DOS - Steel Bridge - 4

Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge

Lecture # 4
1
EXAMPLE [from book titled “Steel Structures” by Z.A Siddiqi]
Design exterior stringers, interior stringers and floor beams for
a single span truss bridge. The span of the bridge is 45.6m, the
curb-to-curb roadway width is 9.2 m, with 0.9m wide footpaths
curbs and barriers on each side. The slab thickness is 175 mm
and the loading is HL-93. Besides a concrete wearing surface
of 15 mm, provide allowance for 75 mm thick bituminous
overlay. Weight of curbs, railing, etc., on exterior girder = 2.00
kN/m. Use fc = 30 MPa, fy = 420 MPa and structural steel of
A36 Grade.
6@7.6 m each
Reference: Steel Structures by Z.A. Siddiqi (3rd Edition) 2

CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
EXAMPLE
X
Abutment
9.2 m 11.0 m
Wing Wall
45.6 m
Plan View
Reference: Steel Structures by Z.A. Siddiqi (3rd Edition) 3

EXAMPLE
ARRANGEMENT OF BEAMS
• The overhang of deck is usually kept 35 to
40% of the inner spacing of beams to get
nearly same forces on exterior and interior
beams.
• Usual range of stringer spacing is 1.5 to 3.0 m.
• If inner spaces are assumed equal to 3, the
spacing of the inner beams (S) may be found
as follows:
4
EXAMPLE
0.8 S + 3 S = 11,000
S = 2895 mm (OK, but on higher side)
If inner spaces are assumed equal to 3, the
spacing of the inner beams (S) may be
found as follows:
0.8 S + 4 S = 11,000
S = 2292 mm (say 2300 mm)
Overhangs = 0.9 m
5
EXAMPLE
0.9 m 2.3 m 2.3 m 2.3 m 2.3 m 0.9 m
Transverse Placement of Stringers for the

Bridge Deck of Example.
6
EXAMPLE
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DECK SLAB
 Depth of Slab
S  3000
hmin =  175 mm
30
2300  3000
= = 177 mm (say 180 mm)
30
Adding 15 mm of wearing surface and rounding to higher side, the
total depth may be taken as 195 mm. For the cantilever overhang, a
greater depth may usually be required due to provision of resistance
against collision force. Hence the depth of cantilever slab may be set
at 230 mm.
7
EXAMPLE
All the conditions for the empirical design to be applicable
are fulfilled, some of which are as under:
• Effective span of slab,
Se = 2300 – assumed bf of the selected section
(10% of c/c span)
= 2070 mm < 4100 mm
• Se / h = 2070 / 180 = 11.50
(between 6.0 and 18.0)
8
EXAMPLE
• Core depth = 205 – 60 – 25 = 120 mm > 100 mm
• Slab depth = 190 mm > 175 mm
• Overhang = 900 mm vs. 5h = 5  180 = 900 mm
• fc = 30 MPa > 28 MPa
• A minimum of two shear connectors will be placed at a
spacing of 600 mm c/c.
9
EXAMPLE
Bottom Layer Steel
Minimum As = 0.570 mm2/mm (No. 15 @ 350 mm c/c)
Top Layer Steel
(As)min = 0.380 mm2/mm (No. 10 @ 250 mm c/c)
No. 10 @ 250 mm c/c
60 + 15 mm Clear
195 mm
No. 15 @ 350 mm c/c

