CVE4002 Lecture 09

Introduction
• Masonry construction is referred as
constructions using brick or stone (with or
without mortar).
• There are two main types of masonry:
 Unreinforced concrete masonry
 Reinforced concrete masonry
26‐Apr‐17 Think Brick Australia: Masonry Teaching Package © 2
Structural Forms
• Common Masonry Types and Sizes
230 390
76
110 190
Solid clay brick
190
Concrete masonry block
Cored clay brick

3
Structural Forms
• Isolated Pier Types
 Are one dimensional, vertical load‐bearing
elements whose width and thickness < H/5.
 Could be solid, hollow, unreinforced or reinforced.
4
Structural Forms
• Single‐leaf walls
 Are used extensively as exterior and interior walls.
Grout fill & possible
reinforcement
Solid or hollow plain, Grouted,

Unreinforced masonry reinforced masonry 5
Structural Forms
 May be strengthened by increasing the thickness
of the wall, or by incorporating engaged piers,
buttresses or fins
6
Structural Forms
 May be strengthened by increasing the thickness
of the wall, or by incorporating engaged piers,
buttresses or fins
7
>H/4
Structural Forms
• Veneer walls
 Are usually constructed as the outer walls of
buildings and rely on a structural member of steel
or timber for supporting
9
Structural Forms
10
Structural Forms
• Cavity walls
 Consist of two leaves of masonry connected to
each other by wall ties.
11
Masonry Materials ‐ Mortar
• Mortar is a workable paste formed by mixture
of cement, lime, sand and water to bind
construction blocks together and fill the gaps
between them to resist the imposed loads.
• Specified as a cement/lime/sand ratio (C:L:S).
12
Masonry Materials ‐ Grout
• Grout is a highly workable form of concrete.
• Used to fill:
 cavities in grouted reinforced solid/cored walls
 cores in reinforced hollow unit walls
• Main requirements:
 completely surround and protect reinforcement
 attain a satisfactory compressive strength (> 12 MPa)
• Aggregate size must complement cavity / core size.
13
Masonry Materials ‐ Grout
• Slump Tests of Concrete, Mortar and Grout:
• The slump of concrete is a controlled
requirement for it reflects directly to the
water/cement ratio of the concrete mix.
14
Masonry
Design for Compression
AS3700‐ 2011 Masonry structures
Section 3 Design Properties
Section 7 Structural Design of Unreinforced Masonry
Outline
• Behaviour of masonry • Design for concentrated
under compression loads
• General basis of design  Design for concentrated loads
• Design for compression by  Dispersion zones
simple rules  Concentrated bearing factors
 Basic compressive capacity
 Support conditions
 Calculation of slenderness
ratio
 Thickness coefficients for
engaged piers
 Slenderness and eccentricity
reduction factors
(General Principles)
• In determining the compression capacity of a
masonry member, the following factors shall be
considered:
 Effective eccentrWall slenderness
 Effective eccentricity at the ends
 Characteristic compressive strength
 Cross‐sectional area
• icity is derived from simultaneous compressive
load and bending moments
Load‐bearing Buildings
• The masonry in load‐bearing buildings is
basically designed to act in compression.
19
Single and Double Curvature in
Compression
• The combined loading will
give rise to either single or
double curvature.
• A wall subjected to double
curvature has a much
higher resistance to
buckling than a wall in
single curvature.
20
Modes of Failure
• Pure crushing: occurs in short stocky member
BEFORE AFTER
LOADING LOADING 21
Modes of Failure M = Pe
• Buckling: occurs in long P
slender members P
 Failure occurs before cross‐
section strength is reached.
 Combined axial compression
and bending moment

