AutoPIPE Advanced - Modal Analysis and Dynamic Introduction - Workbook

Practice Workbook
This workbook is designed for use in Live instructor-led training and for OnDemand self-study. The explanations
and demonstrations are provided by the instructor in the classroom, or in the OnDemand eLectures of this course
available on the Bentley LEARNserver (learn.bentley.com).
This practice workbook is formatted for on-screen viewing using a PDF reader. It is also available as a PDF
document in the dataset for this course.
Modal Analysis
This workbook contains exercises to introduce you to modal analysis in AutoPIPE.
Copyright © Bentley Systems, Incorporated DO NOT DISTRIBUTE – Printing for student use is permitted 1
Description and Objectives
Course Description
This workbook contains exercises to introduce you to modal analysis in AutoPIPE.
Skills Taught
• Setting Up a Model for Modal Analysis
• Manually Refining the Model
• Adding Mass Points to Refine the Model
Setting Up a Model for Modal Analysis
In this exercise you will open a simple model and perform a modal analysis. You will then review the animated mode shapes interactively.
1. Launch AutoPIPE.
2. Select OpenAutoPIPE Database(*.dat) from the Application Button or FileOpen from the File Ribbon Tab.
3. In the Open dialog navigate to the dataset file cantilever_modal_IMP.dat (cantilever_modal_SI.dat) that was supplied with this training and
select Open.
4. Select SetupDynamic Analysis from the Analysis Ribbon Tab. Enter the following information:
• Analyze up to Cutoff Frequency: Checked
• Cut-off frequency (Hz): 100
• Print Frequency after Cutoff: Checked
• Favor global XYZ direction modes if direction is not defined (e.g. cantilever model): Checked
Note: The Print Frequency after Cutoff will display the next modal frequency that will excite the piping model and is useful if you want to see
how close it is to the cutoff frequency.
Note: Due to the nature of a cantilever model, there will be identical pairs of modes. Checking Favor global XYZ directions modes if
direction is not defined (e.g. cantilever model) will align these with the global axes.
Then click OK to accept.