25 mm Clear Cover
10
EXAMPLE
9200
NUMBER OF DESIGN LANES = 3600
= 2.56 say 2
 SPACING OF STRINGERS
• Preferably the stringers should be odd in number, so that one
stringer is present exactly at mid-width of the roadway.
• Outer stringers may be kept inside the curb or footpath ends,
making some portion of the deck to act as cantilever. This
reduces torsion in the outer stringers and helps to use same
size for all the stringers.
• The spacing should normally be not less than 1.5m and not
more than 2.5 m.
11
EXAMPLE
STRINGER SELF WEIGHT
This may be assumed equal to 7 to 10% of dead weight of
the slab and the wearing surface.
PROCEDURE OF STRINGER DESIGN
• Although, same section is generally preferred for the exterior
and interior stringers, separate calculations for the two must
be performed to check the adequacy of the section.
• The slab is usually made monolithic with the stringers by
encasing top flange of stringer in the slab or by providing
shear connectors to form composite action. This permits the
use of smaller stringers. However, the stringer may either be
designed separately or be considered composite with the
slab.
12
EXAMPLE
• Stringers are assumed to be simply supported on the floor
beams having shear connections, neglecting any continuity
that may be developed.
• Even if the stringers are made continuous during
construction, the maximum moment nearly remains the same
as the maximum moment in the simply supported conditions.
• Dead load on the stringers is calculated as the weight of the
wearing surface, weight of the structural slab, assumed self-
weight of the stringer and the weight of road partition, railing,
electric line, footpath, etc., if present. The bituminous
wearing surface load is kept separate, as its load factor is
different.
13
EXAMPLE
• Distribution factors for moment and shear are calculated for
the stringer, which approximately considers the transverse
distribution of live loads to give a single equivalent load on
the stringer having contribution of all loads present
transversely and exerting load on the stringer in
consideration.
• To consider longitudinal distribution of the live loads, the
above calculated wheel loads are placed according to their
prescribed spacing on the simply supported stringer to cause
maximum live load moment and shear.
14
EXAMPLE
• These maximum values of live load moment and shear are
then calculated. The moments due to lane load and sidewalk
load are also calculated.
• Dynamic impact allowance is then added where applicable; to
the live load forces to get the combined live plus impact
forces.
• The total factored bending moment and shear acting on the
stringer is then calculated using the AASHTO load
combination.
15
EXAMPLE
• The stringers are laterally braced throughout and hence there
are no chances of overall instability.
• If the flange and web of the section satisfy their stability
criteria, the section becomes compact and full plastic moment
capacity may be achieved.
• The required plastic section modulus is thus calculated using
the following expression:
M
(Zx)req =
 f Fy
The section is selected such that Zx  (Zx)req and the
following checks are satisfied:
16
EXAMPLE
• Compactness of the section.
• Shear check.
• Deflection check dmin = l/25 where the depth (d) includes the
slab depth for composite I-beams.
• Depth of the I-beam portion only for composite beams dmin
= I /30.
• Wheel loads for the transverse distribution of live load for
shear are placed such that the trucks on both sides of a
stringer are at a distance of 0.6 m from the stringer under
consideration, as shown in following Figure.
17
EXAMPLE
0.6m 0.6m
Transverse Distribution of Loads for Maximum

Shear in Stringers.
18
EXAMPLE
• An equivalent wheel load is then calculated as a simply
supported reaction on the stringer.
• The equivalent wheel loads so obtained are placed
longitudinally on the stringer to get maximum shear.
• The maximum factored shear is then calculated as follows:
VU = [1.25 VDC + 1.50 VDW + 1.75(VLL+ VPL + VIM)]
where  = load modifier based on ductility, redundancy
and operational importance.
• This factored shear force is used to perform the shear
check for girder and to design the connection of stringer
with the floor beam.
19
EXAMPLE
INTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN
Assume Kg/L ts3 = 1.0 for initial design which is on the
conservative side.
S = 2300 mm ; L = 7600 mm
Contribution Factor For Moment

One design lane loaded:
0.4 0.3
 S  S
g = 0.06 +   
 4 ,300  L
0.4 0.3
 2,300   2,300 
= 0.06 +  4,300   
   7 ,600 
= 0.604
20
EXAMPLE
Contribution Factor For Moment
Two or more design lanes loaded:
0.6 0.2
 S  S
g = 0.075 +    
 2,900   L
0.6 0.2
 2,300   2,300 
= 0.075 +    
 2,900   7 ,600 
= 0.760  governs  g for moment = 0.760
21
EXAMPLE
Contribution Factor For Shear
 S 
g = 0.36 +  
 7,600 
2 ,300
= 0.36 +
7 ,600
= 0.663
22
EXAMPLE
Contribution Factor For Shear
2.0
 S   S 
g = 0.2 +   –  
 3,600   10 ,700 
2.0
 2,300   2,300 
= 0.2 +   –  
 3,600   10 ,700 
= 0.793  g for shear = 0.793  governs
23
EXAMPLE
Dead Loads
DC
Deck slab = (0.195)(2.3)(2400*9.81/1000) = 10.56 kN/m
Stringer (assumed equal to 10% of slab dead load) = 1.06 kN/m
wDC = 11.62 kN/m
MDC = 11.62 
7.6 2
= 83.90 kN-m
8
7.6
VDC = 11.62  = 44.16 kN
2
24
EXAMPLE
Dead Loads
75 – mm asphalt paving (0.075  2.3  22.0) = 3.80 kN/m
wDW = 3.80 kN/m
MDW = 3.80 
7.6 2
= 27.50 kN-m
8
7.6
VDW = 3.80  = 14.50 kN
2
25
EXAMPLE
Maximum Forces Due To Lane Load
9.3 7.62
Ml = = 67.2 kN-m
8
Vl = 9.3  7.6/2 = 35.4 kN
Maximum Truck Load Forces
(i) Standard axle loads:
Only the rear axles may occupy the span of 7.6 m.
The maximum bending moment due to a series of rolling loads on a
simply supported beam will occur under the wheel load nearer to the
resultant of the load system, when the center of gravity of the beam
equally divides the distance between the resultant and this wheel load
nearer to the resultant.
26


