A Case Study of The Effects of The Covid-19 Pandemic On A Small-Scale Poultry Industry in The Calabarzon Region

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Science and Technology

Philippine Science High School System
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL – CALABARZON REGION CAMPUS
Sitio Sampaga West, Brgy. Sampaga, Batangas City, 4200
(043) 724-6199
cbzrc.pshs.edu.ph
A CASE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

ON A SMALL-SCALE POULTRY INDUSTRY IN THE
CALABARZON REGION
By:
Estrella, Maria Charisma P.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Biology 4, 2nd Quarter,

SY 2020 – 2021 at the Philippine Science High School – CALABARZON Region
Campus,
Sitio Sampaga West, Brgy. Sampaga, Batangas City, 4200
To:
Mr. Christian Jay P. Rosal
A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 1

Industry in the CALABARZON Region
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude and appreciation to those
people behind this success. With this, the researcher would like to give acknowledgement
and honor to the following:
First of all, the researcher would like to express her appreciation to the Almighty
Creator, for giving everyday strength, wisdom, skills, patience, determination and guidance
throughout this journey.
To her dearest parents, for always being with her all throughout the study and giving
her endless support with our endeavors.
To Philippine Science High School System, for providing her with the resources
and endeavor to pursue this study which has enabled the researcher to not only contribute
to the wealth of knowledge regarding the impacts of COVID-19 in the country’s poultry
industry, but to also enrich their awareness and appreciation for such.
To Mr. Christian Jay P. Rosal, the researcher’s Biology 4 teacher, for being an
adviser that provided the researcher invaluable and endless support and guidance during
the conduct of the case study. Without his effort, time, and guidance, this study would be
impossible.
To KLH Egg Poultry Farm for their warm accommodation, share of expertise in the
field, and time for participating in the study. Their genuine and objective responses were
essential for the success of the study in achieving its objectives that ultimately come to
fruition.
Lastly, the researcher would like to acknowledge the role of her beloved family for
showing their love, undying support financially and morally, help, encouragement and
motivation. Their presence served to be a monumental role in the pursuit of this case study.

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Chickens are one of the most essential organisms in the world. Aside from their
ecological importance in seed dispersal and maintenance of homeostasis (Padhi, 2016) they
are very well known for their high protein content that is necessary and fit for human
consumption. In this, eggs, meat, stock, and feathers are some of the products that are
derived from chickens. Since then, many business tycoons have utilized chickens as a form
of business for food production. Such chickens utilized for domestic use are often labeled
as poultry. These organisms are defined as birds that are commercially or domestically
raised for meat, eggs, and feathers (Britannica Encylopedia, 2020).
In the Philippines, there is a total of almost 600 poultry farms nationwide. Around
20% of these numbers include chickens raised in the backyards, while 80% are
commercially raised in large scale farms and factories. Based on the poultry sector statistics
for the year 2020, there are around 588 registered poultry farms and 175 meat processors
located throughout the country. Due to this, chicken broiler and egg production are known
as the most progressive animal enterprises in the Philippines. On the other hand, a portion
of this big poultry success is located in the CALABARZON region that houses 18.3%
shares of the country’s chicken meat and egg production (Philippine Statistics Authority,
2018). Despite the impressive growth of this business, problems still arise in the poultry
industry. These dilemmas include inefficient management leading to the prevalence of
many destructive poultry diseases and parasites that cannot be ignored. However, these
problems became worse with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic that heavily
affected the poultry business, supply, and production market.
With the current situation of the COVID-19 disease, various poultry farms in the
country have experienced detrimental effects. Some of these issues include unavailable
materials, feeds, and supplies for poultry houses (Food and Agriculture Organization,
2019). Quarantine protocols and lockdown have made it difficult for poultry employees to
travel back and forth from their homes. Extensive disinfection and COVID-19 testing are