5. Answer Yes when asked Do you want to analyze the model?
Note: If you are not asked, then select AnalyzeAnalyze All from the Analysis Ribbon Tab.
Then click OK on the Analyze All dialog.
6. Turn on the deflection plot traces by selecting ToolsSettingsDeflected Plot Preferences from the Tools Ribbon Tab and enter the
following:
• Show XYZ direction lines on plot: Checked
Note: You can choose to set the Line Color, Line Width and Line Style however you prefer.
7. Graphically review the mode shapes by selecting InteractiveMode Shape from the Result Ribbon Tab. In the Mode Shape dialog, check on
the Animate mode shape option. Then click OK to accept.
8. Use the NavigationNext button from the Result Ribbon Tab to progress through the modes.
Due to the nature of a cantilever model, there will be identical pairs of modes. Notice that in this model there are only actually two modes, one
identical pair representing the first mode of a cantilever and a high frequency axial mode, before the 100Hz cut off. The identical pair is just
breaking the mode down into the Y and Z directional responses. The natural frequencies of the first pair of modes is 0.82Hz and the axial mode
is 76.49Hz.
First mode of vibration of a cantilever
Note: Natural frequency and mode shapes are properties of the structure and are dependent on the mass and elasticity. The natural frequency
and mode shapes describe the tendency of the structure to vibrate when subjected to dynamic loading. The number of frequencies and
mode shapes with which a structure can vibrate depends on the number of mass degrees of freedom in the structure. The
displacements shown in the mode shapes are relative displacements for display only and are not real displacements so should not be
measured.
Note: In order to get all the mode shapes of a piping system up to the cut off frequency, enough mass points are required to produce them. In
this simple cantilever we have only one node point at the end, so it is impossible to produce all the modes without more.
9. When all the mode shapes have been reviewed, click anywhere in white space of the modeling area to stop the animation.
10. Select SaveSave from the File Ribbon Tab.
Manually Refining the Model
In this exercise you will add additional nodes to see the effect of refining the model on the modal analysis result.
1. Continue with the model from the previous exercise.
Note: If the model is still in the reviewing results mode, hitting esc on the keyboard or clicking Cancel in the Command Line will bring you back
to input mode.
2. Select point A00 and divide the cantilever into three equal sections by selecting Piping ComponentsRun from the Insert Ribbon Tab. Make
the following change:
• Generate points: 2
Note: On your keyboard, press tab to move off the Generate Points field and the dialog will show the offset for the new sections.
3. Select AnalyzeAnalyze All from the Analysis Ribbon Tab and click OK on the Analyze All dialog.
There are now four modes, three identical pairs and a high frequency axial mode, before the 100Hz cut off. It has been possible to calculate the
second (6.33Hz) and third (15.70Hz) pair of modes due to the additional model nodes making the model more refined and accurate. You can
also see that the frequency values of the first and fourth modes are now 1.12Hz and 83.99Hz which are slightly different to the previous values;
these are the same modes and the frequency change is due to the model being more refined now.
Second and third modes of vibration of a cantilever
5. Select SaveSave from the File Ribbon Tab.
Adding Mass Points to Refine the Model
In a simple model, splitting the pipe runs into shorter spans in order to determine more of the natural frequencies isn’t difficult, however in a more
complex model it will be extremely time consuming. Also depending on the stiffness and distribution of concentrated masses (valves, flanges, etc.)
the required lengths can alter from section to section. It is possible to calculate these necessary span lengths in each section of pipe manually, but
the program contains an automated method that does this for us. In this exercise we will assign mass span points automatically to the model and
see the effect on the modal result.
1. Continue with the model from the previous exercise.
2. Select ClipboardUndo from the Home Ribbon Tab to delete the two points that were manually added in.
3. Select Model OptionsEdit Options from the Tools Ribbon Tab and make these changes:
• Mass point per span (A-Auto,0-None): A
• Cutoff frequency: 100
Then click OK to accept the dialog.
Note: Specifying ‘A’ means that the mass spacing will be applied automatically using a frequency of 100Hz. It is possible to split each length
into the same number of spans by using a number in the range 1-9 instead of A, but this can lead to very closely spaced nodes in short
lengths.
Note: The automatic mass spanning, or discretization, is based on the calculation for natural frequency of simply supported beams from Roark,
as shown below (rarely are piping systems cantilevers as in our example!):
𝐾𝐾𝑛𝑛 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = � 4
2𝜋𝜋 𝑤𝑤𝑙𝑙
4. Select AnalyzeAnalyze All from the Analysis Ribbon Tab and click OK on the Analyze All dialog.
There are now seven modes, six identical pairs and the high frequency axial mode, before the 100Hz cut off. Remember that this is the same
model as in the first exercise that we only obtained two modes from. The program has split the 49.21ft (15m) length into shorter spans, making
it possible to calculate all the natural frequency values up to 100Hz. You can also see that the frequency values of the first and sixth modes are
now 1.18Hz and 84.88Hz which are slightly different to the previous values and once again is due to the model being much more refined now.
Note: The nodes that the program adds are not physical nodes but are analysis nodes. You can see the number of mass points added by
selecting Quick ReportsInput Listing from the Result Ribbon Tab. Select the Coordinates sub-report and press OK.
Adding 10 mass points means that the pipe is split into 11 equal lengths of 4.47ft or 1.36m each. Rearranging the equation from above,
it can be shown that this is the value calculated. AutoPIPE divides the calculated span length by two to provide intermediate nodes.
Where Kn = π2
Note: This equation can be found in the program help under HelpContentsReference InformationAnalysis ConsiderationsModal
AnalysisMass Discretization.
Review Frequency Sub-Report Information
While reviewing the mode shapes interactively can be extremely helpful, there is important information that should be reviewed in the frequency
sub-report. This can be reviewed in the Result Grid or Output Report.
1. Select InteractiveResult Grid from the Result Ribbon Tab and click on the Frequency Tab.
Note: The frequency tab of the result grid shows all the modes calculated. Each mode captures an amount of mass and it is important that we
obtain as much of the total system mass in each direction, before we apply any dynamic loading. Both the Captured Mass and the
Cumulative Mass are documented in the XYZ directions and average for each mode. Ideally the total should be above 75-80%, if
possible. In this case, we see that it is, as we have captured the dynamic response of 89.06% of the system’s mass. If it is not
practically possible to do this, then we have two static correction methods we can apply. Deciding what the cutoff frequency should be
and what values are acceptable will require engineering judgement, as each model will be different.
Note: The static correction methods will be available in each type of dynamic analysis. Review the information below to understand more
about each option.
Missing Mass Correction
To include all the system mass in the dynamic analysis it has to have all been assigned to the modes determined by the modal analysis. If a
significant amount of mass is missing, then a correction needs to be made. By including Missing Mass in the analysis, the following procedure
is followed:
• The amount of mass captured by all extracted modes is subtracted from the total mass.
• The uncaptured mass is subjected to an acceleration equal to that at the cut-off frequency.
• This uncaptured mass is considered as another mode and combined with the others using the specified combination method
selected.
Zero Period Acceleration
It was noticed in the modal analysis of the cantilever model that high frequency axial modes can exist and these can be significant. If these are
not determined by the modal analysis before the cutoff frequency, then a potential underestimation of support loads can occur particularly where
the dynamic loading is axial in nature i.e. fluid pulsations. The inclusion of Zero Period Acceleration (ZPA) can correct for these missing modes
and follows this procedure:
• The entire structure mass is subjected to the peak ground acceleration.
• The static response is obtained for the structure.
• The larger of the static and dynamic response is reported.
2. Select SaveSave from the File Ribbon Bar.
3. This concludes this workbook.

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Practice Workbook

This workbook contains exercises to introduce you to modal analysis in AutoPIPE.

• Setting Up a Model for Modal Analysis

• Manually Refining the Model

• Adding Mass Points to Refine the Model

• Analyze up to Cutoff Frequency: Checked

• Cut-off frequency (Hz): 100

• Print Frequency after Cutoff: Checked

Then click OK to accept.

Then click OK on the Analyze All dialog.

• Show XYZ direction lines on plot: Checked

Then click OK to accept.

First mode of vibration of a cantilever

10. Select SaveSave from the File Ribbon Tab.

1. Continue with the model from the previous exercise.

Then click OK to accept.

Second and third modes of vibration of a cantilever

1. Continue with the model from the previous exercise.

• Mass point per span (A-Auto,0-None): A

• Cutoff frequency: 100

Then click OK to accept the dialog.

Zero Period Acceleration

• The entire structure mass is subjected to the peak ground acceleration.

• The static response is obtained for the structure.

• The larger of the static and dynamic response is reported.

2. Select SaveSave from the File Ribbon Bar.

3. This concludes this workbook.

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