4.3/4 = 1.075 m 4.3/2 = 2.15 m
145 kN 145 kN
R = 290 kN
RA RB
3.8 m 3.8 m
Placement of Axle Loads on Interior Stringer for

Maximum Moment.
290  3.8 1.075

RA = = 103.98 kN
7.6
MA = 103.98  (3.8 – 1.075) = 283.4 kN–m

27

For maximum shear force, place the loads as shown in Figure
145 kN 4.3 m 145 kN
7.6 m
Placement of Axle Loads on Interior Stringer

for Maximum Shear.
7.6  4.3
VA = 145 + 145
7.6
= 208.0 kN  governs
28

0.3m0.3m 1.2/2 = 0.6 m
110 kN 110 kN
R = 220 kN
RA RB
3.8 m 3.8 m
Placement of Tandem Loads on Interior Stringer for Maximum

Moment and Shear.
29

RA = 220 3.8  0.3 = 101.32 kN

7.6
Mt = 101.32  (3.8 – 0.3) = 354.6 kN-m  governs
7.6 1.2
Vt = 110 + 110 = 202.7 kN
7.6
Maximum Live-Plus-Impact Forces
MLL+1M = g [(larger of Ma and Mt)  (1 + IM/100) + Ml]
= 0.760  [354.6  1.33 + 67.2]
= 409.5 kN-m
VLL+1M = g[(larger of Va and Vt)  (1 + IM/100) + Vl]
= 0.793  [208.0  1.33 + 35.4]
= 247.5 kN-m 30

Load Combination:
 = 0.95
U =  [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75 (LL + IM)]
Mu = 0.95 [1.25  81.6 + 1.50  27.5 + 1.75  409.5]
= 816.9 kN-m
Vu = 0.95 [1.25  43.0 + 1.50  14.5 + 1.75  247.5]
= 483.2 kN
31

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN
S = 2,300 mm ; L = 7,600 mm
Distribution Factor For Moment
de = distance between the center of
exterior beam and the interior
edge of curb or traffic barrier.
 0 between 300 and 910mm
OK
e = 0.77 + de / 2800  1.0
= 1.0
32

One design
EXTERIOR lane
STRINGER loaded:
DESIGN
Footpath P/2 P/2

600 1800
Assume pivot for

application of lever rule
900 R 2300
Loading to Obtain Contribution Factor for Moment in

Exterior Stringer.
33

P = wheel load = half of axle load

Mc = 0  R  2300 = P/2  1700
R = 0.370 P
g = multiple presence factor for one lane
 0.370
= 1.2  0.370 = 0.444
34


g = e  g interior
= 1.0  0.760 = 0.760
However, in this case, it appears that the
effect of loading of two or more design lanes
will be lesser on the exterior stringer because
even one wheel of single lane is moving inside
the first interior stringer.
35

Distribution Factor For Shear

As already determined for moment, g = 0.444
de
e = 0.6 + where de  0
3,000
= 0.6
g = e g interior
= 0.6  0.793 = 0.476  governs
36

