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CE8394 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Mechanical Engineering - Third Semester
CE8394 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Mechanical Engineering - Third Semester
⁄v
Thus, the unit of p is kg = m3.
CE8394 Fluid
2. The specific gravity of a liquid has
Mechanics and
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a) the same unit as that of mass density
b) the same unit as that of weight density
Machinery c) the same unit as that of specific volume
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d) no unit
Mechanical Answer: d
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Explanation: The specific gravity of a liquid
Engineering - Third is the ratio of two similar quantities
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(densities) which makes it unitless.
Semester 3. The specific volume of a liquid is the
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reciprocal of
a) weight density
b) mass density
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c) specific weight
UNIT I FLUID d) specific volume
PROPERTIES AND FLOW Answer: b
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CHARACTERISTICS Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m).
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v = v⁄m = 1 / m⁄v = ⁄p
TOPIC 1.1 UNITS AND where p is the mass density.
DIMENSIONS- PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS- MASS DENSITY, 4. Which one of the following is the unit of
specific weight?
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COMPRESSIBILITY, VAPOR d) N = ms
PRESSURE, SURFACE TENSION
AND CAPILLARITY. Answer: a
Explanation: Specific weight(γ) is defined as
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b) [M1 L3 T0].
Answer: a
Explanation: Mass Density(p) is defined as c) [M0 L-3 T0].
the mass(m) per unit volume(V ), i.e., p = m d) [M0 L3 T0].
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6. Which one of the following is the c) v1 = v2
dimension of specific gravity of a liquid? d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient
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a) [M1 L-3 T0]. information.
b) [M1 L0 T0]. Answer: b
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c) [M0 L-3 T0]. Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
d) [M0 L0 T0]. as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m).
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v = v⁄m = 1 / m⁄v = ⁄p
Answer: d where p is the mass density. Thus, if p1 > p2,
Explanation: The specific gravity of a liquid the relation between the specific volumes v1
is the ratio of two similar quantities and v2
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(densities) which makes it dimensionless. will be represented by v1 < v2.
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7. Which one of the following is the 10. A beaker is filled with a liquid up to the
dimension of specific volume of a liquid? mark of one litre and weighed. The weight of
a) [M1 L-3 T0]. the liquid is found to be 6.5 N. The specific
weight of the liquid will be
b) [M-1 L3 T0].
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a) 6:5 kN = m3
c) [M-1 L-3 T0].
b) 6:6 kN = m3
d) [M0 L3 T0].
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c) 6:7 kN = m3
Answer: b d) 6:8 kN = m3
Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m). Thus, Answer: a
.B
a) [ML-3 T -2].
11. A beaker is filled with a liquid up to the
b) [ML3 T-2].
mark of one litre and weighed. The weight of
c) [ML-2 T-2]. the liquid is found to be 6.5 N. The specific
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Answer: b
Explanation: Specific gravity(S) of a liquid
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a)
Thus, S = 0:66.
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12. A beaker is filled with a liquid up to the
mark of one litre and weighed. The weight of
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the liquid is found to be 6.5 N. The specific
volume of the liquid will be
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a) 1 l =kg
b) 1:5 l =kg
b)
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c) 2 l =kg
d) 2:5 l =kg
Answer: b
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Explanation: Specific volume(v) is defined
as the volume(V ) per unit mass(m). Thus,
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c)
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TOPIC 1.2 FLOW
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CHARACTERISTICS -
CONCEPT OF CONTROL
VOLUME - APPLICATION OF d)
.B
CONTINUITY EQUATION,
ENERGY EQUATION AND
MOMENTUM EQUATION.
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a)
c) ∭ → →
ρV . dS
V
d) ∬ → →
ρV . dS
V
Answer: d
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Explanation: In general,
mass flow rate=density × velocity × area
For this case,
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b) elemental mass flow rate = ρV→. dS→
total mass flow rate=∬ ρV→. dS→
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V
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(volume V and surface area) fixed in space
with elemental volume dV, vector elemental
surface area dS→, density ρ and flow velocity
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c) V→. What is the mass inside the control
volume?
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a) ∬ ρV→. dS→
s
b) ∭ ρdV V
c) ρdV
d) ∂
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∭ ρdV
∂t V
Answer: b
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∂t
∭ ρdV
V
control volume moving along with the flow. c) D
∭ ρdV
Dt V
b) ρV→. dS→
time rate of change of mass inside surface≠Rate of change of mass inside the
D
Dt
∭ ρdV .
V
control volume
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equation of mass conservation into the
conservative integral form, which of these equation for a finite control volume fixed in
theorems is used? space:
Net mass flow through the control surface is
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a) Stokes theorem
b) Kelvin-Stokes theorem equal to the rate of change of mass inside the
c) Gauss-Siedel theorem control volume.
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d) Gauss Divergence Theorem
10. What is the physical statement of mass
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Answer: d conservation equation for a finite control
Explanation: The expansion of non- volume moving along with the flow?
conservative integral equation gives two a) Rate of change of mass inside the control
volume integral terms. One of these terms volume = 0
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representing the mass flow is converted into b) Rate of change of mass inside the control
surface integral using the Gauss Divergence volume = constant
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theorem. c) Net mass flow through the control surface
= Rate of change of mass inside the control
8. Consider a model of finite control volume volume
(volume V and surface area) fixed in space d) Net mass flow through the control
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with elemental volume dV, vector elemental surface≠Rate of change of mass inside the
surface area dS→, density ρ and flow velocity control volume
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→.
V
Answer: b
ρV→. dS→ is positive when _____________ Explanation: Statement of mass conservation
a) The mass flow is outward equation for a finite control volume moving
b) The mass flow is inward along with the flow:
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c) The mass flow is positive Mass inside the control volume = constant
d) The mass flow is negative Rate of change of mass inside the control
volume = 0.
Answer: a
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a) Net mass flow through the control surface TOPIC 2.1 HYDRAULIC AND
= constant ENERGY GRADIENT
b) Rate of change of mass inside the control
volume = constant
1. Energy gradient line takes into
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total head at various points along the axis of d) HGL may or may not in the direction of
the pipe. flow
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Answer: d
Explanation: HGL is obtained by plotting
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piezometric head at various points along the
where H is the total head, P / γ is the pressure axis of the pipe. Since pressure may either
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head, z is the potential head and v2 / 2g is the rise or fall in the direction of flow, HGL may
velocity head. Hence, EGL is also called or may not change in that direction.
Total Energy Line (TEL).
