 L/240
Roof or floor (damageable elements) L/480
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Conditions
• loads, patterns & combinations
– usually uniformly distributed gravity loads
– worst case for largest moments...
– wind direction can increase moments

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Structural Loads
• gravity acts on mass (F=m*g)
• force of mass
– acts at a point
• ie. joist on beam
– acts along a “line”
• ie. floor on a beam
– acts over an area
• ie. people, books,
snow on roof or floor
Load Tracing 35 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Equivalent Force Systems
• replace forces by resultant
• place resultant where M = 0
• using calculus and area centroids
L
W   wdx   dA  A loading
0 loading
y
w(x)
x dx
x
x el
dx L
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Area Centroids
• Table 7.1 – pg. 242
h b
3
right triangle only
b

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Equivalent Load Areas
• area is width x “height” of load
• w is load per unit length
• W is total load
w x W 2w
w x W w 
2 2 w w
0
x x x
W W
W/2 W/2
x/2 x/2 2x/3 x/3 x/2 x/6 x/3

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Distributed Area Loads
• w is also load per unit area
w

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Tracing
• how loads are
transferred
– usually starts at top
– distributed by
supports as actions
– distributed by
tributary areas

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Tracing
• areas see distributed
area load
• beams or trusses
see distributed line
loads
• “collectors” see
forces
– columns
– supports
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Tracing
tributary area

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Tracing
• tributary load
– think of water flow
– “concentrates” load of
area into center
 load 
w=  × ( tributary width )
 area  width

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Tracing
Patcenter
Rogers 1986
www.columbia.edu

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Tracing
Alamillo Bridge
Calatrava 1992
http://en.structurae.de

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Paths
• floors and framing

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Paths
• wall systems

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Paths
• openings & pilasters

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Paths
• foundations

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Load Paths
• deep foundations

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Spans
• direction
• depth

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Levels
• determine span at top level
• find half way to next element
• *include self weight
• look for “collectors”
• repeat
• one:

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Levels
• two:
• three:

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Irregular Configurations
• tracing still ½ each side

Lecture 14 ARCH 331
Slabs
• edge support
• linear and uniform distribution

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Girders and Transfer
• openings
– no load & no half way
• girder actions at beam supports
+ +
+ +

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Sloped Beams
• stairs & roofs
• projected live load
• dead load over length 
• perpendicular load to beam:

w  w  cos 
• equivalent distributed load:
w
wadj . 
cos 
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Framing Diagrams
• beam lines and “dots” Spanning direction of decking or reinforcement
• breaks & ends

Lecture 14 ARCH 331
Retaining Walls
• purpose
– retain soil or other material
• basic parts
– wall & base
– additional parts
• counterfort
• buttress
• key

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Retaining Wall Types
• “gravity” wall
– usually unreinforced
– economical & simple
• cantilever retaining wall

– common

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Retaining Wall Loads
• gravity
W=V
• fluid pressure
p = ’  h N
P = ½ p h at h/3
• friction
F=N
• soil bearing pressure, q

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Retaining Wall Equilibrium
• sliding - overcome friction?
• overturning at toe (o) - overcome mass?
M resist
SF   1.5  2
W M overturning
P
Fhorizontal  resist
o
Fresist SF   1.25  2
R F sliding

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Pressure Distribution
• want resultant of load from pressure inside
the middle third of base (kern)
• triangular stress block with pmax
• x = 1/3 x width of stress
• equivalent force location:
pmax 3x x
W x   x a
2 3
2W 2W when a is
pmax   fully stressed
3x a
Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Wind Pressure
• distributed load
• “collected” into V
• lateral loads V
must be
resisted

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
Bracing Configurations

Lecture 11 ARCH 331
LOAD COMBINATIONS
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
AN OVERVIEW
JUDE SAMUDIO
RB SANCHEZ CONSULTING ENGINEERS
BELLE GRAND CASINO DOUBLE DRAGON PLAZA NOVOTEL CUBAO
CYBERPARK TOWER 1 URBAN DECA EDSA SPARKPLACE