some of the necessities that these large-scale farms undertake to ensure the safety of the
employees and workers situated in the poultry area. In addition, veterinaries and nurseries
that are in-charge for monitoring the chicken’s health, vitamins, and vitals were closed with
the onset of the pandemic. Because of this, poultry owners are very meticulous and careful
of handling their chickens as the situation has made it challenging to treat and handle
chickens with diseases.
Various studies and statistical researchers for COVID-19 response and poultry
protocol changes are already being conducted by Philippine News Agency. Based on their
reports, there has been a 40% decline in poultry business since the onset of the pandemic.
With the closure and shutdown of most food establishments, there has been an oversupply
of chicken that resulted to a decrease in the price of Php70 to Php 30 per kilo (Food and
Agriculture Organization, 2019). Aside from the market perspective, a study of the Food
and Agriculture Organization showed how countries provided response and mitigation with
the current negative impacts on livestock production. But with such lengthy procedures and
strict handling protocols, these actions are only made accessible and available to large-scale
farms and poultry business owners. In the case of small-scale poultry farm owners, these
establishments are experiencing far worse dilemmas. This then creates an avenue for
concern regarding the current status, procedures, and mitigation of small-scale farms in
response to the latest crisis.
Rationale
In light of the recent events caused by the pandemic, the conduct of this case study
will provide a deeper approach and understanding of the effects caused by the pandemic to
local small-scale poultry farms. Due to limited access to logistics, transportation, and
various locations, this study will focus on studying the mitigation of a small-scale farm
housed within the CALABARZON region. Through the conduct of an interview,
information regarding the farm, its current status, and methods will be analyzed and related
with the situation and mitigations implemented by other poultry farms that will be collated
and organized from online articles and journals. Through this study, concerns regarding the
effects, protocol implementation, and possible recommendations for small-scale poultry
farms will be further addressed.

Objectives of the Study
The study entitled “A Case Study on the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a
Small-scale Poultry Industry in CALABARZON Region” aims to understand and
investigate the current status, policies, and mitigation being implemented in small-scale
poultry farms situated in CALABARZON particularly in a small farmhouse in Batangas.
Subsequently, the information garnered in the study are cross-referenced and related to the
current findings and research made by several institutes in further support the information
as means of providing possible recommendations. Specifically, the study seeks to:
1. Determine the situation of the poultry farm before the onset of the pandemic in
terms of:
a. Frequency of Production
b. Market Value of products
c. Prevalence of Chicken Diseases
d. Disease control;
2. Determine the effects of the pandemic in regard to production, management,

and diseases;
3. Provide possible effective interventions and programs that will address the
findings of the study.
Significance of the Study
This case study aims to provide information as means to contribute to the collected
knowledge with regards to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to the poultry industry.
In this, more information will be shed upon the current status, well-being, and impacts of
the pandemic with regards specifically to the frequency of production, market value of
products, prevalence of chickens having diseases, as well as disease control.
In addition, this will then provide knowledge and insights with regards to the
condition of small-scale poultry farms in the country both before and after the pandemic.

Through this, more people specifically students, will gain awareness and information about
the importance of chickens in the economic state particularly in the food system production.
Aside from the students, the benefits of the study will also reach the poultry farm
owner. Through the findings and related data gathered, this will enable further insight and
perspective for resolution and improvement of their farm.
Lastly, the CALABARZON Region poultry industries especially the policy and
governing body will also gain knowledge and adequate information with regards to policy
making and crafting as means to ensure and safeguard the well-being of both the owners
and the chicken animals.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES
This portion of the study contains the collection of available references utilized
regarding the study about the poultry industry derived from modern literature,
contemporary texts, and other available sources such as journals, websites, research,
reviews, articles, and other theses that contain sufficient background and knowledge about
the different factors and variables included in the study. This section discusses the concepts
of the study containing related studies on literature review, data gathering procedures, and
data analysis.
Poultry Systems
Small-scale poultry production systems, largely comprised of chickens, account for

the majority of the poultry population in the world (Gilbert et al., 2016). The term “family
poultry” is used for systems which rely on family labour and, generally, locally available
feed resources (Thieme et al., 2017). Thieme et al. (2017) describes four categories of
family poultry production: small extensive scavenging extensive scavenging, semi-
intensive and small-scale intensive production. Although this spectrum of systems may be
viewed as a continuum, poultry farmers and workers utilize the production system that best
suits their situation and objectives (Rota, 2018). More intensive poultry raising systems
require reliable access to inputs, including commercial stock, feed, labour, and health
services as well as efficient marketing channels (Guèye, 2019). In rural areas, access to
markets, cold chains, and veterinary services is typically limited (Thieme et al., 2017).
The largest number of households worldwide are engaged in “village poultry”

production, which encompasses the first two systems, and are comprised of mostly
indigenous or sometimes crossbred species (Alders & Pym, 2017). In these free-ranging
systems, birds largely scavenge for feed, although supplementary feed may be given, and
housing, if provided, is simple and made from locally available materials (Thieme et al.,
2017). Small-scale poultry production is commonly incorporated into mixed production
systems with crops and other livestock and are a way for vulnerable households to spread
risks (Alders et al., 2017, Thieme et al., 2017). Flocks are self-propagating, with broody

