Computer Hardware dk vFkZ le>us ds iwoZ

gesa computer dk full form tku ysuk vko’;d gSA

FULL FORM OF THE COMPUTER

C = Common
O = Operate/Operating
M = Machine
P = Particularly
U = Used for
T = Technical
E = Educational
R = Research

Definition of Computer : –
Computer ,d e’khu gS tks flEcYl dks
eSuhdqysV djus ds fy, Program dh xbZ gSA Computers
fdlh Hkh çdkj ds complex rFkk Repetitive (fjihVhfVo)
çkslhtj dks 'kh?kz gh çLrqr dj ldrk gSA
 ;s fdlh Hkh çdkj ds vFkZeSVy] ykWftdy]
dSYdqys’ku dks lsds.M~l esa solve dj ldrk gS vkSj
computer vius vanj large amount esa data store djds j[k
ldrk gSA

fQftdy dEiksusUV~l ftlls fd computer

construct fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(Electronic circuit on Input/output Devices )

mUgsa Hardware ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fdlh

Hkh computer esa çeq[kr% 4 çdkj ds Hardware
component ik;s tkrs gSA

exp. – 1 C.P.U. (central processing unit)

2 Input
3 Output
4 Memory

tgka CPU Program dks execute djrk gSA

Software tks fd ;s crkrk gS fd computer dks djuk D;k
gSA
 Input/Output Devices tks fd Computer dks
user vkSj outside world ds lkFk communicate djrk gSA
BLOCK DIGRAM

Input Process Output

Input unit Storage Output

unit
C.U.
A.L.U.

Computer dks nks igyqvksa esa ckaVk x;k

gSA
1. Computer Hardware
2. Computer Software

1) Computer Hardware :-
os lHkh devices ftUgsa ge ns[kdj rFkk Nw dj
eglwl dj ldrs gSa rFkk viuh vko’;Drk ds vuqlkj mu
devices dh {kerk ?kVk ;k c<+k ldrs gSaA ,sls
dEiksusUV~l] Computer ds Hardware Parts dgykrs
gSaA
for exp.- 1 Keyboard
2 Mouse
3 Display
4 C.P.U.
5 Hard disk etc.

2) Computer Software :-
;s Computer ds vanj ds Programs ds xq.k gksrs
gSaA ftUgsa u rks ge ns[k ldrs gSa u gh Nw ldrs gSa
vkSj lkFk gh u gh budh capacity dks ?kVk@c<+k ldrs
gSa] Componants Computer Software dgykrs gSaA

PARTS OF THE COMPUTER

HARDWARE

a) INPUT UNIT :-
Computer dks fdlh Hkh Problem dks solve
djus ds fy, ,d order esa data vFkok Instruction nsus dh
t:jr gksrh gSA Computer esa Input ftu Devices ds Help
ls dh tkrh gSA mUgsa Input devices dgrs gSaA

NAME OF THE INPUT DEVICES

i) Key Board
ii) Scanner
iii) Joy Stick
iv) Track Ball
v) Mick
vi) Light Pen etc.

Input Devices rhu function çLrqr djrs gSa –

1 Outside world ls Data vFkok Instruction ,DlsIV

djrs gSaA
2 vkSj mUgs Computer dks le> esa vkus okyh
languages esa convert djrs gSaA
3 Converted data dks further processing ds fy,
computer system dks supply djrs gSaA
b) OUTPUT UNIT :-
;s ,sls device gksrs gSa tks users ds }kjk Input
fd;s x;s set of instructions dks Accurately (,D;wjsVyh)
processing djds output nsrs gSaA os devices gh output
devices gksrs gSaA
NAME OF OUTPUT DEVICES

i) Monitor
ii) Printer
iii) Plotter
iv) Speaker
v) Headphone
vi) (C.R.T.) (Cathode Ray tube) etc.

c) C.P.U. :-
;s Large scale Instigation vkSj Metal Oxide
semi conactal etc. Technology dks use djds cuk;k tkrk
gSA

