(Computer Organization)

1.1 ifjp; (Introduction)

euq"; esa lwfu;ksftr dk;Z laiknu] thou’kSyh vkSj fujarj [kkst o vfo’dkj djus dh izo`fr
vf/kd rhoz gksrh gSA blh dkj.k euq"; us fofHkUu ;qxksa esa u;s&u;s vfo"dkj djrs gq;s ekuo
tkfr dks ,d fodflr :Ik fn;k gSaA bu lHkh esa ls ,d gS dEI;wVj tSlk dh fp´ Øekad&1.1
esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSa A dEI;wVj e’khu vkSj blls lacaf/kr lHkh rduhdksa ds fodkl us fodkl nj
dks mRizsfjr fd;k gS vkSj fodkl dks ,d bZdkbZ ,oa vfr rhoz xfr iznku dh gSA
dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud e'khu gS tks funss'Z kksa ds fua;=.k esa MkVk ij Process dj ifj.kke
izLrqr djrh gSA dEI;wVj esa MkVk Lohdkj djus ds fy;s input device gksrh gS tcfd fØ;k ls
izkIr ifj.kke dks izLrqr djus ds fy;s output device gksrh gS A Processing dk dk;Z ftl
device eas gksrk gS mls CPU dgrs gS A

dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud ;qfDr gS tks xf.krh; x.kuk dj ldrh gS ,oa rkfdZd QSlyss ldrh
gS A
dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud e'khu gS tks funs'Z kksa ds lewg ds fu;a=.k (control) esa MkVk ;k y{;
ij fØ;k (process) djds lwpuk (information) mRiUu (generate) djrk gS A

fp´ &1.1 dEI;wVj (lax.kd)

dEI;wVj dks vkjaHk esa x.kuk djus ds fy;s fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu vkt bldh lgk;rk
ls yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa ds dk;Z lEiUu fd;s tkus yxs gSaA thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa tSls &
oSKkfud] 'kkjhfjd] 'kS{ksf.kd] O;olkf;d] 'kSk/k fofHkUu fMtkbfuax esa dEI;wVj dk vkf/kiR; c<+us
ls bls dsoy x.kuk ;a= ugh dgk tk ldrk cfYd ;g ,d ,slh ;qfDr gS tks lwpuk ,oa MkVk
dks la'kksf/kr dj fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku es enn djrh gS A

dEI;wVj CykWd Mk;xzke (Block diagram of Computer)

 dEI;wVj es nks rjg dh lwpuk;sa enter dh tkrh gSA ,d rks izksxzke vkSj nwljh MkVk izksxzke
fuf'pr~ funs'Z kksa ds ml dze dks dgrs gS ftlds vuqlkj dEI;wVj dks dk;Z djuk gS MkVk og
lwpuk gS ftl ij fd izksxzke ds vuqlkj dk;Z ¼x.kuk]rqyuk ;k fo'ys"k.k½ fd;k tk;sxkA tSls
;fn Nk=ksa ds ijh{kk ifj.kke dEI;wVj }kjk cuk;s tkrs gSA rks ifj.kke fdl rjg cuk;s tk;sa ;s
funs'Z k nsus ds fy;s izksxzke fy[kk tk;sxk ,oa Nk=ksa ds uacj] uke irk bR;kfn dks MkVk dgk
tk;sxkA ;fn vklku :i esa lkspk tk, rks dEI;wVj dks fuEu pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs gSA
1. buiqV midj.k
2. lsUVªsy izkslsfalax ;wfuV
3. vkmViqV midj.k
4. eseksjh

1. buiqV ;qfuV (Input Unit). ;g unit MkVk vkSj instruction dks dEI;wVj ds vanj ys tkus
ds dk;Z dks laiUu djrh gSA buiqV ;qfuV ds }kjk gh MkVk vkSj instruction command
e'khu ds le>us yk;d Hkk"kk esa convert gksrs gSA blesa data computer dh eseksjh ls
electric pulses ds :i esa transmit gksrs gSA