 Bending moment produced by
eccentric axial load
(ie. M = Pe)
P P
e M = Pe
22
Modes of Failure
• Buckling of one way panels P
 Outer face fails in vertical tension stress,
followed by rigid body rotation of
blocks of masonry.
P
23
Effect of Slenderness and Eccentricity
M = Pe
P P
Compressive Capacity Increasing eccentricity
P P
e M = Pe
Crushing Transition Buckling
Slenderness
Basis of Design When Compressive
Forces are Low
• Compressive stress is considered to enhance the
bending capacity
• When bending moments are from lateral loads only
and compressive stress  3 f’mt ‐
 Design for bending in accordance with AS 3700 Section 7.4
 Design for compression excludes the forces and moments
from transient out‐of‐plane loads
f’mt = characteristic flexural tensile strength of masonry (see AS3700
clause 3.3.3)
Basis of Design When Compressive
Forces are High
• Design for compression includes all forces and
moments
• Bending moments are converted to equivalent
eccentricity of the vertical loads
P P
M
e
is equivalent to where e = M/P
Design for Compression – Procedures
• The basic compressive capacity is
calculated for a non‐slender member
• Slenderness and eccentricity effects
are incorporated into reduction
factors
• Member capacity is obtained by
multiplying the reduction factor by
the basic compressive capacity
• For a cavity wall, each leaf acts
independently
http://www.ghesolar.co.uk/about‐
cavity‐wall‐insulation/
Flow Chart for Compression Design by
Simple Rules – AS3700
Design for
Compression Calculate Srs according to
by Simple Rules support conditions (AS3700
(AS3700 7.3.3) 7.3.3.3)
Use equivalent eccentricity method, Select k according to
considering each leaf of a cavity wall support conditions
separately (AS3700 7.3.1) (AS3700 Table 7.1)
Calculate basic Capacity = k Fo
capacity Fo (AS3700 7.3.3.2)
(AS3700 7.3.2)
Ignore lateral loads
END
(AS3700 7.3.3.1)
Basic Compressive Capacity of the cross section Fo
AS3700 Section 3 Design Properties
• Characteristic compressive strength of the masonry
(Cl 3.3.2), f’m
f k f
m
'
h mb
'
k k h m f '
uc
 Km = a factor used to derive the characteristic compressive
strength of masonry (T3.1)
 Kh = a factor reflecting the influence of the ratio of
masonry unit height to mortar bed joint thickness derived
from Table 3.2
 f’uc = the characteristic unconfined compressive strength of
masonry units (MPa)
31
• AS3700 f’mb can be taken from Table 3.1
f’mb 32
• AS3700 kh can be taken from Table 3.2
Masonry Unit
Mortar bed
height
Example:
Standard solid clay brick & 10 mm Mortar bed
Hence, ratio = 76 mm/ 10 mm = 7.6
Kh = 1
33
When testing is not done,
1) Design for Compression
by Simple Rules (Buckling strength)
The design compressive force acting on the cross section of
the member
Cl 7.3.3.2
Where –
Fo = basic compressive strength capacity of the cross
section
k = Slenderness and eccentricity reduction factor
obtained from Table 7.1
To find the slenderness and eccentricity reduction factor
(k) it is necessary to establish the slenderness ratio of the
wall.
Slenderness and eccentricity reduction factor AS3700
* Refer to figures in Table 7.1
26‐Apr‐17 36
Support Conditions for Simple Rules
Minimum
140 mm
Minimum of
one storey
a) Wall supporting a
concrete slab c)Wall with a side‐
attached load
b) Wall supporting a load
other than a slab
Slenderness Ratio – Simple Rules
(No Vertical Edge Support)
To find the slenderness and eccentricity reduction factor (k) it is
necessary to establish the slenderness ratio of the wall.
• Slenderness ratio, Srs a vH
Srs 
ktt L
Where –
av = Slenderness coefficient for vertical span
= 1.0 for member laterally supported at top edge support, or
2.5 otherwise
H = Clear height between supports or
the overall height of the wall H
kt = Thickness coefficient for engaged pier
(Taken from Table 7.2)
= 1 if there is no engage piers
t = Thickness of the leaf (110 mm for standard brick) (Cl 7.3.3.3):
pier width
pier spacing
twp
t
Wall with engaged piers
39
Thickness Coefficient for Engaged Piers
• Coefficient depends on the relative –
 Pier thickness
 Pier width
 Pier spacing
• Values are given in AS3700 Table 7.2 for overall
thicknesses of two and three times the wall
thickness
width width width
twp t
spacing spacing
Design for Compression – find kt for
slenderness ratio
kt
41
Wall with vertical edges supported
42
(One vertical edge supported)
• For a wall with at least one vertical edge laterally
supported, the slenderness ratio is given by the
lesser of:
av H 0 .7
Srs  AND
S rs  av Hah L
kt t t
Where,
L = spacing between vertical supports
ah = vertical slenderness coefficient;
= 1 if lateral support on both its vertical edge
= 2.5 if lateral support on only one vertical edge
43
(Cl 7.3.4.3):
Slenderness and eccentricity reduction factor AS3700
• Reduction factor, k for slenderness and eccentricity
can be taken from AS3700 Table 7.1
Reduction factor, k
44
Slenderness Reduction Factors for
Design by Simple Rules
0.8
0.7
0.6
Loaded by a
Loaded by a
0.5 concrete slab
Reduction Factor
Loaded by other than concrete slab
Loaded by other
a concrete slab
0.4
than a concrete slab
0.3
0.2 Load on one
side only
Load on one
0.1 side only
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Slenderness Ratio
Concentrated Loads
• Design for concentrated
loads involves:
 Checking for crushing on
the bearing area under
the load
 Checking for buckling in
the dispersion zone at
mid‐height
2) Design for Concentrated Loads
• The design compressive strength capacity
under a concentrated load
Fd ≤ kb Fo
Where,
Fo = basic compressive strength capacity of the
cross section
kb = concentrated bearing factor
26‐Apr‐17 47
Concentrated Bearing Factor kb
The concentrated bearing factor kb is given by empirical equations
and is limited as follows –
• kb = 1 for hollow masonry
• Solid or cored unit masonry,
kb is given by the lesser of
and
Where –
a1 = distance of the bearing area from the end of the wall or pier
L = the length of the wall or pier
Ads = the bearing area
Ade = the area of dispersion at mid‐height
26‐Apr‐17 48
Think Brick Australia: Masonry Teaching Package ©
Dispersion Zones
• Dispersion of a concentrated load through masonry:
 loads are considered to disperse at 45º
 zones must not overlap other dispersion zones
 cannot extend beyond the end of the member
dispersion zone dispersion zone dispersion zone
Concentrated Loads
• The concentrated bearing factor, kb
50
Flow Chart for Compression Design of
Unreinforced Masonry
General Basis of Design
BM from
for Unreinforced Masonry No
lateral loads
in Compression
only?
(Clause 7.2) Assess BM distribution
Yes using relevant
load combinations
Yes Compress No Convert BM to

ive stress equivalent eccentricity
 3f’mt? of vertical load
Design for Bending Design for Compression Design for Compression

(relevant load combinations) (all forces and moments (all forces and moments)
‐ capacity enhancement except those from transient (Clause 7.3)
due to fd as applicable out‐of‐plane loads)
(Clause 7.4) (Clause 7.3)
26‐Apr‐17 Think Brick Australia: Masonry Teaching Package ©
END 51

CVE4002 Lecture 09

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CVE4002 Lecture 09

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Introduction

Concrete masonry block

Cored clay brick

Solid or hollow plain, Grouted,

Crushing Transition Buckling

is equivalent to where e = M/P

Wall with engaged piers

Wall with vertical edges supported

dispersion zone dispersion zone dispersion zone

Yes Compress No Convert BM to

Design for Bending Design for Compression Design for Compression

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