;g fdlh Hkh computer dk brain (fnekx) dgk

tkrk gS] vkSj gekjs }kjk fn;s x;s data dks process djds
output ds :i esa Result gesa nsrk gSA
C.P.U. dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS –

i) jftLVj (Register)
ii) dUVªksy ;wfuV (control unit)
iii) vFkZeSfVd ykWftd ;wfuV (ALU)
i) REGISTER :-
;g gekjs Processor dh temporary memory
gksrh gSA tks fd 8 bit ls ysdj 16 bit rd dh gks ldrh
gSA ;g CPU ds }kjk fn;s x;s result dks Temporary store
djds j[krh gSA

ii) CU :-
;g CPU }kjk fn;s x;s Result dks control djds
j[krk gS rFkk ,d&,d djds partly ds vk/kkj ij output
devices ds }kjk output nsrk gSA

iii) ALU :-
;g unit gekjs }kjk Input fd;s x;s fdlh Hkh çdkj
ds Logical vFkok arithmetical calculation tSls –
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division vkfn bl
lHkh problems dk solution nsrk gSA
iv) Memory :-
;s ,d storage device gS tks gekjs data dks
Hkfo"; esa use ds fy, store djds j[krk gSA

for exp.- 1 Hard disk

2 CD (compact disk)
3 Floppy disk
4 Pen drive

MEORY MANAGEMENT UNIT

4 bite - 1 Nibble
8 bite - 1 byte
1024 bit - 1 kilo byte
1024 mega byte - 1 Giga byte
1024 Giga byte - 1 Tera byte
1024 Tera byte - 1 eco byte
1024 eco byte - 1 Hexa byte

Computer dh ihf<+;k¡
 Computer ds Hardware voice 5 (five) Generation
esa divide fd;k tkrk gSA

First Generation (1942-1956) :-

First Generation dh 'kq:vkr 1940 ds vkl&ikl
ekuh tkrh gSA bl Generation ds Computer esa circuitry
ds fy, Vacuum tube dk use fd;k tkrk FkkA Memory ds
fy, Magnetic drum dk use fd;k tkrk FkkA

bl Generation ds Computer dh speed micro

seconds esa gksrh Fkh ,oa budh storage capacity 20,000
Character dh FkhZ bldk MTBF (Main Time Between
Failor) dqN /kaVksa ds fy, gh gksrk Fkk vkSj ;s dqN
nsj esa Heat (xeZ) gksdj automatic can gks tkrs FksA

budh Reliability cgqr de gksrh FkhA ;g cgqr

T;knk Expensive Fks] single computer ,d large room
contain djrk FkkA ;s computers de cksYVstl esa cgqr
Heat (xeZ) gks tkrs FksA ftl dkj.k ls bUgsa air
condition dh t:jr gksrh FkhZ
 First Generation ds computer tSls – ENAC,
ADVAC, ED, EDSC Computers etc.

Second Generation (1956-1963) :-

Second Generation dks 1956 ls 1963 ds chp ekuk
x;k gSA bu computer esa circuitry ds fy, vacuum tube
(oSD;we V~;wc) ds LFkku ij Transistor dk use gqvkA
ftlds dkj.k computer dk vkdkj First Generation
dh Computer dh rqyuk esa FkksM+k NksVk gks x;kA
budh xfr upto micro second gks xbZA

budh storage capacity 1,00,000 character dh

gks xbZ budk MTBF c<+dj dqN fnuksa ds fy, gks x;kA
budh Reliability first Generation dh vis{kk T;knk gks
xbZ budh heating Problem Hkh de gks xbZ rFkk de
cksYVSt ij working djus dh capacity vkSj vf/kd gks
xbZ ,oa buds NksVs gksus ds dkj.k ,d LFkku ls nwljs
LFkku rd vklkuh ls ys tk;k tkus yxkA buesa air
condition dh t:jr first Generation ds Computer dh
vis{kk de gks xbZA
 Second Generation ds Computer tSls – IBM
300, IBM 370, IBM 1620,140 etc. budk use oSKkfud
rFkk O;kikfjd dk;ksZa esa fd;k tkus yxkA

Third Generation (1964 - 1971):-

bl Generation dh 'kq:vkr 1964 ls ysdj 1971 ds
chp ekuh tkrh gSA bl Generation esa vacuum tube ds
LFkku ij IC (Integrated circuit) dk use fd;k x;kA IC ds
use gksus ls computer dk vkdkj buds igys ds Generation
ds computer dh vis{kk NksVk gks x;k D;ksafd yxHkx
1000 VªkfUtLVj ls feydj 1 IC cukbZ xbZ ftlls computer
dks j[kus ds fy;s txg Hkh de yxus yxh vkSj budh speed
neno second esa gks xbZ vkSj budh Data storage
capacity half million rd gks xbZA

budk MTBF M= Mean, T= Time, B= Betaren,

F=fuilor,
The usent hours rd gks x;k ftlls buds
Reliabilities Hkh c<+ xbZ vkSj Heating Problem de gks
xbZA
 Third Generation ds computer esa LSI (Large
scale Integrated), MSI (Medium scale gntrigation)
Technology dks use fd;k x;kA Third Generation ds
computer tSls – IBM 320 etc.