5. Which of the following is true?
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2. Hydraulic gradient line takes into a) HGL will never be above EGL
consideration b) HGL will never be under EGL
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a) potential and kinetic heads only c) HGL will never coincide with EGL
b) potential and pressure heads only d) HGL will may or may not be above EGL
c) kinetic and pressure heads only
d) potential, kinetic and pressure heads Answer: a
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Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting
Answer: b total head and HGL is obtained by plotting
Explanation: HGL is obtained by plotting piezometric head at various points along the
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a) EGL always drops in the direction of c head, z is the potential head, Hp is the
b) EGL always rises in the direction of flow piezometric head, and v2 / 2g is the velocity
c) EGL always remains constant in the head.
direction of flow H = Hp + v2 / 2g Since Hp < H, HGL can
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HGL is equal to
Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting a) pressure head
total head at various points along the axis of b) potential head
the pipe. Since the total head decreases in the c) kinetic head
direction of flow, EGL will always drop in d) Piezometric head
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that direction.
Answer: c
Explanation: EGL is obtained by plotting
total head and HGL is obtained by plotting an increase in the velocity of flow across the
piezometric head at various points along the pipe. Since the kinetic head increases, the
axis of the pipe. vertical intercept between EGL and HGL will
increase.
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9. For a diffuser, the vertical intercept
between EGL and HGL
a) increases
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Hp = P ⁄ γ + z
b) decreases
where H is the total head, P ⁄ γ is the pressure
c) remains constant
head, z is the potential head, Hp is the
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d) may increase or decrease
piezometric head, and v2 / 2g is the velocity
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head. Answer: b
H – Hp = v2 / 2g, the vertical intercept Explanation: The vertical intercept between
between EGL and HGL is equal to the kinetic EGL and HGL is equal to the kinetic head.
head. For a diffuser, the cross-sectional area
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increases in the direction of flow leading to a
7. The slope of HGL will be decrease in the velocity of flow across the
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a) greater than that of EGL for a pipe of pipe. Since the kinetic head decreases, the
uniform cross-section vertical intercept between EGL and HGL will
b) smaller than that of EGL for a pipe of decrease.
uniform cross-section
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c) equal than that of EGL for a pipe of 10. Which of the following is true?
uniform cross-section a) the slope of EGL will always be greater
d) independent of that of EGL for a pipe of than that of the axis of the pipe
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EGL and HGL is equal to the kinetic head. d) the slope of EGL will always be
For a pipe of uniform cross-section, there will independent of that of the axis of the pipe
be no change in the velocity of flow across
Answer: d
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TOPIC 2.2 LAMINAR FLOW (> 4000) are turbulent flows, whereas low
Reynolds number flows (< 2100) are laminar
THROUGH CIRCULAR flows. The viscosity coefficient is a part of
CONDUITS AND CIRCULAR the Reynolds number, but isn’t the only
ANNULI criteria for decision.
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4. How is Reynolds number defined as?
1. For a fully-developed pipe flow, how does a) Ratio of pressures in the inlet to the outlet
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the pressure vary with the length of the pipe? of a pipe
a) Linearly b) The product of velocity of the flow and the
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b) Parabolic diameter of the pipe, divided by the kinematic
c) Exponential viscosity of fluid
d) Constant
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c) The product of density of the fluid,
velocity of the flow and the diameter of the
Answer: a
pipe, divided by the dynamic viscosity of
Explanation: In a zero acceleration fully-
fluid
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developed flow in a pipe, the pressure
d) Ratio of inertia force to viscous force
gradually decreases linearly along the length
of the pipe. Hence, the pressure variation is
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Answer: d
said to be linear. Explanation: The question demands the
definition and not the commonly used
2. When a problem states “The velocity of the
formula of Reynolds number. Some of them
water flow in a pipe is 20 m/s”, which of the
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denote the formula of Reynolds number. The
following velocities is it talking about?
definition of Reynolds number is the ratio of
a) RMS velocity
inertia force to viscous force in a pipe flow.
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b) Average velocity
c) Absolute velocity 5. A circular pipe of radius 7 cm is used for
d) Relative velocity water flow transmission. This pipe is
moulded into another pipe with a square
Answer: b
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6. Water flows through a circular tube with a number is below 2100. A more viscous fluid
velocity of 2 m/s. The diameter of the pipe is would have a higher velocity coefficient, thus
14 cm. Take kinematic viscosity of water 10-6 reducing the Reynolds number further at the
m2/s and density of water 1000 kg/m3. same conditions. Hence, the Reynolds
number will be well below 2100. Flow will
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a) 2.8*108 remain laminar.
b) 2.8*105
c) 2800 9. What can be the maximum diameter of the
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d) 28000 pipe for the water flow of velocity 1 m/s (ν =
10-6) to be laminar in nature? Assume Lower
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Answer: b critical Reynolds number to be 2100.
Explanation: Reynolds number is given by a) 2.1 mm
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VD/ν = (2*0.14)/10-6. Density given is extra b) 21 mm
information. One shouldn’t be confused by c) 21 cm
that. d) 0.21 mm
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7. The Reynolds number is found out for a Answer: a
flow in a circular pipe. This circular pipe is Explanation: If the Reynolds number of the
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moulded into a square pipe, keeping length of flow is below its lower critical Reynolds
the pipe same. Ignore the thickness of the number, the flow is clearly laminar. The
pipe. The Reynolds number changes by maximum diameter can be found for Re =
__________ 2100. The diameter comes out to be 2.1 mm.
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a) 57% decrease
b) 57% increase 10. Which of the following flows have the
c) 43% decrease highest critical Reynolds number (lower)?
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1.57D. Hence, 57% increase. Reynolds number for Flow in a pipe, flow
between parallel plates, flow in an open
8. The flow through a circular pipe is laminar. channel and flow around the spherical body
Now, the fluid through the pipe is replaced are 2000, 1000, 500 and 1 respectively.
with a more viscous fluid and passed through Hence, the maximum is for internal pipe flow.
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Explanation: Reynold’s number is used to fluid flow. Eddy viscosity takes place on a
determine whether the flow is laminar or large scale.
turbulent. If Reynold’s number is less than
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2000, it is a laminar flow. If Reynold’s 5. Which among the following is a device that
number is greater than 2000, then it is a converts a laminar flow into a turbulent flow?
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turbulent flow. a) Dead Weight Gauge
b) Vacuum Gauge
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2. The flow separation occurs when the fluid c) Turbulator
travels away from the __________ d) Ionization Gauge
a) Surface
b) Fluid body Answer: c
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c) Adverse pressure gradient Explanation: Turbulator is a device that
d) Inter-molecular spaces converts a laminar flow into a turbulent flow.