hens laying 30–80 eggs per year in 2–4 clutches and spending time between clutches to
rear chicks.
Poultry as Income Generation
One of the central roles of livestock is income generation. In resource-poor settings,

chickens are amongst the most affordable livestock, and they may be sold or exchanged for
sequentially larger and higher-value species, building a household's asset base, or used to
provide income in times of need. As such, they are the first rung on the livestock ladder –
“Poultry are the seeds you sow to get the fruits, cattle” (Aklilu et al., 2018). For larger
livestock species the highest market price is earned when a mature animal is sold, requiring
households to commit much time and resources to raise these animals to the point where
they are most profitable. Therefore, the sale, consumption, or offering as gifts of large
animal species is infrequent. When households are faced with food insecurity, the decision
to sell large livestock at a sub-optimal price is a difficult one, however, small livestock
species including poultry mature rapidly, and are consistently available, so they are often
the first livestock species sold by households to meet their immediate needs (Mapiye et al.,
2019).
The economic contributions of SSP to households vary by production system and

location. Village poultry brought an average annual income of USD13 to households in
Ethiopia (Muhiye, 2019); USD27 in Haiti (Nchinda et al., 2016)), USD55 in Mozambique
(Woolcock et al., 2018) and USD124, or 50% of the per capita income, to households in
Nigeria. Esobhawan & Aruna (2016) estimated that ten laying hens can earn Nigerian
households USD100 per annum, and in Indonesia, ten laying hens vaccinated against
Newcastle disease can generate more than 25% of the monthly household income.
In Lao PDR, village poultry production produced a net household annual income of
USD67. With control of Newcastle disease and Fowl Cholera, net household incomes from
meat production were between USD97 in remote areas, USD120 in rural villages, and
USD108 in regions with access to the cold chain (Alders & Pym, 2017). In India, net
income from indigenous poultry production differs by socioeconomic status: households
with incomes in the middle and upper 20% earned a greater profit from their poultry,

however they delivered a lower net profit margin ratio than producers in the lower 20%
income group due to higher expenditures on inputs (Ahuja et al., 2018). Wantasen et al.,
(2019) found that purchased feed was the greatest cost in small-scale semi-intensive
chicken production in Indonesia, although farmers earned a net annual income of
IDR4,329,038.
There is typically a consumer preference for local chicken meat due to suitability
of taste and texture, and the minimal use of pharmaceuticals during production (FAO,
2020). Although production is low and markets are limited, local chickens and eggs fetch
a significantly higher market price, from 1.5 to 3 times the cost of a commercial product,
(Barua and Yoshimura, 2017; Choprakarn and Wongipechet, 2018). Income from the sale
of SSP products allow households to purchase a greater variety of food, and cover schooling
and healthcare costs (Alam, 2017). Small-scale poultry products have an advantage over
larger livestock species in that although market access greatly aids the sale of SSP products,
they are mostly sold or bartered locally and do not require the presence of formal market
(Choprakarn & Wongpichet, 2018).
Supply and Demand for Poultry Supply
In the Philippines, the supply and production of chicken and poultry are reported.
In this, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, dressed chicken production surged
40 percent over a decade, growing from 1.0 million MT in 2009 to 1.4 million MT in 2018.
The major factors for this growth included the establishment of new commercial farms and
dressing plants, switching of some commercial farms to tunnel-ventilated housing,
expansion of farms’ stocking capacities, adequate supply of day-old chicks (DOCs),
growing use of contract farming, and an ever-increasing demand for chicken meat
(Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018).
The country’s largest producing region is Central Luzon with 36 percent (507,400
MT) of total production in 2018. Its major supplying provinces are Bulacan, Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac. The CALABARZON region is also a large supplier with 18
percent (254,800 MT), with Batangas as the main producing province.