Forth Generation :-
bl Generation dk Invention 1971 ls ysdj
Present rd ds computer dks ekuk tk ldrk gSA Present
time ij ge tks Hkh computer ns[k jgs gSaA os forth
Generation ds computer gSa tks fd 1975 esa cuk;s x;sA
buesa ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Gntrigation) &
VLSI (Very Large Scale Gntrigation). bu circuit dks
flfydkWu chip esa cuk;k x;k bUgsa Micro Processor
dgk x;kA

Micro Processor ds Development & Invention

ds dkj.k CPU dks ,d ek= chip esa Install djuk vklku gks
x;kA Micro processor dk use djds cuk;k x;kA ;g
computer Micro computer dgyk;k x;kA

Fifth Generation :-
 Fifth Generation ds computer dks 2000 ls ysdj
Further time ds computers dks bl Js.kh esa 'kkfey fd;k
x;kA

Fifth Generation ds computers iSjsyy çkslsflax

ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl Generation ds computer esa artificial
gntelligence dk use fd;k tkus yxkA bl generation ds
computer easily ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tk;k tk
ldus yxkA
Fifth generation ds computer dh speed cgqr
vf/kd gks xbZ vkSj buesa MTBF dh Problem fcYdqy
[kRe gks xbZA bl generation ds computer Easily
Affordeble .

Memory Introduction

Memory ,d electronic device gSA Modern

electronic computer ds ikl dbZ çdkj dh memory muesa
ls lHkh memory Data rFkk Information dks Hold o
store djus ds fy;s use dh tkrh gSA ftUgsa rqjUr use fd;k
tk ldrk gSA Computer dh memory dks mainly 2
category esa divide fd;k x;k gSA
1) Primary Memory
2) Secondary Memory

1) Primary Memory :-
Primary Memory dks Computer dh Main
Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s Memory computer CPU
ds }kjk Repedly & Directly access fd;s tkus okys data
dks hold djds j[krh gSA
tSls fd computer fdlh Hkh calculation dks
çLrqr dj ldrk gS vkSj CPU RAM vFkok ROM ls data
retrieve & store djrk gSA
exp. – CPU esa processing ds fy, data RAM ls fd;s tkrs
gSaA Processing ds ckn calculation dk result okil RAM
dks ns fn;k tkrk gSA
Primary Memory dks nks category esa divide
fd;k x;k gSA
i) RAM (Random Access Memory)
ii) ROM (Read Only Memory)

i) RAM :-
 Ram ,d Volatile storage area gS] tks fd CPU
}kjk use fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Program dks Ram djus
ls igys mls memory esa Load fd;k tkrk gS] tks
Programs dks CPU ds n~okjk directly access djus dh
facility provide djrk gSA

Volatile memory :-
blesa ge read o write dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA blesa
data dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, continue electric current dh
vko’;Drk gksrh gSA
Ram esa store fd;k x;k data computer ds
switched esa off gksus ij vFkok accidentally current
cUn gksus ij loss gks tkrk gSA blfy;s ge bls volatile
memory dgrs gSaA
Ram dks dbZ categories esa (oxksZa esa)
divide fd;k x;k gS –

a) S-Ram
b) D-Ram
c) FP-Ram
d) EDD-Ram
e) SD-Ram
f) RD-Ram
g) DDR-SD-Ram etc.