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The turbulent flow can be desired parts of an
Answer: c aircraft or also in industrial applications.
Explanation: Adverse pressure gradient takes Turbulator is derived from the word
place when the static pressure increases. It “turbulent”.
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increases the direction of the flow. Adverse
pressure gradient plays an important role in 6. Boundary layer separation does not
flow separation. Thus, option c is correct. undergo detachment.
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a) True
3. The swirl caused due to eddies are called as b) False
______
a) Vortices Answer: b
.B
d) Independent
of_________
a) Fluid Answer: a
b) Heat Explanation: With the boundary layer
c) Momentum separation, displacement thickness increases
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8. What is the instrument used for the TOPIC 2.4 DARCY WEISBACH
automatic control scheme during the fluid
flow? EQUATION -FRICTION
a) Rotameters FACTOR- MOODY DIAGRAM-
b) Pulley plates COMMERCIAL PIPES- MINOR
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c) Rotary Piston LOSSES
d) Pilot Static Tube
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Answer: d 1. Which among the following does not
Explanation: Pilot static tube is a system that depend on the friction factor?
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uses an automatic control scheme to detect a) Pipe diameter
pressure. It has several holes connected to one b) Fluid density
c) Viscosity
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side of the device. These outside holes are
called as a pressure transducer, which d) Weight
controls the automatic scheme during fluid
flow. Answer: d
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Explanation: The friction factor(f) depends
9. What is D’Alembert’s Paradox? on the velocity of flow, fluid density, pipe
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a) Resistance= 0 diameter and the viscosity of the pipe.
b) Drag force= 0 Roughness of the pipe is also an important
c) Temperature = 0 criteria to determine the friction factor.
d) Pressure gradient= 0
2. Which among the following is the formula
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Answer: b for friction factor(f)?
Explanation: D’Alembert’s Paradox states a) f = 0.079*Re0.25
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first law states that the total flow into the b) Bar chart
junction equals the total flow away from the c) Scatter chart
junction. Second law is called as the law of d) Column histogram
conservation of mass. It states that between
two junctions, the head loss is independent of Answer: a
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‘k/d’ ratios. Where ‘k’ is the measure of the can do. (Rh=A/P). Thus, it is inversely
wall roughness and ‘d’ is the pipe diameter. proportional to loss of head due to friction.
4. Darcy- Weisbach equation gives relation 7. The formula for hydraulic diameter
between__________
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is______
a) Pressure and temperature a) 4A/P
b) Mass, volume and pressure b) 4AP
c) Head loss and pressure loss
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c) 4AV
d) Pressure loss only d) 4V
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Answer: c Answer: a
Explanation: Darcy-Weisbach equation Explanation: Hydraulic diameter handles the
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relates the head loss and pressure loss due to flow in non-circular channels and tubes. The
friction along a given pipe with a specified most suitable term to calculate the hydraulic
length. It contains a dimensionless friction diameter for a round tube is Dh= 4A/P. Where
factor called the Darcy friction factor. The
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‘A’ is the cross-sectional area and ‘P’ is the
equation was named after Henry Darcy and
wetted perimeter.
Julius Weisbach.
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8. What are the reasons for minor head loses
5. Which among the following is formula for
in a pipe?
friction factor of circular pipes?
a) Friction
a) 16/Re
b) Heat
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b) 64/Re
c) Valves and bends
c) Re/16
d) Temperature
d) Re/64
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Answer: c
Answer: b
Explanation: Minor losses play an important
Explanation: Circular pipes have a diameter
role in calculating the flow, pressure and
treated in a round manner. For a fluid flow
energy of the piping system. Fluid that moves
.B
which is laminar head loss is directly through the pipe carries momentum and
proportional to the fluid velocity. Thus,
energy due to the forces acting on them.
friction factor is inversely proportional to its
Thus, these minor loses are developed due to
velocity. Therefore, the correct option is
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a) Doubles
b) Inversely proportional to velocity
b) Same
c) Inversely proportional to hydraulic radius
c) Triples
d) Directly proportional to gravitational d) Four times
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constant
Answer: d
Answer: c
Explanation: If the flow rate is doubled, the
Explanation: Hydraulic radius is one of the
head loss increases by a factor of four. Since,
properties of a fluid flow in a channel. It
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10. Relative roughness is_________ plus the losses in each pipe. The local losses
a) ϵ/D are developed at the connection point.
b) ϵ*D
c) ϵ/Dm 3. The total head loss for the system is equal
d) ϵgD to_________
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a) Pipe length
Answer: a b) Pipe diameter
Explanation: Relative roughness is defined c) Width of the reservoir
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as the quantity used to measure the roughness d) Height difference of reservoirs
of the pipe’s surface. It is equal to the average
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height of the surface irregularities divided by Answer: d
the pipe diameter. Therefore, Relative Explanation: Total head loss for a system is
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roughness= ϵ/D. equal to the height difference of the
reservoirs. Height difference is denoted by
the letter ‘H’. Total head loss can be equated
TOPIC 2.5 FLOW THROUGH by summing it up with all the local losses and
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PIPES IN SERIES AND the losses at each pipe.
PARALLEL.
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4. Which among the following is not a loss
that is developed in the pipe?
1. The liquid flowing through a series of
a) Entry
pipes can take up__________
b) Exit
a) Pipes of different diameters
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c) Connection between two pipes
b) Pipes of the same diameters only.
d) Liquid velocity
c) Single pipe only
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diameters are better as it avoids the losses so 5. Which among the following is the correct
developed. formula for head loss?
a) Z1-Z2
2. What is the total loss developed in a series
b) C
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of pipes?
a) Sum of losses in each pipe only c) T2-T1
b) Sum of local losses only d) S2-S1
c) Sum of local losses plus the losses in each
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pipe Answer: a
d) Zero Explanation: Total head loss for a system is
equal to the height difference of the
Answer: c reservoirs. Height difference is denoted by
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Explanation: When the pipes of different the letter ‘H’. Total head loss can be equated
diameters are connected in series from end to by summing it up with all the local losses and
end to form a pipe line. The total loss so
developed is equal to the sum of local losses
the losses at each pipe. Here, the height rate and velocity are known. ‘D’ is inversely
difference between the reservoirs is Z1-Z2. proportional to its velocity.