On the other hand, according to the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) data, imports
averaged 12 percent or 167,500 Metric Tons of the gross supply per year. Its share grew
from only six percent in 2009 (61,000 MT) to 15 percent (257,100 MT) in 2018, as
Philippine incomes grew, and more consumers added protein to their diets. The main
imported product was mechanically deboned meat (MDM), which accounted for 67 percent
(192,900 MT) of total volume in 2018. Over 60 percent was sourced from Netherlands,
Brazil, and the United States. MDM, which is not produced locally, is used for processed
meat products such as hotdogs, chicken nuggets, and luncheon meat. Meanwhile, leg
quarter imports were about 26 percent (73,500 tons), of which more than 90 percent came
from the United States. The next largest product imported was other chicken cuts, which is
primarily chicken wings, at 18,100 MT. Products imported at smaller volumes include fats
(1,700 MT), rind/skin (1,400 MT), offal (481 MT), and whole chicken (17 MT).
The growth in chicken demand has been faster than other meats due to its
affordability, lower fat content, and absence of cultural and religious hindrances. In
addition, chicken is the preferred meat in fast food outlets, which is a quickly expanding
sector throughout the Philippines. Using PSA’s net food disposable data for dressed
chicken as equivalent to the quantity of food available for human consumption, aggregate
consumption reflected a four percent per year increase from 1.1 million MT in 2009 to 1.7
million MT in 2018 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018).
Poultry Diseases and Treatment
In clinical practice, many chickens and poultry birds encounter various types of
illnesses and diseases. Although many diseases have been reported in these domestic
poultry species, certain diseases are commonly encountered in backyard chickens. Bacterial
diseases that frequently occur in backyard flocks include pasteurellosis (fowl cholera),
mycoplasmosis, bordetellosis (turkey coryza), staphyloccosis, and infection with
Escherichia coli (Chicken production) Fungal diseases, including aspergillosis and
candidiasis, are usually seen as secondary infections (Hafez & Attia, 2020). Viral diseases
of importance include Marek's disease, lymphoid leukosis, infectious bronchitis, infectious
laryngotracheitis, and pox. Lice and mites are ectoparasites that frequently cause problems,
and roundworms and cestodes are commonly encountered endoparasites. Coccidiosis and

histomoniasis are protozoal diseases that can cause significant problems in backyard
poultry.
Moreover, the Food and Agriculture Organization suggests that Nutritious feed,
access to fresh, clean water, and adequate housing are important to the health of flock.
Good management and sanitation practices are essential as well. Proper ventilation in the
brooder and coop will reduce moisture and disease organisms (Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2019). Caked or wet litter should be removed as soon as it forms to keep the
house clean and dry. For most backyard poultry enthusiasts, diseases are rare as long as the
flock doesn’t come into contact with other flocks. The most common disease for young,
unmedicated flocks is coccidiosis, which is characterized by diarrhea, thriftiness and some
mortality. A medicated chick feed can help prevent coccidiosis.

METHODOLOGY
Research Design
In order to successfully satisfy the objectives of the study, a descriptive-qualitative

research design was followed. In this, the qualitative design feature and techniques are
sought as the most effective and feasible method of collecting data for the study. The data
collection strategies under this research design typically involve individual and/or focus
group interviews with minimal to semi-structured interview guides which require lesser
theoretical framework design (Rashid et al., 2019). These are methods that allow the
researcher to draw information from a naturalistic perspective that help in examining facts
regarding a phenomenon based on its natural state.
Procedures
For this case study, a one-on-one interview was utilized as means of data collection
following the descriptive-qualitative research design. Provided is the breakdown of the
steps for the methodology that are divided into three namely, (1) Interview Preparatory
Stage, (2) Conduct of the Interview, and (3) Data analysis and cross referencing.
A. Interview Preparatory Stage
This portion of the methodology focuses on the creation of the interview guide
questions and selection of respondent. In terms of the writing of the semi-structured
interview guide, questions regarding available products, services, management, income,
dilemma, mitigation, and pandemic effects were included. Particularly, issues on
Frequency of Production, Market Value of products, and Prevalence of Chickens having
Diseases were primarily focused. Additional information on disease control, disinfection,
and Safety Hazards were also added in the crafted guide. The creation of this set was based
on the study of Ontario Chicken Incorporated (2020) regarding the COVID-19 pandemic
impacts to Chicken Farmers situated in Ontario, Canada. In this, some of the information
sought by such study included the policies, management, and new protocols being