RB SANCHEZ CONSULTING ENGINEERS
PROJECTS
PROJECT INVOLVEMENT
DESIGN PROCESS
JUDE SAMUDIO
INITIAL FRAMING PLANS
CIRCULO VERDE
PHASE 2 PROJECT
DESIGN CRITERIA/ SPECIFICATIONS
LOADINGS
SM GOLD
RESIDENCES
LOADINGS
SM GOLD
RESIDENCES
LOAD MAP
CIRCULO VERDE
PHASE 2 PROJECT
WIND LOADS
LATERAL LOADS
SEISMIC LOADS
WIND LOAD
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
MATERIAL SPECS/ PRELIMINARY SIZES
REGULAR VS IRREGULAR STRUCTURE
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
1. SOFT STORY
1. SOFT STORY
1. SOFT STORY
1. SOFT STORY
2. WEIGHT MASS IRREGULARITY
3. VERTICAL GEOMETRIC IRREGULARITY
4. IN-PLANE DISCONTINUITY
5. WEAK STORY
6. RE ENTRANT CORNERS
6. RE ENTRANT CORNERS
7. DIAPHRAGM DISCONTINUITY IRREGULARITY
8. OUT OF PLANE OFFSET IRREGULARITY
9. NON PARALLEL SYSTEMS
10. TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY
10. TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY
MODELING PROCESS
ETABS
MODELING PROCESS
STAAD
BENTLEY STAAD OTHER SOFTWARES
MODELING PROCESS
MODELING PROCESS
PROTA STRUCTURE
ETABS MODEL
SM GLAM RESIDENCES
SM GLAM RESIDENCES
ETABS MODEL
SM SHORE 3
SM SHORE 3 TOWER 4-5
SM SHORE 3 TOWER 6-7
LOADINGS APPLICATION
LOADING
CIRCULO VERDE PHASE 2

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
GLOBAL ANALYSIS
GLOBAL ANALYSIS
GLOBAL ANALYSIS
STORY DRIFT
STORY DRIFT
MEMBER ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
RC BEAM DESIGN
BEAM DESIGN
SHEAR CHECK
DEFLECTION CHECK
TORSION CHECK
CRACK CONTROL
PLASTIC HINGING
SLAB DESIGN
DON GALO SLABS
Allowable Deflection= S/240
COLUMN DESIGN
COLUMN DESIGN
COLUMN DESIGN
COLUMN DESIGN
COLUMN FAILURES
COLUMN JOINT BURSTING
COLUMN JOINT SHEAR
STRONG COLUMN WEAK BEAM
FOUNDATION DESIGN
SHORE RES FOUNDATION
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STRUCTURAL
BEHAVIOR, SYSTEMS
AND DESIGN
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At the end of this session, the students should be able

1) To have an overview on structural design field and
process.
2) To familiarize reinforced concrete design terminologies.
3) To pragmatize the important relationship between the
architectural and structural aspect of thee building.
4) To learn basic reinforced concrete design principles,
mechanisms and analysis.
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One of the responsibilities of a structural

engineer is to devise arrangements and
proportions of members that can withstand
efficiently the conditions anticipated during
the lifetime of a structure.
Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art
and science, combining the engineer’s judgment
(experienced engineer’s intuitive feeling for the
behavior of a structure) with a sound knowledge of
the mechanics (principle of statics, dynamics,
mechanics of materials, and structural analysis), to
produce a safe, economical structure that will serve
its intended purpose.
It is composed of two parts:
Ensures that intended results are