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level, the head loss is _______
a) Z1-Z2 b) Resistance to flow of air
b) Zero c) Resistance to flow of fluid
d) Resistance to flow of heat
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c) T2-T1
d) S2-S1 Answer: c
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Explanation: Viscosity is developed due to
Answer: b the relative motion between two surfaces of
Explanation: Total head loss for a system is
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fluids at different velocities. It happens due to
equal to the height difference of the the shear stress developed on the surface of
reservoirs. Height difference is denoted by the fluid.
the letter ‘H’. The height difference between
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the reservoirs is Z1-Z2. Since they are of the 10. Coefficient of friction of a laminar flow
same level, Z1=Z2. Therefore, head loss is is_________
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a) Re/16
zero.
b) Re/64
7. How do we determine the total discharge c) 16/Re
through parallel pipes? d) 64/Re
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a) Add them.
b) Subtract them
Answer: c
c) Multiply them
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Answer: c
Explanation: Chemistry is the science that 5. Gravitational force is the weakest force in
deals with every substance, its structure, its nature.
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composition and changes. Physics is the study a) True
of the natural world, matter, energy and b) False
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radiation, while biology is the science that
deals with the behaviour of living things are Answer: a
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called biological sciences. Explanation: Gravitational force is the
weakest force in nature because it cannot be
2. Quantum physics deals with macroscopic felt by us on daily basis. Electromagnetic
phenomena. force is the strongest force in nature.
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a) True
b) False 6. Which of the following is an example of
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electromagnetic force?
Answer: b a) Motion of moon around earth
Explanation: Classical physics deals with b) Evolution of stars
macroscopic phenomena which may be at the c) Evolution of galaxies
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laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical. d) Compression of spring
Quantum physics deals with microscopic
phenomena at the minute scales of atoms. Answer: d
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electric motor comes under the electric c) Because of Van der Wall’s force
appliance. d) Because of rope force
friction between them is small. This is why bullet and rifle are at rest and the initial
climbing a metallic lamp post is difficult than momentum of the system is zero. As soon as
climbing up a tree. the bullet is fired, it moves forward with a
large velocity. In order to conserve
8. Gravitational force, despite being a weak momentum, the rifle moves backward with
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force, governs the large scale motion. such a velocity that the final momentum of
a) True the system is zero.
b) False
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Answer: a TOPIC 3.2 SIMILITUDE -TYPES
C
Explanation: Mass is only of one type. So OF SIMILITUDE
the gravitational force is always attractive.
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Between two neutral objects, the gravitational 1. Similitude is a concept applicable to the
force goes on adding over all pairs of testing of _________
particles of the two objects while the a) Mathematical models
electromagnetic forces being equally
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b) Physical models
attractive and repulsive, add up to zero. That c) Engineering models
is why large scale motion in the universe is d) Chemical models
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controlled by the weakest gravitational force.
Answer: c
9. When a body is falling freely under gravity, Explanation: Similitude is an essential
the total mechanical energy remains constant concept that is applicable to the testing of
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because of which of the following? basic engineering models. A model has a
a) Law of conservation of energy similitude with a real-time application. It
b) Unification of force shares the same geometry. Similarity and
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d) Train
body falls freely, under gravity, its potential
energy gradually changes into kinetic energy. Answer: c
But its total mechanical energy remains Explanation: Similitude plays an important
constant at any point of its motion. role in various applications. One of the major
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the real-time applications. Similarity and a) Continuum mechanics
similitude are interchangeable at times. b) Solid mechanics
c) Diesel mechanics
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4. A model of with same shape is__________ d) Aircraft mechanics
a) Geometric similarity
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b) Kinematic similarity Answer: a
c) Dynamic similarity Explanation: A branch of mechanics that
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d) Conditional similarity deals with the analysis of mechanical
behaviour of materials and kinematics of
Answer: a materials. They are used for modelling
Explanation: Geometric similarity is a purposes. It is modelled in continuous mass.
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similarity that follows a real-time application.
It is model that has the same shape for any 8. Physical similitude has exactly the same
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sort of application. It is measured in scaled geometric shape of the prototype.
quantities. a) True
b) False
5. Which among the following have similar
Answer: a
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fluid streamlines?
a) Geometric similarity Explanation: Physical similitude is also
b) Kinematic similarity called the similitude of shape. It is for
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c) Dynamic similarity
d) Conditional similarity dimensions.
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can be expected for a real-time application. Answer: a
Explanation: The Prandtl number is a
dimensionless number. It approximates the
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TOPIC 3.3 DIMENSIONLESS ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal
PARAMETERS- APPLICATION diffusivity. It can be expressed as Pr = v/ α(1).
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OF DIMENSIONLESS Where α= thermal diffusivity and v=
PARAMETERS - MODEL momentum diffusivity.
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ANALYSIS.
4. Which among the following is the standard
symbol for Atwood number?
1. The rate at which the particles of fluid can a) A
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spread is called_______ b) AR
a) Surface tension c) Ar
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b) Diffusivity
d) a
c) Viscosity
d) Kinetics Answer: a
Explanation: The standard symbol for
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Answer: b
Atwood number is A. Atwood’s number in
Explanation: Diffusivity is defined as the
fluid mechanics deals with the onset of
rate of diffusion. It is a measure of particles at
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d) b
c) Ar
d) a Answer: b
Explanation: The standard symbol for Blake
Answer: c
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motion of fluids. This takes place due to the through porous media.
differences in their densities. It was followed
by the Archimedes principle. 6. Which among the following is the standard
symbol for Darcy friction factor?
3. The Prandtl Number approximates
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a) F
___________ b) Fd
a) Momentum diffusivity to thermal
diffusivity
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Explanation: The standard symbol for Darcy
friction factor is Fd. Darcy friction factor in a) λ⁄L
fluid mechanics deals with fractions of b) λ⁄2L
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pressure losses. This is due to the
development of friction in the pipe. c) λ⁄3L
d) λ⁄4L
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7. Fanning friction factor is _________
a) 0.25 times Darcy friction factor Answer: a
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b) Same as Darcy friction factor Explanation: The formula for Knudsen
c) 2 times Darcy friction factor
number is λ⁄L. Knudsen number in fluid
d) Independent
mechanics deals with gas dynamics. It is
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Answer: a defined as the ratio of the molecular mean
Explanation: Fanning friction factor is 0.25 free path length to the representative scale
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times Darcy friction factor. Fanning friction length.
factor in fluid mechanics deals fraction of
pressure losses due to friction in the pipe.