TwoSTRINGER
EXTERIOR or more design lanes loaded:
DESIGN
Dead load Forces
R
i) DC
Deck slab (0.195) x (2.3) x (23.5) x (1150/2300) = 5.27 kN/m
Overhang (0.230) x (0.9) x (23.5) x (2750/2300) = 5.82 kN/m
Barrier (0.10) x (0.60) x (23.5) x (3150/2300) = 1.93 kN/m
Foot Path (0.200) x (0.8) x (22.5) x (2700/2300) = 4.22 kN/m
Weight of curb, railing etc. [given] = 2.00 kN/m
Stringer (assumed equal to 10% of above load) = 1.93 kN/m
WDC = 21.17 kN/m
37

MDC = 21.17  (7.6)2/8 = 152.84 kN-m

VDC = 21.17  7.6/2 = 80.446 kN
ii) DW 75 mm asphalt paving

= 0.075  2.3  22.0  (1150/2300)
= 1.90 kN/m
MDW = 1.90  (7.6)2/8 = 13.7 kN-m
VDW = 1.90  7.6/2 = 7.3 kN
38


Maximum forces due to lane load
The values are same as for the interior
stringer.
Ml = 67.2 kN-m
Vl = 35.4 kN as for interior stringer.
Maximum truck load forces
The maximum truck load forces per lane are
same as that for the interior stringer.
39

Ma = 283.4 kN-m
Va = 208.0 kN  governs
Mt = 354.6 kN-m  governs
Vt = 202.7 kN
Sidewalk live load forces (PL)
wPL = 3.6  0.8 = 2.88 kN/m
MPL = 2.88  7.62/8 = 20.79 kN-m
VPL = 2.88  7.6/2 = 10.94 kN
40

Maximum live-plus-impact forces

MLL+1M = g [(larger of Ma and Mt)  + Ml] + MPL
= 0.444 [354.6  1.33 + 67.2] + 20.79
= 260.03 kN-m
OR [two lane in case of accident]
MLL+1M = 0.760 [354.6  1.33 + 67.2]
= 409.5 kN-m
 governs
41

VLL+1M = g [(larger of Va and Vt)  + Vl] + VPL

= 0.476 [208.0  1.33 + 35.4] + 10.94
= 159.47 kN
Design Forces
Load combination:
 = 0.95
42

U = [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75(LL+ PL+IM)]

Mu = 0.95[1.25  122.30 + 1.50  13.70 + 1.75
 409.5]
= 845.6 kN-m
Vu = 0.95[1.25  64.4 + 1.50  7.3 + 1.75
 159.47]
= 354.4 kN
43

Design Forces
Mu = 845.6 kN-m
Vu = 483.2 kN
Assignment - 3
Design of Stringer
44

DOS - Steel Bridge - 4

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Design of Structures (DOS)

8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Design of Steel Bridge

Reference: Steel Structures by Z.A. Siddiqi (3rd Edition) 2

Reference: Steel Structures by Z.A. Siddiqi (3rd Edition) 3

0.9 m 2.3 m 2.3 m 2.3 m 2.3 m 0.9 m

Transverse Placement of Stringers for the

No. 15 @ 350 mm c/c

Transverse Distribution of Loads for Maximum

Contribution Factor For Moment

= 0.793  g for shear = 0.793  governs

Design of Steel Bridge

INTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Placement of Axle Loads on Interior Stringer for

290  3.8 1.075

MA = 103.98  (3.8 – 1.075) = 283.4 kN–m

Design of Steel Bridge

INTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

For maximum shear force, place the loads as shown in Figure

145 kN 4.3 m 145 kN

Placement of Axle Loads on Interior Stringer

Design of Steel Bridge

INTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

0.3m0.3m 1.2/2 = 0.6 m

Placement of Tandem Loads on Interior Stringer for Maximum

Design of Steel Bridge

INTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

RA = 220 3.8  0.3 = 101.32 kN

Design of Steel Bridge

INTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Design of Steel Bridge

Footpath P/2 P/2

Assume pivot for

Loading to Obtain Contribution Factor for Moment in

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

P = wheel load = half of axle load

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Two or more design lanes loaded:

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Distribution Factor For Shear

Design of Steel Bridge

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

MDC = 21.17  (7.6)2/8 = 152.84 kN-m

ii) DW 75 mm asphalt paving

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

Maximum live-plus-impact forces

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

VLL+1M = g [(larger of Va and Vt)  + Vl] + VPL

Design of Steel Bridge

EXTERIOR STRINGER DESIGN

U = [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75(LL+ PL+IM)]

Design of Steel Bridge