Secondary

Memory

lsUVªsy izkslfs alx

a ;wfuV

Main memory

(RAM)

buiqV ;qfuV
dUVªksy ;qfuV vkmViqV
;qfuV

,- ,y- ;q

2. lsUVªsy izkslsfalax ;wfuV(CPU). lsUVªy izkslfs lax ;wfuV dEI;wVj dk fnekx gksrk gS bldk eq[;
dk;Z izksxke dks execute djuk gSA CPU dEI;wVj ds lHkh Hkkxksa tSls & memory, input or
output device ds dk;ksZ dks fu;af=r djrk gS A Program vkSj Data blds fu;a=.k esa
 eseksjh esa LVksj gksrs gSA blh ds fu;a=.k esa output screen ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ;k printer ij
print gS ACPU ds fuEufyf[kr Hkkx gksrs gS %&

(i). dUVªksy ;qfuV (Control Unit). ;g lHkh ;qfuV ds dk;ksZ dks fu;af=r (control) djrk
gSA ;g main memory esa stored program ls funZs'kksa dks izkIr djrk gSA ;g
input/output fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA rFkk vU; funs'Z kksa dks electric signals esa
ifjofrZr djds ;g mfpr device rd igqpkrk gSA control unit ALU dks ;g crkrh gS fd
process ds fy;s data memory esa dgk¡ mifLFkr gSA rFkk D;k process djuh gSA
process ds ckn result memory esa dgk¡ stored gksuk gSA

(ii). ,- ,y- ;q- (A.L.U.). ;g bdkbZ (unit) funs'Z kksa dks fØ;kfUor (execute) djrh gSA lHkh
arithmetic calculation vkSj logical operation tSls comparison vkSj decision vkfn
dk;Z blh ;wfuV ds }kjk laiUu gksrs gSA MkVk vkSj funZs'k izkbejh eseksjh (primary memory)
ls ALU dks Hksts s tkrs gSA ifj.kke mRiUu (generate) gksdj ALU }kjk temporary ls
primary memory esa Hksts tkrs gSA ;g dk;Z processing [kRe gksus ls igys vfr'kh?kz gksrk
gSA

vkmViqV ;qfuV (Output Unit) % bldk dk;Z buiqV ;qfuV ds fcYdqy foijhr gSA ;g
ifj.kke nsrk gSA ;g CPU }kjk Hksts x;s ifj.kke dks accept djrk gSA vkSj ;g ifj.kke dks
euq"; ds le>us yk;d Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA

Storage unit eseksjh (memory) computer dk dk;Zdkjh laxzg (working storage) gSA
;g dEI;wVj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS tgk¡ data, information vkSj program process ds
nkSjku fLFkr jgrs gS vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij rRdky miyC/k (Quick Available) gksrs gSA
Input input unit }kjk fy;k tkrk gS og processing ds igys stored djuk iM+rk gSA vkSj
output unit }kjk result produced djus ls igys storage device esa stored djuk iM+rk
gSA

Input device ;wtj ls MkVk ,oa funZs'k dks Lohdkj dj CPU dks nsrk gSA Output
device dk mi;ksx dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk dh processing ls mRiUu fjtYV dks
izkIr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
3.1 buiqV midj.k

Input device ;wtj ls MkVk ,oa funZs'k dks Lohdkj dj CPU dks nsrk gSA dEI;wVj dks fn;s
tkus okys data ,oa instructions dks machine language vFkkZr Binary language esa
convert djrk gS] D;ksfd dEI;wVj flQZ ;gh Hkk"kk le> ldrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds input
dks binary :i esa cnydj lhih;w dks fn;s tkus dk dk;Z input device }kjk fd;k tkr
gSAdqN izeq[k input devices fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1. Keyboard: - Keyboard on line input device gS MkVk vkSj instructions

keyboard ds }kjk dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;s tkrs gSA ;g device typewritter tSlk gksrk
gSA

bles keys dh la[;k typewritter ls vf/kd gksrh gS ;g MkVk dks 0 vkSj 1 ds :i esa cny
dj lhih;w dks nsrk gSA blesa fofHkUu izdkj dh dht gksrh gSSA function key,
special purpose key (like Ctrl, Alt, Del ,Ins ) cursor movement key & numeric
key