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8. Which among the following is the standard
symbol for Froude number? UNIT IV PUMPS
a) F
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b) Fo
c) Fr TOPIC 4.1 IMPACT OF JETS -
d) f EULER'S EQUATION
.B
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moving plate happens in three cases. The equation_________
three cases are classified depending on their a) u – V1
position. The propulsive force drives the jet in
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b) V1
the forward direction. A good example is the c) u*V1
aircraft or a boat.
d) u/V1
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3. The force analysis on a curved vane is
Answer: a
T.
understood using______
a) Velocity triangles Explanation: The relative velocity of the jet
b) Angle of the plate is denoted as Vr1. It is the relative velocity at
c) Vane angles the inlet to the vane. Relative velocity of inlet
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d) Plate dimensions to the vane is obtained by subtracting
vectorially the velocity of the vane with its
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Answer: a absolute velocity.
Explanation: The force analysis on a curved
vane is understood using clearly using the 7. If the friction is neglected, then_______
study of velocity triangles. There are two a) Vr1 > Vr2
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types of velocity triangles, inlet velocity b) Vr1 < Vr2
triangle and outlet velocity triangle. c) Vr1 = Vr2
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Explanation: Jet propulsion works on the absolute velocity. It happens in the same way
principle of Newton’s third law. Newton’s for Vr2. Thus, If the friction is neglected, then
third law states that for every action, there is Vr1 = Vr2.
an equal and opposite reaction. Thus, the
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Answer: b Answer: c
Explanation: In a jet propulsion, V1 stands Explanation: The relative velocity of the jet
for absolute velocity at the inlet. The main is denoted as Vr1. It is the relative velocity at
the inlet to the vane. Relative velocity of inlet three cases are classified depending on their
to the vane is obtained by subtracting position. The three cases are when plate is
vectorially the velocity of the vane with its vertical, plate is inclined and plate is curved
absolute velocity. It happens in the same way with respect to the jet.
for Vr2. Thus, If the pressure remains a
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constant, then Vr1 = Vr2. 12. Jet propulsion of ship is less efficient than
screw propeller due to_______
a) Pressure
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9. Through inlet orifices, which are facing the
b) Temperature
direction of motion of the ship, the water
c) Frictional losses
from the sea can be taken by the pump.
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d) Wear and tear
a) True
b) False
T.
Answer: c
Explanation: Jet propulsion of ship is less
Answer: a
efficient than screw propeller due to large
Explanation: Through inlet orifices, which
amount of frictional losses developed in the
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are facing the direction of motion of the ship,
pump and the pipeline. Thus, it is rarely used
the water from the sea can be taken by the
in ships.
pump. We can also take the sea water from
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the pump when the inlet orifices are at right
13. Jet propulsion of ship in a very shallow
angles with respect to the motion of the ship.
water is needed to_________
10. The efficiency of the vane is given a) Avoid sinking of the ship
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b) Avoid damage of the propeller
by_________
c) Avoid current directions
a) 1-V22/ V12 d) Avoid surface damage
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b) 1-(V22/ V12)
Answer: b
c) V22/ V12 Explanation: Jet propulsion of ship in a very
d) 1- V12 shallow water is needed to avoid damage of
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b) Combustion chamber
c) Gas turbine
11. A jet strikes a curved plate at its ______ d) Air filter
a) Sides
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b) Surface Answer: d
c) Centre Explanation: A turbojet consists of four
d) Does not strike major components for an efficient working.
The four components are compressor,
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d) Propulsive jet Due to this, the casing decelerates the flow.
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Explanation: A jet engine is broadly decelerates the flow, what increases?
classified into four types of jet. The four a) Pressure
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types of jet are turbojet, ramjet, scramjet, and b) Temperature
pulse jet. There isn’t anything related to the c) Volume
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propulsive jet and thus cannot be the answer. d) Flow rate
Answer: a
TOPIC 4.2 THEORY OF ROTO- Explanation: When the casing in a
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DYNAMIC MACHINES - centrifugal pump decelerates the flow,
VARIOUS EFFICIENCIES- pressure in the turbine increases. The diffuser
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VELOCITY COMPONENTS AT helps this happen. The shape of the diffuser
passing present in the centrifugal pump is
ENTRY AND EXIT OF THE doughnut shaped.
ROTOR- VELOCITY
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TRIANGLES 4. The velocity imparted by the impeller is
converted into _________
a) Pressure energy
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Answer: a
d) Velocity and pressure
Explanation: The velocity imparted by the
Answer: d impeller is converted into pressure energy. It
is in accordance with the Newtons second
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c) Rectangle
momentum. This, in accordance with newtons
d) Cylindrical
second law, provides the basic details to
define parameters in the centrifugal pump.
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d) Sum of their pressures head pressure equation in centrifugal pumps.
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Explanation: Change of angular momentum ________
is equal to Sum of external moments. This is a) Pressure
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in accordance with Newtons second law. The b) Speed
consequence of Newtons second law is the c) Power
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conservation of angular momentum. d) Fluid
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a) True transport fluids. They transport fluids by
b) False conversion of energies. Centrifugal pumps are
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a sub class of dynamic axisymmetric work
Answer: a absorbing turbomachinery.
Explanation: Centrifugal pumps are used to
transport fluids. They transport fluids by 11. Different velocities in a centrifugal pump
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conversion of energies. Centrifugal pumps are determined by using ________
transport fluids by converting rotational a) Velocity triangle
Kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy. b) Reynolds number
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d) Pump parameters
12. Due to its impeller action, centrifugal
Answer: b pumps can cover a wide range of fluid pump
Explanation: The major advantage of the applications.
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Answer: b turbomachinery. Turbomachines are machines
Explanation: With the increase in the input that transfer energy between a rotor and a
power, efficiency decreases. As the input fluid, including both turbines and
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power is inversely proportional to the compressors. It is a mechanical device.
efficiency of the pump.
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2. Turbomachines work under ________
14. What is unit of standard acceleration? a) Newtons first law
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a) kg/m b) Newtons second law
b) kg/s c) Newtons third law
c) kg/m3 d) Kepler’s law
d) N/m
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Answer: b
Answer: c Explanation: Turbomachines work under
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Explanation: The unit of standard Newtons second law. Centrifugal pump is a
turbomachinery. Turbomachines are machines
acceleration of the centrifugal pump is kg/m3.
that transfer energy between a rotor and a
It is denoted as g. It is also called as the
fluid, including both turbines and
acceleration due to gravity.
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compressors. It is a mechanical device.
15. What does PSP stand for?
3. The main function of nozzle is to
a) Pump start procedure
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__________
b) Positive start pump
a) Varying temperatures
c) Pump start pointer
b) Pressure variations
d) Positive start pointer
c) Load variations
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a) Turbomachinery Answer: d
b) Flow regulating device Explanation: The primary objective of a
centrifugal pump is to transfer energy.
