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TOPIC 4 Cell Transport Reviewer
TOPIC 4 Cell Transport Reviewer
CELL TRANSPORT – pertains to the movement of substances within and out of the cell.
IT HAS 2 TYPES:
Passive transport – this is the process in which the cells do not need to use energy. (Diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis) > high to low concentration
Active Transport – this is the process in which the cell do need to use energy. (protein pumps,
endocytosis, exocytosis) > low to high concentration
1. DIFFUSION:
- is the net movement of particles from an area where there
are many particles of the substance to an area where there
are fewer particles of the substance
- substances diffuse from areas of high concentration to low
concentration.
- usually yung mga naguundergo diffusion ay yung tinatawag
na polar molecules
FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
- Concentration (Denser > slower and decreased diffusion rate,
Greater Mass > lower diffusion rate)
- Temperature (higher temperature (hot) will increase the
diffusion rate because there’s more movement in molecules
in a hotter temperature)
- Pressure
- Distance (the greater the distance, the slower the diffusion
rate)
- Thinner membrane and large surface area > faster diffusion
rate
*So both facilitated diffusion and diffusion move from high to low concentration, but facilitated
diffusion requires transport protein while diffusion does not require it.*
OSMOSIS
OSMOREGULATION
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
- If a cell is in a solution that has a lower concentration of solute, the cell is said to be in
hypotonic solution.
- If the solution is extremely hypotonic, the plasma membrane might be unable to withstand this
pressure and the cell might swell/burst.
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
- When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the concentration of the solute outside of the cell
is higher than inside.
- Animal Cells in a hypertonic solution shrivel because of decreased pressure in cells.
- Plant Cells in a hypertonic solution lose water, mainly from the central vacuole. The plasma
membrane shrinks away from the cell wall. Loss of water in a plant cell causes wilting.
Turgor Pressure/Turgor – pressure of swollen cell contents against the cell wall when the external
solution is more dilute that the cell sap of the vacuole.
Re-absorption of water, amino acids, and salts by the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of
the nephron.
Absorption of water by plant roots. (plant roots are hypertonic, and the soil is hypotonic, which
is why the plant roots absorb water)
Sodium/potassium pump in cell membranes (nerve cells)
Re-absorption of tissue fluid into the venule ends of the blood capillaries
Absorption of water by the alimentary canal – stomach, small intestine, and the colon.
PINOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
- The basic principle involved in dialysis is the movement or diffusion of solute particles across a
semipermeable membrane (diffusion). Metabolic waste products, such as urea and creatinine,
diffuse down the concentration gradient from the circulation into the dialysate (sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), acid concentrate, and deionized water). During
their diffusion into the dialysate, the size of particles, in turn, determines the rate of diffusion
across the membrane. The larger the size of the solute particle, the slower is the rate of
diffusion across the membrane.
GLOBAL ISSUE: What is the global prevalence of hypertension (high blood pressure)?
- Globally, an estimated 26% of the world’s population (972 million people) has hypertension,
and the prevalence is expected to increase to 29% by 2025, driven largely by increases in
economically developing nations. The high prevalence of hypertension exacts a tremendous
public health burden. As a primary contributor to heart disease and stroke, the first and third
leading causes of death worldwide, respectively, high blood pressure was the top modifiable
risk factor for disability adjusted life-years lost worldwide in 2013.