a) D-Ram :-
bls dynamic Ram dgk tkrk gSA blesa users dks
data dks save j[kus ds fy, continue Refresh djrs jgus dh
t:jr gksrh gSA D-Ram 96 pin dh gksrh gSA

b) S-Ram :-
bls Static Ram dgk tkrk gSA ;g D- Ram dh
rqyuk esa FkksM+h expensive gksrh gSA ysfdu bl Ram
esa user dks vius data dks save j[kus ds fy;s ckj-ckj
Refresh djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh vkSj ;g D-Ram dh
rqyuk esa speed fast gksrh gSA ;g 72 pin dh gksrh gSA
c) SD-RAM :-
bls Synchronous Dynamic Ram dgk tkrk gSA
bl Ram dk use P-B Computer esa use fd;k x;k ;g 168
pin dh gksrh gSA

d) RD-RAM :-
bls jSEcl Dynamic Ram dgk x;kA bl Ram dks
Hard disk support Ram Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 1999 ds var
esa ;g Xenon (thukWu) çkslslj iSusfy;e – 3 Computer ij
use fd;k tkus yxkA ;g 184 pin dh gksrh gSA

e) DDR-RAM :-
 bls Double Data Rate Ram Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g
256 MB ls 2 GB rd dh gks ldrh gSa ;g Present time ds
Computer esa use gksrh gSA ;s dbZ çdkj dh gksrh gS –

exp.- i) DDR – 1 (RAM)

ii) DDR – 2 (RAM)
iii) DDR – 3 (RAM)

i) DDR – 1 (RAM)

ii) DDR – 2 (RAM)

iii) DDR – 3 (RAM)

f) DDR-SD-RAM –

i) DDR1 SDRAM

ii) DDR2SDRAM

iii) DDR3SDRAM

g) EDO-RAM :-
 Generation Computer Diagram

First Generation

Second Generation

Third Generation
ii) ROM – Read Only Memory

;g Computer esa use gksus okyh ,d ,slh Memory gS

ftlesa u gks ge dksbZ Data write dj ldrs gSa vkSj u gh
muesa ls data remove dj ldrs gSaA bl çdkj dh Memory
ls Data dsoy Read fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s gekjs Computer
dh Permanent Data storage Memory gS] bls BIOS o
Non Volatile Memory dgk tkrk gSA

Non Volatile Details :-

Non Volatile dk eryc gS blesa store fd;k x;k
Data computer ds switch off gksus ds ckn Hkh mlesa
store jgrk gSA tks fd Computer dks nqckjk o start djus
ij mUgsa çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Type Of ROM
1) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
2) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory)
3) EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory)

1) PROM :-
bl çdkj dh Memory esa dsoy ,d gh ckj Program
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

2) EPROM :-
EPROM esa Store fd;k x;k data altravirous dh
Help ls remove fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3) EEPROM :-
blesa ge Electrical voltage Mkydj bu memory
esa store data dks remove fd;k tk ldrk gSA

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)

 ,d power supply ,d electronic credit gksrh gS
tks electronic power dks ,d form ls nwljs form ,oa
nwljs form ls igys form esa convert djus ds fy;s use fd;k
tkrk gSA SMPS switching transistor dh lgk;rk ls credit
esa switching functionality provide djrs gSaA

Type of SMPS

çeq[kr% SMPS nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa-

a) AT (advance technology)
b) ATX (advance tech. x-tented)

AT detail -
bu SMPS dk use igys ds computers esa fd;k
tkrk Fkk tSls fd P2, P3, P4, etc.
bu SMPS ds dqN character sticks o draw box
gS-
tSls-
a) manually shut down –
 AT SMPS ds back panel esa ,d switch gksrk
Fkk ftls off djds computer dks shut down fd;k tkrk Fkk

b) mother board sensing credit not present-

c) sten by single plus five volt not present - blesa nks

6-6 fiu ds connecter use fd;s tkrs gSaA

ATX detail –
modern computer esa ATX SMPS gh use fd;s
tkrs gSa blesa AT dh vis{kk cgqr lh character sticks
gSaA

1 ATX esa automatic shut down dh facility gksrh

gSA
2 blesa mother board sensing credit present gksrh
gSA
3 ATX SMPS 20 o 24 connector dk use gksrk gSA

Block diagram of SMPS –

2 UPS full form (Unitrin up table power supply) -
;g ,d çdkj dk inverter gksrk gSA tks fd fcuk
#ds AC (Alternet Current) supply djrk gSA
tc Hkh main AC available ugha gksrh gSA
UPS Battry dh enn ls AC supply provide djrk gSA tc
AC fail gksrh gSA UPS dk use Computer dks Protect
djus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