2. Mouse ¼ekml½ %ekml ,d on line input device gS ftls ge vius gkFk esa idM+dj
dke djrs gSA

bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% instructuon dks input djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g device
plastic dk cuk gksrk gSA tks dlZj dks control djrk gS blds mi;ksx ls LØhu ij dlZj
dks fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa pyk ldrs gSA ekml ds lery lrg (plain space) ij ekml dks
fgykus ls bles uhps yxh ckWy ?kwerh gS tks ekml esa yxs NksVs&NksVs Roelers dks laosfnr
djrh gSA ;g xfr digital value es cny dj ;g show djrh gS fd ekml fdl
direction esa xfr dj jgk gSA mouse esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd button gksrs gS ekml ds
button dks mxyh ls nckus dh fØ;k click dgykrh gSA

3. OMR (Optical Mark Reader) vkIVhdy ekdZ jhMj %& ;g device izdk’k
laosnh fl|kar ij dk;Z djrk gS ,oa bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa eas vad fu/kkZj.k
ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A

ge ,d dkxt ij fo’ks"k izdkj dh isfa ly ;k isu ls iz’uksa ds mRrj gsrq dkxt ij cus gq,
xkssys Hkjrs gSa A OMR esa bl dkxt ds vkj&ikj rst izdk'k iqat (light beam) Qsdk tkrk
gSA ftlls izdk’k dk ijkorZu ls vadksa dk fu/kkZj.k iwoZ fu/kkZfjr izksxzke ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
tkrk gS A

4. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader) eSXusfVd bad dsjsDvj jhMj %&
bls laf{kIr esa MICR ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS budk mi;ksx magnetic ink ls fy[ks x;s
character i<+us es gksrk gSA

cSadks ds cheque No., Bank/Branch code. vkfn magnetic ink ls fy[ks gksrs gSS ftuds
v{kjks dh cukoV fo'ks"k izdkj dh gksrh gS bUgs bl device dh enn ls lh/ks i<+dj dEI;wVj
 dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA MICR reader pSd ij Nis character dks magnetic coil ds
laosnu ls i<+rk gS A

5. Joystick tk;fLVd % ;g [ksy [ksyus ds dke esa vkus okyh input device gSA tk;fLVd
ds ek/;e ls LØhu ij mifLFkr VVZy (tertle) ;k vkd`fr dks blds handle ls idM+ dj
pyk;k tk ldrk gSA

bldk mi;ksx cPpksa }kjk izk;% dEI;wVj ij [ksy [ksyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ge ,d
fLVd ds }kjk dlZj dks daVªksy djrs gSa A

6. Track Ball Vªsd cky %&;g tk;fLVd ds leku gh dk;Z djrh gSA ysfdu ;s NksVs
cPpksa ds [ksyus esa T;knk mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA

ekml dks mYVk dj nsus ij ;g Vªsd cky ds leku gks tkrk gSA ekml dks pykus ds fy;s
est (table) ij txg dh vko’;drk gksrh gS A ijUrq VªSd cky ,d txg fLFkr jgrh gS ,oa
cky dks jksVsV djds ge dlZj dh iksft’ku fu/kkZfjr djrs gS A bles vU; lHkh fØ;k;sa ekml
dh rjg gh gksrh gSA
7. Light Pen ykbV isu %& ykbV isu dk dEI;wVj LØhu ij dksbZ Hkh vkd`fr
draw djus ds fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ykbV isu esa ,d photo sell gksrk gSA

ykbV isu dh lip ls tc dEI;wVj LØhu ds Åij dksbZ fiDpj ;k vkd`fr cukbZ tkrh gS rks
mldh pulse screen ls transmitt gksdj processor ds vanj izos'k dj tkrh gSA ykbV
isu dks ekml esa fn;s x;s options dks pquus o vkd`fr cukus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