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d) Pump
5. Centrifugal pumps transfer energy from
_______ Answer: b
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a) Rotor to fluid Explanation: The inlet passage of water entry
b) Fluid to rotor is controlled by the gate opening. The gate
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c) Draft to rotor opening is an opening that sends only a
d) Rotor to draft percentage of fluid through the inlet passages
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for water to enter to the turbine.
Answer: a
Explanation: Centrifugal pumps transfer 9. Centrifugal pumps are a sub class of
energy from rotor to fluid. The primary dynamic axisymmetric work absorbing
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objective of a centrifugal pump is to transfer turbomachinery.
energy. Centrifugal pump is a a) True
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turbomachinery. b) False
the valve.
Answer: d
7. Turbines and compressors work with the Explanation: Centrifugal pumps are used to
gas, while centrifugal pump transfers energy. transport fluids. They transport fluids by
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Explanation: Turbines and compressors work 11. Centrifugal pumps transport fluids by
with the gas, while centrifugal pump transfers converting _________
energy. Centrifugal pumps transfer energy a) Kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy
from rotor to fluid. The primary objective of a b) Hydrodynamic energy to kinetic energy
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Kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy. a) Throttle
b) Impeller
12. With the increase in load, Energy in the c) Nozzle
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turbine________ d) Governor
a) Decreases
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b) Increases Answer: b
c) Remains same Explanation: The fluid coming into the
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d) Independent centrifugal pump is accelerated by an
impeller. The fluid enters the pump along a
Answer: a radially outward direction into the diffuser or
Explanation: When there is an increase in the a volute chamber.
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load, the energy in the turbine is drained off.
Thus, to increase the energy, the by pass
TOPIC 4.4 RECIPROCATING
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valve is opened to increase the amount of
fresh steam entry. This increases the energy in PUMP- WORKING PRINCIPLE
the turbine.
1. Reciprocating pump is a ________
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13. The rotational kinetic energy comes from a) Negative displacement pump
______ b) Positive displacement pump
a) Engine motor c) Diaphragm pump
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c) Nozzle governing
d) Emergency governing Answer: c
Explanation: When left untouched over a
Answer: d period of time, the reciprocating pump
Explanation: When the balancing of the undergoes wear and tear. Reciprocating
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turbine is disturbed, we use emergency pumps have a good life provided that they are
governing. These governors come into action not left untouched.
3. Reciprocating pumps operate by drawing called as force pumps. It helps to lift the
______ into the chamber liquid by the help of a pressure and thus it is
a) Liquid called as a force pump.
b) Pressure
c) Heat 7. Reciprocating pumps are classified
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d) Electricity according to ___________
a) Drag force
Answer: a b) Number of cylinders
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Explanation: Reciprocating pumps operate c) Shock waves
by drawing liquid into the chamber or the d) Flow speed
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cylinder with the help of a piston.
Answer: b
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4. The cylinder of reciprocating cylinder is Explanation: Reciprocating pumps are
made up of _______ classified according to the number of
a) Cast iron cylinders. And also it classified according to
b) Wrought iron the number of piston sides.
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c) Aluminium
d) Copper 8. Simple hand operating pump is also called
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as ______
Answer: a a) Froth pump
Explanation: The cylinder of reciprocating b) Bicycle pump
cylinder is made up of cast iron. Sometimes it c) Multistage pumps
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is also made of steel alloy. The movement of d) Centrifugal pumps
piston is obtained by a connecting rod which
connects piston and rotating crank inside the Answer: b
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a) Open
b) Closed 9. Internal cavitation in reciprocating pumps
c) Stop functioning occurs due to __________
d) Automatic a) Drag force
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b) Cyclic stress
Answer: b c) Shock waves
Explanation: The higher discharge valve line d) Flow speed
holds the discharge valve closed. This helps
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a) True Answer: a
b) False Explanation: An up and down back and forth
relative linear motion is called reciprocation.
Answer: a This is how the piston in a reciprocating
Explanation: Bicycle pump generates more pump moves.
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compression than volume displacement.
Simple hand operating pump is also called as 14. Power operated pump in which only both
bicycle pumps. It is the simplest pump that is sides engage the fluid displacement is called
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used to inflate bicycle tires and various _____
sporting balls. a) Froth pump
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b) Single acting
11. Power operated pump in which only one c) Double acting
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side engages the fluid displacement is called d) Bicycle pump
_______
a) Froth pump Answer: c
b) Single acting Explanation: Power operated pump in which
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c) Double acting both the side engages the fluid displacement
d) Bicycle pump is called as double acting reciprocating pump.
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It consists of piston in both the side of the
Answer: b fluid being displaced.
Explanation: Power operated pump in which
only one side engages the fluid displacement 15. High pressure reciprocating pumps are
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is called as single acting reciprocating pump. generally from 1500 HP.
It consists of piston in only one side of the a) True
fluid being displaced. b) False
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engines. Power source gives rotary motion to has higher specific speed than the others?
crank. a) Axial flow
b) Radial flow
13. An up and down back and forth relative
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c) Mixed flow
linear motion is called __________ d) All centrifugal pumps have same specific
a) Reciprocation speed
b) Rotation
c) Filtration Answer: a
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pumps create less pressure as compared to moving parts for their efficient operation.
radial flow centrifugal pumps, but they can When used for lubricating oil and hydraulic
produce much higher flow rates. systems, rotary displacement pumps benefit
from the sealing effect and provision of
2. Pump transfers the mechanical energy of a lubrication between parts.
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motor or of an engine into _________ of a
fluid. 5. Which of the following is/are not
a) Pressure energy example/s of rotary displacement pumps?
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b) Kinetic energy a) Gear pump
c) Either pressure energy or kinetic energy b) Vane pump
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d) Pressure energy, kinetic energy or both c) Rotary piston pump
d) Centrifugal pump
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Answer: d
Explanation: A pump is a machine used to Answer: d
convert mechanical energy (shaft movement) Explanation: Rotary-type positive
into hydraulic energy. Hydraulic energy could displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle
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be in the form of pressure energy or kinetic block, flexible vane or sliding vane,
energy or a combination of both. An electrical circumferential piston, and flexible impeller,
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motor usually supplies the mechanical energy helical twisted or liquid-ring pumps.
to the pump.