achieved, such The selection of the arrangement
as and sizes of structural elements
(a) adequate working areas and so that service loads may be
clearances; safely carried, and
(b) proper ventilation and/or air- displacements are within
conditioning; acceptable limits.
(c) adequate mobility or
transportation facilities, such
as elevators, stairways and
cranes, etc;
(d) adequate lighting; and
SM SHORE RESIDENCES (e) aesthetics.
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Calatrava’s City of Arts and Sciences
https://www.bing.com/newtabredir?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecturaldigest.com%2Fgallery%2Fsantiago-calatrava-architecture%2Fall
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SANTIAGO
CALATRAVA
Santiago Calatrava Valls is a Spanish architect,
structural engineer, sculptor and painter, particularly
known for his bridges supported by single leaning
pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums, and
museums, whose sculptural forms often resemble
living organisms. His best-known works include the
Olympic Sports Complex of Athens, the Milwaukee
Art Museum, the Turning Torso tower in Malmö,
Sweden, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub
in New York City, the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa
Cruz de Tenerife, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in
Dallas, Texas, and his largest project, the City of Arts
and Sciences and Opera House in his birthplace,
Valencia. His architectural firm has offices in New York
City, Doha, and Zürich.
Plain Concrete
The term plain concrete is used to describe any concrete mass used
without any strengthening materials. The physical properties of plain
concrete are very similar to stone and include the ability to withstand
great pressure.
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The first modern record of concrete is as early

as 1760, when John Smeaton used it in Britain
in the first lock on the river Calder .The walls
of the lock were made of stones filled in
concrete. In 1796, J. Parker discovered Roman
natural cement, and 15 years later Vicat
burned a mixture of clay and lime to produce
cement. In 1824, Joseph Aspdin manufactured
portland cement in Wakefield, Britain. It was
called portland cement because when it
hardened it resembled stone from the quarries
of the Isle of Portland.
In France, François Marte Le Brun built a

concrete house in 1832 in Moissac in which he
used concrete arches of 18-ft span. He used
concrete to build a school in St. Aignan in 1834
and a church in Corbarièce in 1835. Joseph
Louis Lambot exhibited a small rowboat made
of reinforced concrete at the Paris Exposition
in 1854. In the same year, W. B. Wilkinson of
England obtained a patent for a concrete floor
reinforced by twisted cables. The Frenchman
François Cignet obtained his first patent in
1855 for his system of iron bars, which were
embedded in concrete floors and extended to
the supports. One year later, he added nuts at
the screw ends of the bars, and in 1869, he
published a book describing the applications of
reinforced concrete.
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Structural concrete is one of the materials commonly used to design all

types of buildings. Its two component materials, concrete and steel, work
together to form structural members that can resist many types of
loadings. The key to its performance lies in strengths that are
complementary: Concrete resists compression and steel reinforcement
resists tension forces.
The term structural concrete indicates all types of concrete used in
structural applications. Structural concrete may be plain, reinforced,
prestressed, or partially prestressed concrete; in addition, concrete is
used in composite design. Composite design is used for any structural
member, such as beams or columns, when the member contains a
combination of concrete and steel shapes.
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Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel

reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete.
Reinforced concrete (RC), also called reinforced cement concrete (RCC), is a

composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and
ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher
tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not
necessarily, steel bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the
concrete before the concrete sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed
as a technique to reinforce the concrete. Worldwide, in volume terms it is an
absolutely key engineering material.[1][2] In corrosion engineering terms, when
designed correctly, the alkalinity of the concrete protects the steel rebar from
corrosion
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CEMENT AND WATER

• Used in binding aggregates ( sand and gravel)
• Water/cement ratio greatly affects the strength
of concrete
CURING OF CONCRETE
• Curing is performed by submerging the
specimen underwater. This is done in order to
prevent moisture loss. Rapid moisture loss leads
to cracking and loss of strength of the concrete
specimen
Note : Ideally, the maximum strength of concrete

is attained at the 28th day of curing.
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-Horizontal plate elements in building floors and roofs. They may carry gravity
loads as well as lateral loads. The depth of the slab is usually very small relative
to its length or width
1. Conventional Slabs
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-Horizontal plate elements in building floors and roofs. They may carry gravity
loads as well as lateral loads. The depth of the slab is usually very small relative
to its length or width
-This slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by a concrete column or