8. Digilizing Tablet: - Digilizing Tablet dk mi;ksx uD'ks cukus ¼ map making ½

ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS A digilizing tablet dks digilizer Hkh dgrs gSA

;g vyx&vyx vkdkj (size) esa miyC/k jgrh gSA tablet dh working surface
NksV&NksVs wires ds tky (grid) ls covered jgrh gSA grid ds Åij drawing dh tkrh
gSA tl ij ,d isu yxk gksrk gSA bldh drawing surface ij isu ;k ekml dks pykus ls
ladsr dEI;wVj esa pys tkrs gSA bldk mi;ksx gkFkksa }kjk printed characterd dks lh/ks
dEI;wVj esa Hkstus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk bldk fuekZ.k dqN microprocessor ij
vk/kkfjr VscysV ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tks fd fof'k"V fMtkbu (special design) ds dke
vkrk gSA

9. Scanner: - ;g Hkh ,d input device gS ;g scanning device text ds image,

drawing, and photos dks digital form es convert djrh gSA

;g ,d direct entry device gS A ;g cgqr tYnh vkSj ,dne 'kq) data entry ds dke
vkrh gSA

10. Digital Camera: - Digital Video Camera ,d ,slk mobile input device gS
tks fd fdlh Hkh n`'; pyfp= vkfn dks LVksj djus ds dke vkrk gSA

blds ek/;e ls ge n`'; dks LVksj djrs le; n`'; dks dSejs ds LØhu ij Hkh ns[k ldrs gS
digital video camera cgqr NksVs vkdkj (small size) dk input device gS ftldks ,d
LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ys tk;k tk ldrk gS A bleas best fdlh eseksjh fpi ;k vU;
LVksjst fMokbl eas LVksj gksrh gS ftls ge ,d dscy dh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj eas Mkmu yksM
dj nsrs gS rFkk fizaV izkIr dj ysrs gSA
 11. OCR (Optical Character Recognition): - OCR ,d ,slh rduhd gS
ftlesa igys ls Nis character (preprinted characters) ds ijLij QdZ (distinguisb)
ns[kdj OCR ekud djsDVlZ (standrad characters) ls igpku dh tkr gSA OCR device
typewritter ls Nis gq;s character, cash register ds djsDVj vkSj credit card ds
character dks i<+ ysrk gSA OCR ds font computer esa LVksj jgrs gS ftUgs OCR
standard dgrs gS bueas OCR-A, OCR-B vf/kd yksdfiz; gSA

3.2 vkmViqV midj.k (OUTPUT DEVICE)

Output device okLro esa oks fMokbl gS ftudh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj ls vkmViqV ;k result
izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu output device dk mi;ksx dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk
dh processing ls mRiUu fjtYV dks izkIr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds
central processing unit }kjk fn;s tkus okys ladsrksa dks ml :i eas cny nsrk gS ftl :i
esa ge budk iz;ksx djuk pkgrs gSA bu ladrs ksa dks /ofu (voice), graph o n`'; ds :i esa ns
ldrs gSA ;s device computer vkSj human ds chp ,d ek/;e dk dk;Z djrh gSA
Output nks izdkj ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS %&
1. Soft Copy Output:- Soft Copy Output og Output gksrk tks Temporary gksrk gS
rFkk ftls ge ns[k ldrs gSa rFkk lqu ldrs gSa ijUrq fdlh vU; txg ys ugha tk ldrs gSa A
2. Hard Copy Output :- ;g Output Permanent Output gksrk gS ftls ge Hkfo"; ds
fy;s lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSA

fuEufyf[kr output device bl izdkj gS %&

3.3 Printers

Printer ,d vkmViqV fMokbl tks fd Data, Program and result dk printed output
dkxt ij nsrk gSA vkmViqV dh ;g copy hardcopy dgykrh gS dEI;wVj ls izkIr digital
 ladsr ¼0 ;k 1 ds fcV½ izkd`frd Hkk"kk (hindi,english) vkfn esa cnydj hardcopy ds :i
esa Nirs gSA ftls ekuo i<+ ldrk gSA dEI;wVj esa mi;ksx gksus okys fizaVlZ dks ge nks izdkj
ls oxhZd`r dj ldrs gS% Impact Printer and Non Impact Printer.