implemented by chicken farmers and poultry supply owners. After adapting the questions
available, respondent selection then followed.
For the selection of respondents for interview, convenience sampling method was
observed. As the scope of the study is set within the CALABARZON Region, the
prospective poultry-farm owners for interview are then limited in the said geographical
area. By initiating contact with known farm-owners through messaging and social media
sourcing, one poultry-farm owner accepted the interview invitation. In this, an interview
schedule was set into place in accordance with the interviewee’s schedule.
B. Conduct of the Interview
Upon initiating an agreement with the interviewee, the details for the conduct of
the interview were set and arranged. Based on the availability and schedule of the
respondent, it was requested that the interview must be conducted through a phone call.
With this setting, inquires, clarifications, and follow-up questions were then brought up
during the interview process. The prepared interview questions were also asked during its
conduct. After collecting all necessary data and information, the data analysis and cross-
referencing of information from available resources then commenced.
C. Data analysis and cross referencing
In the data analysis and cross-referencing portion of the study, the gathered details
and information from the conducted interview were then systematically analyzed and cross-
referenced with the journals. In this, the collected data was systematically compared,
contrasted with the available study that was obtained from online reference journals and
resources. After analyzing the data, the results and implications of the study were then
summarized in order to create the necessary conclusion and recommendations that can be
made based on the findings of the study.

Methodology Flowchart
The main framework and summary of the methodology of the case study is then
showcased on the flowchart below:
A. Interview Searching of references and

Preparatory Stage articles needed for creation of
interview questions.
Selection of respondent done via

convenience sampling methods.
Arrangement and Scheduling of

interview with respondent
B. Conduct of the
Interview Conduct of interview with
respondent/interviewee
C. Data Analysis and Data analysis and cross

Cross-Referencing referencing of obtained data and
available reference journals.
Discussion of obtained results

through compare and contrast.
Formulation of conclusion and

recommendation for the study

RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Succeeding the data collection and analysis phases of the study, the following
results were obtained, summarized, and discussed. The results of the case study then further
elaborate on the gathered information regarding the interviewed poultry industry’s
available products, services, management, and income. In addition, pre-pandemic situation
as well as post-pandemic measures and mitigations were also tackled.
Frequency of Production
In this, during the interview, when asked about the available products and services
in their poultry farm, the interviewee responded that aside from chicken meat products,
they also have egg distribution services that are not limited to farm fresh eggs and salted
eggs. In this, the interviewee connotated that, “We purely sell chicken meat by kilo, that
are priced based on body part and cut. We also sell eggs by [the] tray both salted and farm
fresh. The chickens are raised in our small backyard farm, where the eggs are also [taken].”
It is then recognized that chicken meat and eggs are the two primary products that the small-
scale poultry farm provides and distributes. Also, the interviewee added that some of the
services that their backyard farm provides are slaughtering of chickens, chopping, and
maintenance of hens.
The activities, products, and services available in the small-scale farm owned by
the interviewee goes in similar with the article of the Department of Animal and Food
Sciences regarding Poultry Products. In their report, it was stated that chickens truly are the
most recognized source of poultry meat and eggs that serve as excellent sources of protein
and other nutrients. However, even though chickens are considered to be well-known in
such product aspect, it was believed that other poultry species such as ducks, turkey, and
geese that can also provide similar products like meat and eggs as well (Animal Food
Science, 2018).
As the business owned by the interviewee raises and cares for chickens alone, they
are enlisted as part of the 36 free-range chicken-only poultry farms situated in the
CALABARZON Region (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018). On the other hand, having

an additional of 36 small-scale backyard farms, this numbers slightly contributes to the
rank of the CALABARZON Region that still remains as the second top supplier of chicken
nationwide last 2018.
Considering the related information gathered, the efforts created by the small-scale
poultry farm in terms of their products and services imply the owner’s drive in maximizing
their produce by obtaining eggs and meat from their chickens. According to the study of
Wong on Small-scale poultry and food security in resource-poor settings: A review, small-
scale backyard farms that depend on one chicken flock indicate that such setup could
pertain to additional food for the household or as liquid assets (Wong et al., 2017). Based
on the situation an interview with the small-scale poultry owner, it can be observed that the
main and central role of their livestock production is based solely on income generation.
Therefore, these further show the economic importance of chickens in the poultry-industry
as a big source of income and food supply provided that a species such as itself, when raised
alone, can help both in food and financial matters (Vaarst et al., 2017).
In terms of the question regarding management before the onset of the pandemic,
the interviewee shared that their small-scale farm was initially composed of around twelve
workers who visit the backyard farm based on shifts. With regards to this, the interviewee
stated that eight of the workers are in-charge of cleaning the housing, feeding the hens, and
collecting eggs. For maintaining and managing chicken feeds and vitamins, the interviewee
added that they are associated with a local supplier of feeds that offers a friendly price as
one of their loyal customers. While for the vitamins, they contact a vet in their area who
conducts a check-up once a month to monitor the safety and health of the chickens. Also,
the vet provides the prescriptions needed for vitamins and other feeds that the poultry farm
owner often purchases from their small business associates who are chicken supplement
suppliers.
Meanwhile, the interviewee reiterated that four of their remaining staff are situated
at the local markets who are in-charge of chopping, dressing chicken meat, and selling eggs
on a daily basis. On the other hand, he and his family often take care of packaging and
placing eggs in trays. The preceding responses then further display the previous situation
that the poultry farm engages before the COVID-19 pandemic started. Based on their