caps. Flat slab does not have beams so they are also known as beam-less slabs
which are supported on the column and load is transferred directly to the column.
-In this type of construction, a plain ceiling is obtained which gives an attractive
appearance in terms of architecture.
-Plain roofs disperse are considered less sensitive to fire than traditional beam
slab construction.
-Flat slabs are easy to construct and require less formwork with the thickness of
the flat slab is a minimum of 8 inches or 0.2m.
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-These slabs derive their name from voids or cores that run through units.
-Cores can act as service ducts that reduce the self-weight of slabs with maximizing
structural impact, it also has advantages in terms of stability in reducing the amount of
concrete used.
-Units are usually available in standard 1200 mm width and 110 mm to 400 mm depth, the
units have complete freedom in length.
-This type of slabs is precast, where the building is to be executed quickly which has 4 and 6
longitudinal cores operating between them.
-With the core being intended to reduce weight and the materials throughout the ground
maintain maximum strength.
Hardy Slabs Waffle Slab Dome Slab
Pitch roof slab Post tension slab Slab with Arches
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Beams are long, horizontal, or inclined members with limited width and
depth. Their main function is to support loads from slabs.
Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to

carry vertical loads. Quite often they are classified according to the
way they are supported, as indicated the figure.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment; however,
if they are short and carry large loads, the internal shear force
may become quite large and this force may govern their design.
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Columns are critical members that support loads from beams or

slabs. They may be subjected to axial loads or axial loads and
moments
Space Frames
Space frames constitute the most general
category of framed structures. Members of
space frames may be arranged in any
arbitrary directions, and connected by rigid
and/or flexible connections. Loads in any
directions may be applied on members as
Frames are structural members that consist of a combination of well as on joints. The members of a space
frame may, in general, be subjected to
beams and columns or slabs, beams, and columns. They may be bending moments about both principal axes,
statically determinate or statically indeterminate frames. shears in both principal directions, torsional
moments, and axial forces.
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Footings are pads or strips that support columns and spread their
loads directly to the soil
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Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as

lateral loads as in the case of basement walls
LOAD BEARING WALLS NON-LOAD BEARING WALLS

It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above Non-load bearing walls only carry their own weight and
including its own weight and transfer it to the foundation. does not support any structural members such as beams
These walls supports structural members such as beams, and slabs. These walls are just used as partition walls or
slabs and walls on above floors above. It can be exterior to separate rooms from outside. It is known as interior
wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the floor. wall (doesn’t carry other load than its own load.
Types of Load Bearing Wall
Precast Concrete Wall Types of non load bearing wall
Retaining Wall a) Hollow Concrete Block
Masonry Wall b) Façade Bricks
Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls c) Hollow Bricks
Engineering Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm) d) Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)
Stone Wall
LOAD BEARING WALLS NON-LOAD BEARING WALLS
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LOAD BEARING WALLS

(RETAINING WALLS)
Retaining walls are structural members used to provide
stability for soil or other materials and to prevent them
from assuming their natural slope. In this sense, the
retaining wall maintains unequal levels of earth on its
two faces. The retained material on the higher level
exerts a force on the retaining wall that may cause its
overturning or failure. Retaining walls are used in bridges
as abutments, in buildings as basement walls, and in
embankments. They are also used to retain liquids, as in
water tanks and sewage treatment tanks
(RETAINING WALLS)
LOAD BEARING WALLS
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Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as

lateral loads as in the case of basement walls
CAVITY WALLS PARTITION WALLS

It is a wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with a space / Partition wall is an interior non-load bearing wall to
cavity between them. A type of building wall construction divide the larger space into smaller spaces. The heights of
consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner wall a partition wall depends on the use which may be one
separated by an air space. Cavity walls helps to prevent storey or part of one storey. These walls are made up of
the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the glass, fiber boards or brick masonry.
wall.
SHEAR WALLS
Shear walls are a framed wall designed to resist lateral

forces. It is a vertical elements of the horizontal force
resisting system. It is used to resist wind and earthquake
loading on a building. It is typically a wood frame stud
walls covered with a structural sheathing material like
plywood.
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SHEAR WALLS
Structural
Idealize the Structural Elements Structural
Estimate Loads Proportioning/
Building Analysis Drawings
Design Stage
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5/16/22, 10:55 AM ARSC 443 - 1.1 Related Definitions-2: ARSC 443-ARCH42S1 - Architectural Structures
ARSC 443 - 1.1 Related Definitions-2

To-Do Date: Aug 20 at 11:59pm

Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session the students should be able to be:
1. Familiar with fundamental definitions and principles of Reinforced Concrete Design.