1. Impact Printer.Printing dh ;g fof/k type writter dh fof/k ds leku gksrh gS ftlesa

,d /kkrq dk hammer ;k print head dkxt o ribbon ij Vdjkrk gS impact printing
esa character soid fonts ;k dot matrix fof/k ls isij ij mHkjrs gSA bu fizaVlZ eas fuEu
fizaVj vkrs gS
(i). Daisy wheel Printer
(ii). DMP (Dot Matrix Printer)
(iii). Line Printer
a. Chain Printer
b. Drum Printer
c. Band Printer

2. Non Impact Printer. ;s Printer Electrothermal Electro static rduhd ds

vk/kkj ij PrintOut iznku djrs gSA bu Printer esa fuEu Printers vkrs gS%&

1- Inkjet Printer
2- Laser Printer
3.3.1 Impact Printer
1. Daisy Wheel Printer. bl fizaVj esa wheel dh enn ls fiaVz fd;k tkrk gS ;g
wheel daisy ds flower tSl fn[krk gSA blfy;s bls daisy wheel printer dgrs gSA

bl wheel dh gj rhyh (spolee) ds fljs ij ,d v{kj ;k fpUg cuk gksrk gS wheel dks
motor ds }kjk ?kqek;k tkrk gS vkSj ftl v{kj ;k fpUg dks Nkiuk gks dkxt ij igq¡prs gh
,d fo|qrh; gFkkSM+k (electric hammer) bl v{kj dks L;kgh yxs ribbon ij /kDdk nsdj
dkxt ij Nki nsrk gSA ;g 20 & 90 v{kj ,d lsdaM esa fiaVz djrk gSA

2. Drum Printer.;g ,d impact line printer gS ;g pressure ls isij ij ,d

le; es ,d ykbZu fizaV djrs gSA bles drum yxk gksrk gS ftl ij fiafz Vax djus okys lHkh
character Nis jgrs gSA

;g character drum dh iwjh yackbZ rFkk pkSM+kbZ ij yxs gksrs gSa fizaV djus dh ftruh
fLFkfr;ka gksrh gS mruh gh rjg ds band yxs gksrs gSA ftu ij character cus gksrs gSA Mªe
ds ?kweus ls isij ij character print gksrs gSA printing ds le; isij ij ihNs ls
pressure iM+rk gS Mªe rsth ls ?kwerk gS vkSj ,d rotation esa ,d ykbZu Nkirk gSaA ;g
2000 lines per minute dh LihM ls Nki ldrk gSA tc fizafVax lekIr gks tkrh gS rks Mªe
?kweuk can dj nsrk gSA

3. Chain Printer. ;g Hkh ,d impact line printer gS vFkkZr~ ;g pressure ls paper

ij ,d le; es dsoy ,d ykbZu fizaV djrk gSA bl fizaVj esa rst ?kweus oky ,d pSu gksrh gS
ftls print chain dgrs gSA

chain esa character gksrs gS izR;sd dM+h (link) esa ,d character dk font gksrk gSA ;g
chain dfM+;ksa (links) dh ,d J`a[kyk (series) ls cuh gksrh gsA tks fd cgqr rst xfr ls
?kwerh gSA gFkkSM+s (hammer) ds }kjk dkxt o ribbon dks nck;s jgus ls isij ij
character print gksrk gSA chain printer dh print quality vPNh gksrh gSA ijUrq ;s
graphics dks print ugh dj ldrs A muds }kjk printing dsoy ,d gh vkdkj ;k izdkj ls
gksrh gSA