Types of UPS

UPS dks 2 category esa divide fd;k gSA

a) ON LINE UPS
b) OFF LINE UPS

a) ON LINE UPS :-
ONLINE UPS esa UPS socket inverter section
ls generated supply dks ges’kk receiver (çkIr) djrk jgrk
gS D;ksafd ONLINE UPS dk inverter section battery ls
connected gksrs gSa tks fd DC supply (Direct current)
dks AC (AlterNet current) esa convert djds forward djrk
gSA

Block Diagram of ONLINE UPS –

b) OFF LINE UPS :-

bls stemby UPS ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ;g
dsoy rHkh dke djrk gS tc UPS dks esu AC Power
supply vkuk can gks tkrk gSA

Block Diagram of OFF LINE UPS –

 KEY BOARD

Key board dks primary Input device ds :i esa

tkuk tkrk gSA ;g typewriter ds tSlk gh gksrk gSA
keyboard dh help ls gh computer esa data input fd;s tkrs
gSa ftlls fd çkslsl djus ds ckn monitor screen ij output
fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa diging fd;k x;k keyboard model dks
qwerty Keyboard dgk tkrk gSA
fons’kh Keyboards models dks DVORAK
keyboard dgrs gSaA Keyboard fdlh Hkh computer ds
fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA Keyboard eq[;r% rhu çdkj
ds gksrs gSa –

1) Normal Keyboard :-
bl Keyboard esa keys dh la[;k 101 ls 102 rd
gks ldrh gSA ftlesa fd alphabetic (A to Z), numerical (0
to 9) Numerical Keypack (0 to 9) Functional keypack
(F1 to F12) keys ik;s tkrs gSaA
 blds vykok dqN special keys blesa ikbZ tkrh gS –

tSls fd – Turbo key, Power key, Tab, Caps Lock, shift,

Del, Alt, Ctrl (Control), esc etc. Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaA

2) Multimedia Keyboard :-
buesa de ls de 112 keys ik;h tkrh gS ftuesa
Alphabet Numerical, functional keys ds vykok
Multimedia keys gSaA tSls – songs ds fy, Play,
forward, rewards, etc.
Internet ds fy, direct www page open fd;s tkrs gsaA

3) Wireless Keyboard :-
Normal keyboard or multimedia Keyboard dh
vis{kk wireless keyboard vf/kd reliable gksrk gSA
D;ksafd wire dk use bl keyboard esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
blfy, gesa dEI;wVj ls 2-10 ehVj esa varj esa cSBdj
dEI;wVj vkWijsV dj ldrs gSaA blesa Hkh lk/kkj.kr%
112 keys ikbZ tkrh gS ftlesa normal ;k multimedia keys
dk combination available gksrk gSA
Keyboard esa ,d micro controller IC ikbZ tkrh gS
tks fd keyboard ds lkjs function dks control djrs gSaA
 “ Keyboard micro controller ”
IC 8048 AH

Block Diagram

MOUSE

Mouse Computer dk ,d Input Device gSA ysfdu ;g

computer ds fy;s T;knk Important ugha gksrk gSA
D;ksafd computer dks operate Keyboard ls Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ysfdu keyboard dh vis{kk Mouse T;knk fast
gskrk gSA Actually geas Mouse esa keyboard dh rjg
key combination ;kn ugha j[kuk iM+rk gSA Mouse ds
}kjk fdlh Hkh Program dks access djus ds fy, Program
dks Select dj double Click dkuk iM+rk gSA

Type of Mouse –

1 Mechanical Mouse
2 Upto Mechanical Mouse
3 Optical Mouse
4 Wireless Mouse
(Infrared & Radio Mouse)

1. Mechanical Mouse :-
Bl çdkj ds Mouse ds vanj yxh gqbZ Direction
control chip gh direction dks control djrh gS vkSj crkrh
gS fd mouse dks fdl direction esa move djuk gSA

2. Upto Mechanical Mouse :-

bl Mouse esa direction dh movement ,d NksVh
lh ball ds }kjk yxkbZ tkrh gSA ;g ball mouse ds
movement ij mouse controller chip dks inform djrh gS
fd cursur dks fdl direction esa move djuk gSA
3. Optical Mouse :-
Bl Mouse esa mouse ds uhps yxh gqbZ optical
light ds }kjk gh mouse dh movement dk irk yxk;k tkrk
gSA blesa yxh optical line plane surface dks scan djrh
gS vkSj mouse movement direction dk irk yxkrh gSA