RELATED DEFINITION
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/31243/pages/arsc-443-1-dot-1-related-definitions-2?module_item_id=2794057 1/7
Aggregate
A granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and iron-blast furnace
slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete
or mortar.
Balanced Design
A design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete (with a strain of

0.003) and steel (with a strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the
ultimate load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.
Cementitious materials
Materials with cementing value when used in concrete either by themselves, such
as Portland cement, blended hydraulic cement, or such materials in combination
with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground
granulated blast-furnace slag.
Concrete
A mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates.
Dead Load
Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position.

Design
The determination of the general shape and all specific dimensions of a particular
structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely
withstand the influences that will act on it throughout its useful life.
Design Load Combinations
Combination of factored loads and forces.

Design Strength
The nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor, ø.
Effective Depth of Section, d
The distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension

reinforcement.
Extreme Tension Steel

The reinforcement (prestressed or non-prestressed) that is the farthest from the
extreme compression fiber.
Live Load
Loads that may change in magnitude and position.
Modulus of Elasticity
The ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive

stresses below the proportional limit of the material.
Nominal Strength
The strength of a member or cross-section calculated in accordance with
provisions and assumptions of the strength design method before application of
any strength-reduction factors.
Over Reinforced Design

A design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for a
balanced design.
Plain concrete
Structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the
minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete.
Reinforced concrete
Concrete in which reinforcing bars or other types of reinforcement have been
integrated to improve one or more properties of concrete.
Required Strength
The strength of a member or cross-section required to resist factored loads or

related internal moments and forces.
Stress
The intensity of force per unit area.
Specified Compressive Strength of Concrete, f’c
The compressive strength of concrete used in the design of reinforced concrete
members in MPa.
Under Reinforced Design
A design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for a
balanced design.
Water
Used in mixing concrete that should be clean and free from injurious amounts of
oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement.

Reference:
Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., & Dolan, C. (2016). Design of Concrete Structures (15th ed.).
McGraw-Hill.
McCormac, J. C., & Brown, R. (2016). Design of Reinforced Concrete (10th ed.). John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (2019). National Structural

Code of the Philippines 2015 Volume I: Buildings, Towers, and other vertical structures
(7th ed. second printing). ASEP.

For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources
TIP Library (https://www.tip.edu.ph/library.html)
Proprietary Clause
Property of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.). No part of the materials made and
uploaded in this learning management system by T.I.P. may be copied, photographed, printed, reproduced,
shared, transmitted, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole
or in part, without the prior consent of T.I.P.
END OF TODAY'S LECTURE
"Sacrifice now, enjoy later."
-Malabsky
Return to Home Page! (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/31243/modules)
5/16/22, 10:57 AM ARSC 443 - 1.4 Loads on Structures-2: ARSC 443-ARCH42S1 - Architectural Structures
ARSC 443 - 1.4 Loads on Structures-2

To-Do Date: Aug 20 at 11:59pm

c

Loads on Structures

Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
https://tip.instructure.com/courses/31243/pages/arsc-443-1-dot-4-loads-on-structures-2?module_item_id=2794097 1/6
1. Learn the primary loads acting on structures.
Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design begins with those elements that are subjected to
the primary loads the structure is intended to carry and proceeds in sequence to the various supporting members
until the foundation is reached. In order to design a structure, it is, therefore, necessary to first specify the loads that
act on it.

GRAVITY LOADS
The vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight, and snow or rain, are commonly referred to as
gravity loads.
A. Dead Loads
Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that
are permanently attached to the structure. The values for dead loads are shown in NSCP Section 204,
Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for common material densities and minimum design dead loads for common
components.
B. Live Loads
Live Loads. Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused by the weights
of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces. NSCP Section 204, Table
205-1 provides recommended design live loads depending on the use of the space.
C. Snow and Rain Loads
In some parts of the country, roof loading due to snow or rain can be quite severe, and therefore
protection against possible failure is of primary concern.
D. Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed by these
loadings becomes an important criterion for their design.
E. Impact Loads
When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses than those that would be
produced if the same loads would have been applied gradually. The dynamic effect of the load that causes
this increase in stress in the structure is referred to as an impact.