4. Dot Matrix Printer. Dot Matrix Printer impact type dk character

printer gS tks fd processor ls isij ij ,d le; esa dsoy ,d character print djrk
gSA
 blds dk;Z djus dh i)fr blds uke ds gh vuq:i gS ;g izR;sd dot dks matrix ds }kjk
character dks print djrk gSA blfy;s bls dot matrix printer dgrs gSA pwfa d ;g
printer character dks MkWV dh enn ls cukrk gS blfy;s blls dksbZ Hkh fiDpj ;k xzfQDl
fizaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA Dot Matrix Printer dh printing quality mlds print head ls
cgqr T;knk izHkkfor gksrh gSA vyx&vyx print head okys fizaVj dh print quality
vyx&vyx gksrh gSA dot matrix printer generaly 9 pin rFkk 24 pin ds print head
okys gksrs gS A 9 fiu okys fiaVz j fd print head esa 9 fiu ,d gh iafDr esa gksrh gSA rFkk 24
fiu okys fizaVj esa 12 fiuksa dh nks iafDr;ka ikl&ikl esa gksrh gSA ftlds dkj.k 24 fiu okys
fizaVj dh printing quality 9 pin okys fizaVj dh vis{kk T;knk vPNh gksrh gSA dot matrix
printer dk ewY; vU; fizaVj dh vis{kk dkQh de gksrk gSA

3.3.2 Non Impact Printer

1. Inkjet Printer. ;g ,d non impact character printer gS vFkkZr~ ;g without
pressure paper ij character dks fiaVz djrk gS bldh dk;Z i)fr blds uke ds gh
vuq:i gS ;g bad dh eghu spray ls dkxt ij character dks fiaVz djrs gSA blfy;s
bUgs inkjet printer dgrs gSA
 inkjet printer esa ,d nozal gksrk gSA ftlesa bad Hkjh jgrh gSA ftldh enn ls Nirk gSA
inkjet printer es coloured nozal dk use djds blls coloured printing Hkh dh tk
ldrh gSA bl fiaVz j dh printing quality rFkk printing speet dot matrix printer dh
rqyuk esa dkQh vPNh gksrh gSA

2. Laser Printer. ;g ,d not impact page printer gS vFkkZr~ ;g without

pressure paper ij character dks fizaV djrk gSA bUgs laser printer blfy;s dgk tkrk
gS D;ksfd ;g laser beam dh enn ls character dks isij ij fizaV djrs gSA

ftl izdkj Inkjet printer esa ink nozal use gksrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj laser printer esa
cgqr gh eghu powder ftls toner dgk tkrk gS mi;ksx gksrk gSA blesa lcls igys fiaVz
fd;s tkus okys isij ij toner fxjk;k tkrk gS blds ckn mlds Åij laser beam Qsd a h
tkrh gS ftlls isij ij yxk gqvk toner xeZ gksdj character dk :i ys ysrk gS laser
printer dh printing speed lHkh fizaVj ls vf/kd gksrh gS ;s 120 page per minute
print dj ldrs gS bldh printing quality lcls vPNh gksrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls text ds
lkFk&lkFk graphics ;k picture Hkh fiaVz fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh mRre quality rFkk
printing speed ds dkj.k bldk ewY; vU; printer dh vis{kk dkQh vf/kd gksrk gS buls
izkIr printing dh dher Hkh cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA laser printer esa lcls vPNh ckr ;g
gksrh gS fd buesa printing ds le; vkokt mRiUu ugh gksrh A

3.6. Plotter.;g ,d output device gS tks Charts, Drawings, Maps (Three

dimensional illustrations) f=&foHkh; js[kk fp= vkSj vU; izdkj dh hardcopy izLrqr
djus ds dk;Z djrk gSA
 D;ksfd ;g cM+&
s cM+s drawings, graphics vkfn dks vR;f/kd dq'kyrk o ljyrk ls fiazVa
dj ldrk gS tcfd bu dk;ksZ dks printer ugh dj ldrk A printer rFkk plotter es
lcls eq[; varj ;g gS fd ,d fizaVj dsoy left to right ds lkFk & lkFk top to
bottom gh print dj ldrk gSA plotter esa fofHkUu jaxksa ds isu dk mi;ksx djds
coloured output Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Plotter rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
1. Drum Plotter. ;g ,d ,slh output device gS ftlesa pen use gskrs gS tks
xfr'khy gksdj dkxt dh lrg ij fd vkd`fr (shape) rS;kj djrs gSA paper ,d
drum ij p<+k jgrk gSA tks vkxs f[kldrk tkrk gS pen computer }kjk (control)
gksrk gSA dbZ pen plotter esa fiber tipped pen gksrs gSA

