SURVEYING-II

(CE-229)

Lecture Notes
Prepared By;
Engr. Arshad A. Azeemi
Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KPK
Email: arshadali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
 CLASS OUTLINES
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS

• Introduction
• Horizontal and Vertical Control
• Building Constructions Surveys

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 INTRODUCTION
❑ Surveying is involved in a project from conceptual stage to construction and afterwards in
maintenance also.
❑ Depending on the stage at which surveying is carried out it can be called;
❑ Pre-Construction Survey (Feasibility Survey)
❑ Construction Survey (To maintain alignment and geometry control during construction)
❑ Post Construction Survey (Maintenance Survey)
❑ Survey Includes;
❑ Decision Making
❑ Field Work
❑ Data Processing
❑ Reporting

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 Construction Surveys / Setting Out Works / Lay-outing
❑ The object of the construction survey is to set out the details of the project (Setting Out Works).
❑ To begin with, the construction engineer goes over the located line, finds the final location
stakes and checks them.
❑ Construction surveys provide the horizontal and vertical layout for every key component of a
construction project.
❑ This provision of line and grade can be accomplished only by experienced surveyors familiar
with both the related project design and the appropriate construction techniques.
❑ A knowledge of related design is essential for interpreting the design drawings effectively for
layout purposes, and a knowledge of construction techniques is required to ensure that the
layout is optimal both for line and grade transfer and for construction scheduling.

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 Construction Surveys / Setting Out Works / Lay-outing
“The practice of transferring the building design onto the land itself so that the workers can follow
it during construction. Key points and guide markers are set out to ensure accurate building takes
place.”.
The Role of the Construction Surveyor is;
❑ To perform the control survey.
❑ To perform the preliminary or preengineering survey.
❑ Staking out (on centerline or on offset)
❑ At periodic interval, measuring quantities reflecting the progress of the contractor during the
time period.
❑ To perform a final or as-built survey.

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 Horizontal and Vertical Control
❑ The first step in any construction survey is to establish control both horizontal and vertical.
❑ In line with the principle of surveying a control survey provides a framework of survey points,
whose relative positions are known to prescribed degree of accuracy.
❑ The areas covered by these points may extended over a whole country and form the basis for
the national maps of the country.
❑ Alternatively the area may be relatively small, encompassing a construction survey site for
which a large-scale plan is required.
❑ Although the areas covered in construction are usually quit small, the accuracy may be required
to a very high order.

❑ Horizontal Control – Northing & Easting (X, Y)

❑ Vertical Control – Bench Marks (Z)

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 Horizontal and Vertical Control
❑ Before Construction: New control points around the site must be established with high
accuracy. Additional points inside the site are then established. All points must be ‘tied out’ for
repositioning.
❑ These initial points;
❑ Meet certain accuracy standards.
❑ Be clearly marked, referenced, and recorded.
❑ Be far enough to be safe during construction.
❑ During Construction: Additional control is extended by the contractor as needed, around or
inside the structure. These additional points should be closed enough to the structure so that
workers with simple equipment can use them.

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 Horizontal Control
❑ The horizontal control forms the skeleton of the survey from which the contours and the detail
are located.
❑ The purpose of establishing the horizontal control point is to prevent excessive accumulation of
error.
❑ The control is established with such precision that the errors of their positions can not be
shown on the map.

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 Horizontal Control
❑ The primary horizontal control (i.e. primary control stations) is established by triangulation,
precise traversing, or both.
❑ The secondary control (i.e. secondary control station) is established by running transit and tape
traverse of the desired precision connecting the triangulation stations.
❑ In small towns there is only one horizontal control, and it is established by a closed traverse.

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 Vertical Control
❑ The purpose of vertical control is to determine the elevations of the primary control stations or
to establish bench marks near them and at convenient intervals all over the area so that the
levelling operations may be started from and ended on them, and also they may serve as
reference points for future work.
❑ The first order bench marks (primary vertical controls) are established by precise levelling at
about half a kilometer or so apart on permanent objects.
❑ Additional bench marks (secondary vertical control) are established at traverse stations, and
also on permanent objects.

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)
❑ Setting out a building is the process of transferring architectural proposals from drawings into
the ground. It establishes the location points for site boundaries, foundations, columns, centre-
lines of walls and other necessary structural parts.
❑ The object of setting out a building is to clearly define the outline of excavation on the ground
for the guidance of the contractor.
❑ It would be of little use, if stakes are at the exact position of each corners of the building, since
they would be dug out as the work of excavating the foundations proceeds.
❑ The best method is, therefore to set out a reference rectangle outside the limits of excavation.

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)
❑ Setting out is done based on the principle of “Whole to part”. According to this principle the
largest possible rectangle of the building is found and set up first.
❑ Then it is further divided into small parts completing the major setting out for the building.

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)
Follow the Steps Below in Setting Out a Building:
❑ Site clearance.
❑ Obtain the architectural and the structural plan.
❑ Get your materials ready.
❑ Establish a parallel line.
❑ Use the 3 4 5 method.
❑ Establish your profiles.
❑ Nail the points of excavation on your profile.

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)

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