4. Wireless Mouse :-
bl çdkj ds Mouse esa computer ls connect djus
ds fy, wire dk use ugha fd;k tkrk blfy, bUgsa wireless
mouse dgrs gSaA
wire ds LFkku ij bu mouse dks infrared ;k
radio controller device dk use fd;k tkrk gSA
buds }kjk ge computer ds lkeus 2 ls 10 ehvj ds
varj ls computer ij operate dj ldrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh Mouse esa Micro controller IC gksrh
gS tks fd Mouse ds movement dks control djrh gSA
 SCANNER

dHkh&dHkh gesa ,d ,sls Input device dh t:jr gksrh

gS fd gesa vius PC esa igys ls assisting photographs dks
digital Bit Map file ds :i esa LVksj djuk gS rks ge
scanner dk use djds ;g work complete dj ldrs gSaA
,d vPNh quality dk scanner fdlh Hkh çdkj ds
Matter dks tks gekjs ikl paper esa miyC/k gksrk gS mls
ASCI format esa convert dj ldrk gS ftlls fd word
processing vkSj publishing software tSls fd MS Word,
Page Maker etc. bls igpku ldsa vkSj fdlh Hkh çdkj dh
editing dh tk ldsA

Scanner dbZ çdkj ds gks ldrs gSa &

Flate bed sheet fed, Dram scanner etc.

Part of Scanner

1. Glass Plate
2. Light Source, Mirror, Lance & Filter
3. CCD Sancer
4. Transmission Belt
5. Stepper Motor
6. Steblizer Bar
7. Flex circuit
8. Logic Board
9. AID Converter

Block Diagram

1. Glass Plate :-
Glass Plate ij source document dks j[kk tkrk
gS vkSj ;g glass plate ds uhps ls source dks Light ds
}kjk scan djrk gSA

2. Light Source Mirror Lance & Filter :-

 Scan head ds }kjk scanning Process dks vkxs
ys tkbZ tkrh gSA Head vius vanj light source Mirror
Lance & Filter & CCd Sensor dks vius vanj lkFk esa
j[krk gSA
Scanning ds ckn source document mirror lance
filter dh lgk;rk ls CCD sensor esa ig¡p tkrk gSA

3. CCD Sensor :-
;g NksVs&NksVs sencitive diodes dks
collection gksrk gS tks Light dks electric charge esa
convert djrk gSA

4. Transmission Belt :-
;g scanning unit dks image ds across move
djrk gSA

5. Stepper Motor :-
;g transmission belt stepper motor dks power
provide djrk gS tgka stepper motor scanner dh scanning
'kq)rk dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

6. Steblizer Bar :-
 ;g scan head ds movement dks smoothly insure
djrk gSA

7. Flex circuit :-
Alougic Board ij CCD Information dks carry
djrk gSA

8. Logic Board :-
;g Computer ls scanner ds chp ds information
dks recognize djrk gSA

9. AID Convertor :-
;g Output signals dks 0 vFkok 1 ds form esa
convert djrk gS ftlls fd PC (Personal Computer) bls le>
ldsA

Floppy Disk
 ;g secondary storage ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA
bldk use data storage ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs
storage device dh rqyuk esa floppy disk chqr gh de
ek=k esa data storage djds j[krh gSA ;g ,d çdkj dh
iksVsZcy device gSA ftls ,d computer ls nwljs
computer esa vklkuh ls yk;k ystk;k tk ldrk gSA
lcls igyh Floppy ,Ye lqxbZ ds }kjk 1967 esa
cukbZ xbZ FkhA ftldk size 8 inch FkkA ftlesa data
store djus dh {kerk dsoy 100 kb FkhA

Block Diagram

Types of Floppy Disk –

1) 8 Inch Floppy Disk :-

;g 8 inch diameter dh Fkh blds Åijh lrg ij
magnetic coating dh tkrh FkhA budh data store djus dh
capacity 1 mega byte FkhA
2) 5.25 Inch Floppy Disk :-
bl çdkj dh floppy disk dk use 1976 esa start
fd;k x;k ysfdu 1978 esa ;g ,d standard cu x;k lclsa igyh
5025 inch Floppy disk dh data storage capacity 160 kb
FkhA