;fn mPp quality dh vko';drk gks rks rduhdh Mªkf¶Vax isu (technical drafting
pen) use fd;k tkrk gSA isu dh LihM ,d ckj es ,d bap ds gtkjosa fgLls ds cjkcj
gksrh gSA dbZ coloured plotter es pkj ;k pkj ls vf/kd isu gksrs gSA plotter ,d laiw.kZ
fp= (drawing) dks dqN inch per second dh nj ls plat djrk gSSA
2. Flatbed Plotter. blesa ,d fLFkj ploting lrg gksrh gS ftlls isij fLFkj jgrk gSA
blesa pen paper ij x rFkk y nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa ?kwedj drawing cuk ldrk gSA computer
pen dks x-y axis dh direction esa control djrk gS vkSj dkxt ij vkd`fr cukrk gSA
3. Electrostatic Plotter:- ;g Plotter electrostatic charge ds }kjk NksVs NksVs
Dots cukdj Special Paper ij Out put nsrk gS ;g lcls Fast Plotter gksrk gS

3.4 Monitor
Monitor dks VDU ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA VDU dk iwjk uke video display unit
gSA ;g ekWfuVj dEI;wVj esa mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk ,d loZJs"B izpfyr vkmViqV fMokbl gS
VDU esa television dh LØhu ds leku Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) yxh jgrh gSA bl
CRT dh enn ls gh LØhu ij fp= v{kj fn[kk;h nsrs gS A VDU ls izkIr gksus okyk output
softcopy output dgykrk gSA ;g vLFkk;h gksrk gS A

3.4.1 Type of Monitor

1. Colors ds vk/kkj ij
(i).Monochrome. Monochrome monitor nks colour display djrk gSA ,d
background ds fy;s rFkk ,d foreground ds fy;s ;s colour black & white, green
and white or amber and white gks ldrs gSA

(iii). Gray scale. Gray scale monitor ,d fo'ks"k izdkj monochrome monitor gS
tks gray colour ds different shade dks display djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
iii. Color .Colour monitor 16 ls 1 million rd fofHkUu color display dj ldrk gSA
dyj ekWuhVj dks RGB monitor Hkh dgk tkrk gSA D;ksfd ;s rhu vyx&vyx signal -
Red, Green, Blue dks accept djrk gSA

2. Display Screen dh rduhd ds vk/kkj ij

(i). CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes): - Display screen dk lcls common form
gS CRT Video Display terminal or computer esa display screen esa cathode ray
tube dk mi;ksx gksrk gS tks fd ,d fuokZr V~;qc (vaccme tube) gSaA

LØhu ij Image individual dotes or picture element ds }kjk show gksrh ftls
pixel dgrs gSA Pixer ,d smallest unit tks LØhu ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gS rFkk dEI;wVj ds
[kqyus vkSj can gksus fofHkUu izdkj ds shades nsrh gSA dEI;wVj ls bits dh ,d stream tks
fd image dsk define djrh gSA CRT electron gun dks Hksth tkrh gSA tgk¡ bits
element esa convert gks tkrh gSA CRTs screen dh lrg phosphor ls coated jgrh
gSA tc electron gun ls electron beam phosphor dks hit djrh gSA ftls pixel ij
light iM+rh gSA blls image screen ij mRiUu (generate) gksrh gSA

(ii). Flat Panel Display. Flat Panel Display cgqr vf/kd iryk (much thinner)
cgqr de Hkkj okyk rFkk de power consume djus okyk gksrk gSA tks fd portable
computer esa cgqr vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA
flat panel display esa rhu izdkj dh technology use gksrh gSA Liquid Crystel
display, electro luminescent display or gas plasma display
3.4.2 Monitor Features