LATERAL LOADS
The horizontal loads, induced mainly by wind and earthquake are called lateral loads.
A. Wind Loads
When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted into potential energy of
pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density and
velocity of the air, the angle of incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the
roughness of its surface.
B. Earthquake Loads
Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with the ground and its response
characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and
the lateral resistance of the structure.

NSCP 2015 Section 203.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR LOAD AND RESISTANCE
FACTOR DESIGN
203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations
Where strength design or load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall
resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored loads:
203-1 1.4(D + F)
203-2 1. 2 (D + F + T) + 1. 6(L + H) + 0. 5(Lr or R)
203-3 1. 2D + 1. 6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0. 5W)
203-4 1. 2D + 1. 0W + f1L + 0. 5(Lr or R)
203-5 1. 2D + 1. 0E + f 1 L
203-6 0.9D + 1. 0W + 1. 6H
203-7 0.9D + 1. 0E + 1. 6H
where:
f1 = (Non-reducible live loads) 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8
kPa, and for garage live load, or
= (Reducible live loads) 0.5 for other live loads
D = Dead load
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature
change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential
settlement, or combinations thereof
L = Live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
W = Wind load
E = Earthquake load
= ρEh + Ev

End.

Reference:
Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., & Dolan, C. (2016). Design of Concrete Structures (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
McCormac, J. C., & Brown, R. (2016). Design of Reinforced Concrete (10th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (2019). National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
Volume I: Buildings, Towers, and other vertical structures (7th ed. second printing). ASEP.

For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources
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5/16/22, 10:57 AM ARSC 443 - Load combinations Examples: ARSC 443-ARCH42S1 - Architectural Structures
ARSC 443 - Load combinations Examples

To-Do Date: Aug 25 at 10:30am

Load combinations Examples

NSCP 2015 Section 203.3.1
Where strength design or load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical
effects from the following combinations of factored loads:
1.4 (D + F)
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1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr + R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
where
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or
= 0.5 for other live loads
Results of the frame analysis of a certain structure provide the following values of loads for one of the critical members:
Gravity Loads: Dead load, D = 150kN; Roof live load, Lr = 60kN; Floor live load (non reducible), L = 240kN
Wind Load: W = 50kN (compression); W = 20kN (tension)
Seismic Load: E = 40kN (compression); E = 15kN (tension)
1. Determine the factored load (kN) if the dead load and live load combination governs.
Solution:
1.4 (D + F)
1.4(150) = 210kN
1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or R)
1.2(150) + 1.6(240) + 0.5(60) = 594kN
1.2D + 1.6(Lr + R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
1.2(150) + 1.6(60) + 1.0(240) = 516kN
594kN governs
2. Determine the design compression load if wind load combination governs
Solution:
1.2D + 1.6(Lr + R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
1.2(150) + 1.6(60) + 0.5(50) = 301kN
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2(150) + 1.0(50) + 1.0(240) + 0.5(60) = 500kN
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9(150) + 1.0(50) = 185kN
500kN governs
3. Determine the value of factored compression load (kN) if seismic governs in the design
Solution:
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
1.2(150) + 1.0(40) + 1.0(240) = 460kN
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
0.9(150) + 1.0(40) = 175kN
460kN governs
4. Determine the critical factored load (kN) that will be used in the design of the member.
Solution:
We have practically tried every load combination available. All we have to do is choose the highest.
594kN governs
End.

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ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

• sum element weights W   dW

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6. Sum necessary columns

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• resistance to bending and buckling

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A A axis to find moment of

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• what are the stress across the section?

Beam Stresses 2 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

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• size of maximum internal moment will

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• zero stress occurs at

• neutral axis is line of

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yf max f max 2 f max

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• shear stresses exist

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– stress in flange negligible

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beams – http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden

internal forces & diagrams

• will have internal shear force R

• will have internal moment (bending)

Internal Beam Forces 4 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Internal Beam Forces 5 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

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Copyright © 1996-2000 Kirk Martini.

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• open web joists

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continuous Propped Restrained

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