6. ___________ pump is also called as
3. Which of the following is NOT a type of velocity pump.
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positive displacement pumps? a) Reciprocating
a) Reciprocating pump b) Rotary displacement
b) Rotary displacement pump c) Centrifugal
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a) Higher than
4. Rotary displacement pumps are suitable for b) Lower than
handling ________ c) Same as
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a) Oils d) Unpredictable
b) Gritty liquids
c) Both oils as well as gritty liquids Answer: b
d) Granules Explanation: The capacity of a pump has two
components, the pump discharge rate and the
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application where very high pressure is
required to be developed at moderate 11. Most widely used sanitary pumps in the
discharge? dairy industry are?
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a) Reciprocating pump a) Centrifugal pump
b) Centrifugal pump b) Liquid ring pump
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c) Turbine c) Positive displacement pump
d) None of the mentioned d) Suction pump
T.
Answer: a Answer: a
Explanation: Reciprocating pumps are Explanation: Typical dairy pumps are the
generally designed to pump in low flow, high centrifugal, liquid-ring and positive
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head applications. One of the most extreme of displacement pumps. The three types have
these applications is water jet cutting, where different applications. The centrifugal pump
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only a few gallons pass through the pump per is the type most widely used in dairies.
minute, but exceed pressures of 10,000 PSI.
12. Main application of centrifugal pump is in
9. The process of filling the liquid into the which of the following?
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suction pipe and pump casing up to the level a) Low viscosity products
of delivery valve is called as _________ b) Heavily aerated liquids
a) Filling c) Gentle treatment with high viscosity
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started, or the pump will not be able to particles, provided of course that the particle
function. In case the pump casing gets filled size does not exceed the dimensions of the
with vapors or gases, the pump impeller impeller channel.
becomes gas-bound and incapable of
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14. Main application of positive displacement runner in a Francis turbine?
pump is in which of the following? a) Axial and then tangential
a) Low viscosity products b) Tangential and then axial
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b) Heavily aerated liquids c) Radial and then axial
c) Gentle treatment with high viscosity d) Axial and then radial
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d) Water treatment
Answer: c
Explanation: Francis turbine is radial flow
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Answer: c
Explanation: This type of pump has 100% reaction turbine. Though the water enters the
volumetric efficiency (no slip) when the turbine tangentially, it enters the runner
viscosity exceeds approximately 300 cP. radially inward and flows outward along the
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Because of the sanitary design and the gentle axis of the runner.
treatment of the product, this type of pump is
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widely used for pumping cream with a high 2. Which of the following is true in case of
fat content, cultured milk products, flow of water before it enters the runner of a
curd/whey mixtures, etc. Francis Turbine?
a) Available head is entirely converted to
velocity head
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15. Which of the following pump suitable for
handling AMF in the dairy industry? b) Available head is entire converted to
a) Centrifugal pump pressure head
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Answer: d
Explanation: In Peristaltic pumps, during Answer: d
rotation, the medium (liquid or gas) inside the Explanation: Since Francis Turbine is a
hose is transported to the lower outlet reaction turbine, part of the available head is
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connection. This creates a vacuum on the converted to velocity head. It is not entirely
suction side, and the product is drawn into the converted to velocity head. The rest of the
pump. The pump is self-priming and is available head is converted into pressure
therefore suitable for emptying barrels with head.
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d) To reduce material costs in order to make 6. Which of the following runner types will
the turbine more economical have the highest vane angle at inlet (β1
value)?
Answer: a a) Slow Runner
Explanation: The primary purpose of the b) Medium Runner
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gradual decrease in area is so that the runner c) Fast Runner
sees constant velocity of water at each point d) Vane angle is defined only for Kaplan
of entry. Absence of this may lead to
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Turbines and not Francis turbines
inefficiency. The spiral casing is used to
prevent leakage from the turbine but the Answer: c
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gradual decrease in area is not for that reason. Explanation: Considering the velocity
diagram of Francis turbine at the inlet for a
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4. Which of the following profiles are used fast runner, vane angle is an obtuse angle.
for guide vanes to ensure smooth flow Whereas, it is right angle for medium runner
without separation? and an acute angle for a slow runner.
a) Rectangular
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b) Bent Rectangular 7. In case of a Medium runner, tan (α1)
c) Elliptical CANNOT be given by (α1 = Guide vane
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d) Aerofoil angle at inlet)?
a) Vf1 / Vw1
Answer: d b) Vr1 / Vw1
Explanation: Smooth flow and flow without
c) Vr1 / u1
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separation (eddiless flow) can be ensured
when the cross sectional profile of the guide d) Vw1 / u1
vanes are aerofoil in nature. Aerofoil shape is
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d) Fast Runner c) V1
d) u1
Answer: b
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category of________
a) Energy absorbing machines
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b) Energy generating machines
c) Power absorbing machines
d) Energy transfer machines
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Answer: d
a) Guide vane angle at inlet
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Explanation: Hydraulic coupling is a device
b) Blade angle at inlet
used for transmitting rotation between shafts
c) Vane angle at inlet
by means of acceleration and deceleration of
d) Blade angle at outlet
hydraulic fluid.
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Answer: a
2. The electric power which is obtained from
Explanation: The angle between V1 and the
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hydraulic energy____________
blade velocity u1 is α1, which is the guide a) Thermal power
vane angle at the inlet. b) Mechanical power
c) Solar power
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10. In the figure shown below, which of the d) Hydroelectric power
following type of runners has the blade
curvature as shown in the above figure (The Answer: d
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a) Thermal power
b) Nuclear power
a) Information insufficient to determine c) Hydroelectric power
b) Slow Runner d) Electric Power
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c) Medium Runner
d) Fast Runner Answer: c
Explanation: Hydraulic energy is renewable
Answer: b
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runner, which are used for slow runners. 4. Pipes of largest diameter which carry water
from reservoir to the turbines is known
as_____________
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Answer: d d) Pelton turbine
Explanation: Penstocks are channels which
transport water from reservoir to turbines Answer: a
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which are usually made up of cast iron or Explanation: Axial flow turbine is a turbine
concrete. in which water flows axially outwards, if
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vanes are fixed to hub of turbine it is known
5. Pen stocks are made up of_____________ as Propeller turbine but if vanes are free to
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a) Steel move it is known as Kaplan Turbine.
b) Cast iron
c) Mild steel 9. Francis and Kaplan turbines are known as
d) Wrought iron _______
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a) Impulse turbine
Answer: a b) Reaction turbine
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Explanation: Penstocks are channels which c) Axial flow turbine
transport water from reservoir to turbines d) Mixed flow turbine
which are usually made up of cast iron or
concrete. Answer: b
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Explanation: Francis and Kaplan are reaction
6. ____________is an inward radial flow turbines because pressure energy of water
reaction turbine? changes when it enters the rotor.
