ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
twenty four
masonry construction: www.tamu.edu

beams & columns

Masonry Construction 1 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Office Hours

link to posted schedule

Masonry Construction 2 Architectural Structures Su2014abn

Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Masonry Design
• Masonry Standards Joint Committee
– ACI, ASCE, TMS
– ASD (+empirical)
• linear-elastic stresses
– LRFD added in 2002
– referenced by IBC
– unreinforced allows tension in
flexure
– reinforced - all tension in steel
– walls are also in compression International Masonry Institute (Brian Trimble)
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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Masonry Beam & Wall Design
• reinforcement increases capacity &
ductility

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
 Masonry Design
• fs is not the yield stress
• fm is the stress in the masonry
STRAIN STRESS
εm fm
Cm=fmb(kd)/2
kd
d n.a. jd M
t
εs fs/n Ts=Asfs
grout As
unit
As
ρ=
bd
BIA Teknote 17 series
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Masonry Materials
• units
– stone, brick, concrete block, clay tile

www.GlenGerybrick.com
National Concrete Masonry Association
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Masonry Materials
• mortar
– water,
masonry cement,
sand, lime
– types:
• M higher strength – 2500 psi (ave.) National Concrete
Masonry Association
A
• S medium high strength – 1800 psi
O
• N medium strength – 750 psi
W
• O medium low strength – 350 psi
R
• K low strength – 75 psi
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Masonry Materials
• rebar
• grout
– fills voids and fixes rebar
• prisms
– used to test strength, Ryan-Briggs Associates

f m
• fire resistant

National Concrete Masonry Association

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Masonry Materials
• moisture resistance
– weathering index
for brick
– bond and detailing
– expansion or
shrinking from water
• provide control joints
• parapets, corners,
long walls
parapet with no
control joint

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Allowable Masonry Stresses
• tension - unreinforced only

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Masonry Walls
tension normal to bed joints

Not allowed in
MSJC code

tension parallel to bed joints

strong units weak units

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Allowable Masonry Stresses
• flexure
– Fb = 1/3 f’m (unreinforced)
– Fb = 0.45 f’m (reinforced)
• shear, unreinforced masonry
– Fv = 1.5 f m  120 psi
• shear, reinforced masonry
– M/Vd  0.25: Fv = 3 .0 f m
– M/Vd  1.0: Fv = 2.0 f m

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Allowable Reinforcement Stress
• tension
a) Grade 40 or 50 Fs = 20 ksi
b) Grade 60 Fs = 32 ksi
c) Wire joint Fs = 30 ksi

• *no allowed increase by 1/3 for

combinations with wind & earthquake
– did before 2011 MSJC code

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
 Masonry Design
• fs is not the yield stress
• fm is the stress in the masonry
STRAIN STRESS
εm fm
Cm=fmb(kd)/2
kd
d n.a. jd M
t
εs fs/n Ts=Asfs
grout As
unit
As
ρ=
bd
BIA Teknote 17 series
Masonry Construction 5 Architectural Structures Su2014abn
Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Reinforcement, Ms
Cm=fmb(kd)/2
kd
d n.a. jd
t
Ts=Asfs
grout As
kd
unit ΣF=0: A s fs = fmb
2
2
ΣM about Cm: Ms = A s fs jd = ρbd jfs

if fs=Fs (allowable) the moment capacity is limited by the steel

MSJC: Fs = 20 ksi, 32 ksi or 30 ksi by type

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Lecture 23 ARCH 631
Masonry Lintels
• distributed load
– triangular or trapezoidal

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Strategy for RM Flexural Design
• to size section and find reinforcement
– find b knowing f’m and fy
– size section for some  < b
• get k, j
M
• bd 2  needs to be sized
jFs for shear also
• get b & d in nice units
M
– size reinforcement (bar size & #): As 
Fs jd
– check design: M s  As Fs jd  M
M
fb  2
 Fb
0.5bd jk
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Ultimate Strength Design
• LRFD
• like reinforced concrete
• useful when beam shear is high
• improved inelastic
0.80f’m 1c
model 2
C
– ex. earthquake loads 1c

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Masonry Columns and Pilasters
• must be reinforced

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Masonry Columns and Pilasters
• considered a column when
b/t<3 and h/t>4
• b is width of “wall”
• t is thickness of “wall”
• slender is
– 8” one side
– h/t  25
• needs ties
• eccentricity may be required
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Masonry Columns
– allowable axial load
  h 2 
Pa  0 .25 f m An  0 .65 Ast Fs 1    
h/r  99   140 r  
2
 70 r 
Pa  0 .25 f m An  0 .65 Ast Fs  
h/r > 99  h 
h = effective length
r = radius of gyration
An = effective area of masonry
Ast = effective area of column reinforcement
Fs = allowable compressive stress in column reinforcement
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Masonry Walls (unreinforced)
– allowable axial stresses
  h   2
 70 r 
2

Fa  0 .25 f m 1     Fa  0 .25 f m  
  140 r    h 
h/r  99 h/r > 99

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Design
• masonry columns and walls (unreinforced)

f a fb
  1 .0 and f b  f a  Ft
Fa Fb
  h 2 
– h/r < 99 Fa  0 .25 f m 1    
  140 r  
2
 70 r 
– h/r > 99 Fa  0 .25 f m  
 h 
Fb  0 . 33 f m
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Design
• masonry columns and walls - loading
– wind loading P
e w
– eccentric axial load
– “virtual” eccentricity, e1 h

P e P e
o w o w

M
e1 
P
M V V
e1 virtual eccentricity
P P
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Design
• masonry columns and walls – with rebar
– wall reinforcement usually at center and ineffective
in compression

f a + f b ≤ Fb provided f a ≤ Fa
BENDING STRESS AXIAL STRESS
fm C =f b(kd)/2
m m
fa = P/A
d n.a. jd M
t
As fs/n Ts=Asfs
grout
unit

for equilibrium: ∑F = P = C m − Ts
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Design Steps Knowing Loads
1. assume limiting stress
• buckling, axial stress,
combined stress
2. solve for r, A or S
3. pick trial section
4. analyze stresses
5. section ok?
6. stop when section is ok

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Final Exam Material
• my list:
– systems
• components & levels
• design considerations
– equilibrium - F & M
• supports, trusses, cables, beams, pinned frames,
rigid frames
– materials
• strain & stress (E), temperature, constraints

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Lecture 24 ARCH 331
Final Exam Material
• my list (continue):
– beams
• distributed loads, tributary width, V&M,
stresses, design, section properties (I & S),
pitch, deflection
– columns
• stresses, design, section properties (I & r)
– frames
• P, V & M, P-, effective length with joint
stiffness, connection design, tension
member design
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Final Exam Material
• my list (continued):
– foundations
• types
• sizing & structural design
• overturning and sliding
– design specifics
• steel (ASD & LRFD)
• concrete
• wood
• masonry
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