1. Resolution: - Resolution image dh clarity or sharpness dks n'kkZRkk gSA

ekWuhVj dk resolution ;g lwfpr (indicate) djrk gS fd pixel dSls packed jgrs gSA
lkekU;r% vf/kd pixels image dks vf/kd sharp djds show djrk gSA

2. Lines of Resolution: - Monitor eas Pixrels dh Quantity dks ge Pixel dh

line ls ekirs gS A Monitor eas Horizantal and vertical fdruh lines gksxh mlls
Resolution izHkkfor gksrk gSA
3. Refresh Rate: - Monitor eas Display eas fn[k jgh best ,d fuf’pr le; ds
i’pkr~ curh rFkk feVrh gS ijUrq ;g dk;Z bruh rsth ls gksrk gS fd best dh rhozrk gess
ges’kk fn[kkbZ nsrh jgrh gS best cuus rFkk feVus ds jsV dks ge Refresh Rate dgrs gSa A
dEI;wVj LØhu ij image ck;s ls nk;s rFkk Åij ls uhps electron gun ds }kjk ifjofrZr
gksrh jgrh gSA ekWuhVj dh refresh rate dks Hurtz eas ukik tkrk gSA
4. Band Width :- ,d lsdsUM es Electron gun ds }kjk Display Screen ij Data
dh ek=k dks Band Width dgrs gSa A Band Width MkVk ds movment, position vkSj
firing dks control djrs gSA

5. Dot Pitch :- Dot pitch ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhd (measurement

technique) gS tks ;g show djrh gS fd izR;sd pixel ds e/; fdruk vertical
difference gSA dot pitch dk measurement M.M.(Mili Meter) esa fd;k tkrk gS A
3.4.3 Video Adaptor

Display Screen ij fn[kk, tk jgs fMLIys dks ge ,d LVSaMMZ ds }kjk le>rs gSa ftls
fofM;ksa LVSaMMZ dgrs gSA fofM;ksa LVSaMMZ dk fu/kkZj.k video display adaptor ds }kjk fd;k
tkrk gS A video display adaptor dks graphics adaptor card Hkh dgrs gSA ;g ,d
circuit board gS tks fd display screen ij image ds vfr'kh?kz fn[kkbZ nsus dyj dh
la[;k rFkk resolution dks determine djrh gSA video display adaptor viuh
memory chip ls attach gksdj vkrh gS tks ;g determine dh image fdruh vf/kd
'kh?kzrk ls rFkk fdrus vf/kd colour display djrh gSA ,d video display adaptor tks
256 KB memory dh gksrh gS og 16 dyj iznku djrh gSA
1. VGA (Video Graphics Array). VGA dk fuekZ.k IBM company us fd;k FkkA
vktdy cgqr lkjs VGA monitor iz;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs gSA VGA monitor dk
resolution bles mi;ksx gksus okys dyj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vki 16 colour 640x480
pixel ij ;k 256 colour 320x200 pixel ij NkaV ldrs gSA lkjs IBM compitable
computer VGA display system dks enn iznku djrs gSA
2. XGA (Extended Graphics Array). Extended Graphics Array display
system dk fuekZ.k IBM us lu~ 1990 es fd;k FkkA ;g display screen ij successor ds
:i es]a tks 4814/A display Fkk iznf'kZr gksrk FkkA bldk vxyk laLdj.k XGA-2 16
million colour esa 800x600 pixel dk resolution rFkk 65536 million colours esa
1024 x 768 pixel dk resolution iznf'kZr djrk FkkA
3. SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array). vktdy lkjs PC SVGA graphics
display system ds :i esa fcd jgs gSA okLro esa SVGA dk vFkZ gS VGA ls different A
ijarq ;g ,d single standard ugh gSA Video Electronics standard association }kjk
,d standard programming interface dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks fd SVGA display esa enn
djrk gSA