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a) Pelton turbine
b) Kaplan turbine 10. Specific speed of reaction turbine is
c) Francis turbine between?
d) Propeller turbine a) 5 and 50
.B
b) 10 and 100
Answer: c c) 100 and 150
Explanation: Kaplan and propeller are d) 150 and 300
outward axial flow reaction turbines but
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TOPIC 5.3 ELTON WHEEL,
FRANCIS TURBINE AND 4. Draft tube consists of conical diffuser with
KAPLAN TURBINES- angles of______
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WORKING PRINCIPLES - a) 10 deg
b) 20 deg
WORK DONE BY WATER ON
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c) 30 deg
THE RUNNER - DRAFT TUBE. d) 40 deg
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1. Draft tube is also called_______ Answer: a
a) Straight divergent tube Explanation: Draft tube consists of conical
b) Simple elbow tube diffuser with angles of 10 degrees with
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c) Thermal tube respect to its position, Draft tubes are situated
d) Elbow tube with varying cross section in the outlet of the turbine.
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Answer: a 5. What is the purpose of a Draft tube?
Explanation: Draft tube is one of the most a) To prevent flow separation
commonly used in the Kaplan turbine. It b) To avoid Pressure drag
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works as an outlet at the Kaplan turbine. c) To prevent rejection of heat
Draft tube is also called straight divergent d) To increase efficiency
tube.
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Answer: a
2. A draft tube helps in converting kinetic Explanation: Draft tube in a turbine and
energy into________ pumps helps to prevent flow separation in
a) Electrical work order to increase the turbine efficiency and
.B
Answer: b a) 100
Explanation: Turbine extracts energy and b) 50
converts it into useful work. Turbine is a c) 90
vortex related device. It means turbulence. d) 40
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3. Most common application of the draft tube cannot exceed more than 90 percent because
is ______ of the heat losses due to flow of fluid.
a) Rotor
b) Motor 7. The simple elbow draft tube is placed close
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c) Pump to the_______
d) Filter a) Head race
b) Tail race
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placed close to the tail race. It consists of an 11. The exit diameter for a simple elbow draft
extended elbow type tube. It is mainly used in tube should be________
the Kaplan turbine. It is placed close to the a) Large
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tail race of the turbine. b) Small
c) Very small
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8. Turbine that consists of draft tubes is called d) Same
as__________
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a) Impulse turbine Answer: a
b) Curtis turbine Explanation: The exit diameter for a simple
c) Rateau turbine elbow draft tube should be large as possible.
d) Reaction turbine It helps to cut down the cutdown the cost and
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recover the kinetic energy at the outlet of
Answer: d runner. The simple elbow draft tube is placed
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Explanation: A turbine that consists of draft close to the tail race.
tubes is called as a reaction turbine. Reaction
turbines make maximum use of the draft 12. Properties that do not affect a draft tube is
tubes for improving its performance _______
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characteristics. a) Pressure
b) Temperature
9. Which of the following is a 50 percent c) Pressure velocity
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moving nozzles which are alternating with the 13. The other name for elbow with varying
fixed nozzles is called as a reaction turbine. cross section tube is called_____
When the steam hits the nozzle, the pressure a) Pressure tube
is decreased and the temperature is increased. b) Bent draft tube
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14. What is the efficiency of the simple elbow governing. It is done by maintaining the
type draft tube? speed of rotation at a constant rate. In nozzle
a) 10 governing, the flow rate of steam is regulated
b) 30 by nozzles.
c) 60
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d) 90 2. The flow rate of steam is controlled by
regulating the _________
Answer: c a) Steam
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Explanation: The efficiency of the simple b) Pressure
elbow type draft tube is 60 percent. The exit c) Temperature
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diameter for a simple elbow draft tube should d) Speed
be large as possible. It helps to cut down the
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cutdown the cost and recover the kinetic Answer: b
energy at the outlet of runner. The simple Explanation: The process of controlling the
elbow draft tube is placed close to the tail flow rate is called as governing. It is done to
race. maintain its speed at a constant rate during
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rotation of the turbine rotor. The flow rate of
15. The horizontal portion of the draft tube is steam is controlled by regulating the pressure.
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usually bent to prevent entry of air from the
exit end. 3. The main function of nozzle is to
a) True __________
b) False a) Varying temperatures
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b) Pressure variations
Answer: a c) Load variations
Explanation: The horizontal portion of the d) Heat variations
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d) Controls discharge of steam in the turbine. It also helps in
regulating the load that is developed.
Answer: b
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Explanation: The main purpose of the steam 9. When do we apply by pass governing?
turbine governing is to control the flow rate a) When turbine is overloaded
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of steam in the turbine. It also helps in b) When Unit speed decreases
regulating the load that is developed. c) When Unit power increases
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d) When Unit pressure decreases
6. Which among the following control the
flow rate? Answer: a
a) Valve Explanation: The main purpose of by pass
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b) Pump governing is taken into full action when the
c) Head turbine is overloaded for short durations. This
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d) Tank pipe happens occasionally in the working of the
turbine. During this, a bypass valve is used.
Answer: a
Explanation: Flow rate of the tank is 10. When bypass valve is opened to _______
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controlled by the valve. The actuation of a) Increase Pressure
individual valve closes. This corresponds to b) Increase Unit speed
the set of nozzle thereby controlling the c) Increase Unit power
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actual flow rate of the fluid passing through d) Increase the amount of fresh steam
the valve.
Answer: d
7. The advantage of nozzle governing is that Explanation: When a by pass valve is
.B
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d) Independent Answer: d
Explanation: When the mechanical speed of
Answer: a the shaft increases beyond 110 percent, we
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Explanation: When there is an increase in the use emergency governing. These governors
load, the energy in the turbine is drained off. come into action only when there are
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Thus, to increase the energy, the by pass emergencies in the turbine.
valve is opened to increase the amount of
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fresh steam entry. This increases the energy in 15. When the balancing of the turbine is
the turbine. disturbed, we use ________
a) Throttle governing
13. Combination governing involves usage of b) Steam governing
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two or more governing. c) Nozzle governing
a) True d) Emergency governing
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b) False
Answer: d
Answer: a Explanation: When the balancing of the
Explanation: Yes, Combination governing turbine is disturbed, we use emergency
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involves usage of two or more governing. governing. These governors come into action
Most usage is the by pass and the nozzle only when there are emergencies in the
governing as they tend to match the load on turbine.
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_________
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