3) 3.5 Inch Floppy Disk :-

bu floppy disk dh 'kq:vkr IBM us 1984 esa dh
Fkh rc budh storage capacity 720 kb FkhA ysfdu tSls
tSls buesa update fd;k x;k budh storage capacity c<+dj
1.44 MB gks xbZA
bu floppy dh rotation speed 300 round per
minute FkhA

PRINTER

Printer ,d Printing device gS tks gekjs text

document ds lkFk&lkFk Image dks Hkh Paper esa Print
djrs gSaA Printer vkSj monitor nks çeq[k output
devices gSa] tgk¡ Monitor Display ds :i esa soft copy
Provide djrk gS vkSj tSls gh Display off gksrk gS ;k
Monitor change gksrk gS displayed result xk;c gks tkrk
gSA

Monitor dh nwljh limitation result dh

portability gksrh gSA ysfdu blds fy, gesa vius
Important document dh ,d permanent copy dh vko’;Drk
gksrh gSA ftls t:jr iM+us ij nwljs LFkku ij Hkstk tk
ldrk gSA blds LFkku ij dsoy Printer gh ,d ,slk solution
gS tks fd gekjs wanted Matters dks paper esa j[kdj port
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Printer gesa hard copy provide djrk gSA ml

hard copy dks ge Hkfo"; esa ns[k] fill o use dj ldrs
gSaA

Printer Mechanism (eSdsfuTe fof/k)

Printer Mechanism ds vk/kkj ij Printer dks

fuEufyf[kr category esa divide fd;k x;k gS –

1) IMPECT PRINTER
2) NON- IMPECT PRINTER
1) IMPECT PRINTER :-
;g Printer Output media ij Image create djus ds
fy, Physical Impact dk use djrk gSA
;s Printer Inked Ribbon ds against hammer
(gFkkSM+s) dk use djrk gSA ;g Impect Ribbon ls
Paper ij Ink dks squeeze djrk gS vkSj ;gh Impact Printer
esa gesa Mark ds :i esa visible gksrk gSA

Advantages of Impact Printer

i) ;g Simple design o functionally Provide djrk gSA

ii) bldk Maintenance easy gksrk gSA
iii) ;g multiple time Printing esa use fd;k tkrk gSA

Disadvantages of Impact Printer

i) ;g cgqr T;knk Noise Produce djrk gS vkSj ;g Noise

Paper vkSj Ribbon ds against hammer ring ds }kjk
mRiUu gksrh gSA
for Example – Dot Matrix Printer
2) Non Impact Printer :-
bu Printer esa Paper ij Image Produce djus ds
fy, Print head Ribbon ij strike ugha djrk cfYd bldh txg
ij og Ink spraying electro static magnetic gation vkSj
heating drocess ds }kjk required Image dks Paper
vFkok nwljs output Media ij Print djus dk dke djrk gSA

For Example –
Inkjet , Laser Printer etc.
Dot Matrix Printer (DMP)
DMP Printers computer Industry esa ,d
popular Printer gS d;ksafd blesa simple operation, Low
cost, Low Maintenance, Low operating expense vkSj
easy Service ability gksrh gSA

DMP Printers dh ,d unit ability gksrh gS fd og

fofHkUu çdkj ds test fonts vkSj lkFk gh lkFk fofHkUu
çdkj ds graphics format dks fcuk print head setup
change fd;s cxSj fdlh Hkh çdkj ds Paper ij Print dj ldrs
gSaA
DMP Draft o NLQ nksksa Modes esa dke djrk
gSA bldh speed 100 ls 500 character Per second dh
gksrh gS ;g bit Image Type ds Impect printer gksrs gSa
tks fd iwjs charactors dks ,d lkFk Print ugha dj ldrsA
DMP dh Draft mode esa speed 100 ls 500 character per
second gksrh gS vkSj NLQ mode esa 25 ls 60 character
per second gksrh gSA

DMP of Advantages

1) ;g fdlh Hkh çdkj ds Paper esa Print dj ldrk gSA

2) ;s Printing ds nkSjku carbon Paper dk use djds
carbon copy produce dj ldrs gSaA
3) ;g dbZ çdkj dh Printing dj ldrs gSaA
4) ;g graph chart o Pictures dh Printing Produce dj
ldrs gSaA

Disadvantages of DMP

1) ;s chqr lkjs Noice create djrk gSA

2) ;s Ledger o Inkjet Printer dh rjg gh quality bfEi;j
gksrh gSA