responses, it is verified that the poultry farm owns a small stall in the market alongside
several employees who handle and manage the small-scale poultry.
The interviewee’s responses coincide with the results of the study conducted by
Mekonnen (2017) in Ethiopia with regards to the characterization of smallholder poultry
production and marketing system of Dale, Wonsho, and Loka Abaya wereda of Southern
Ethopia. In this study, it was stated that in small-scale chicken farms, workforce and labor
is most commonly done by most of the household, family members, and relatives that entail
how the supposed poultry market is definitely crucial in the economic needs of the family.
This is recognized by the study through identifying how the family acts as part of the labor
force within the small-scale poultry. In addition, it was also indicated that typical poultry
farming in Ethiopia often hire fellow neighbors and friends that range up to ten persons
depending on the size of the poultry farm.
In relation to the responses of the interviewee with regards to their management and
workforce, it is implied that since the small business requires the service of twelve people
both in the farm and market, this shows the economic size of the poultry business.
Considering that the family members of the owner also partake in the distribution process,
their involvement shows how the business is indeed crucial for income generation as similar
to the obtained perceptions by the Biswal’s study in 2020.
Market value of Products
When asked about the market gains on their business, the interviewee described
their egg and chicken meat price lists. According to the interviewee, the price rarely
changes during regular season. While on holidays, he narrated how their sales often reach
a high peak as chicken meat and eggs are one of the common recipes and ingredients that
most people often buy in preparation for their Christmas dinners.
This situation goes in par with the reports of the Philippine star news as there has
also been an observed increase in chicken meat and egg products in the country, especially
on holidays. However, decrease in price sales is also one of the most common observations
depending on the competition, supply, and demand for the poultry products (Philippine

Star, 2019). With regards to this, it is implied that since the small-scale poultry farm owners
tend to have increased prices and sales during the holidays, this connotates that there may
have been lesser supply or little to no competition in their area of sales. This is supported
by the concept of competitive pricing that it stipulated in economics stating that if there is
no competition coupled with small supply, the prices of the products increase, and vice
versa. This then further show how the small-scale poultry situated within the
CALABARZON Region must have lesser competition in the market hence acquiring such
monetary and market gains from their business.
Prevalence of Chicken Disease
In terms of the problems that the small-scale poultry farm faces, some of these
include, lack of staff, death of chickens, and management of chicken diseases. The owner
stated that despite having regular check-ups, there are times when some chickens and
chicks become highly susceptible to certain diseases. The most common diseases that most
of their chickens encounter are Fowl Cholera and Coliform infections.
The frequency of Fowl Cholera in the small-scale poultry business of the owner is
supported by the study of Singh et al., (2016) that tackles the epidemiology of fowl cholera
in free range chicken broilers. In this, it was stated that the Fowl Cholera disease is caused
by Pasteurella multocida , a bacteria that remains a problem in free range organic broilers.
The relationship between birds and fowl cholera is considered to be complex and variable,
depending on the type of bird, variations of each strain or individual variations of birds
within the flock. Adult birds are more susceptible to suffer acute cholera as compared to
very young poultry birds that are protected by trans-ovo maternal immunity (Christensen
& Bisgaard, 2019). Furthermore, the diversity of conditions that have the different
production systems, the quantity and density of birds in each housing and the variable
application of biosecurity measures are also some of the factors to be considered with the
onset of such diseases. Where, in the case of the small-scale poultry owner, it is implied
that housing management, feeds, and sanitation are some of the factors that have
contributed with the onset of the diseases that he frequently reported.

For coliform infections, this type of disease is caused by Escherichia coli (E.coli)
that is known to account huge economic losses in the poultry industry. As the owner of the
poultry farm reported this disease to be part of the most frequent that they encounter, their
statement is similar to the study of Sawah on the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli in
commercial broiler chickens. In this they reported that E.coli infections are one of the most
frequent diseases encountered by chickens in broiler and poultry farms. Since it is caused
by bacterial infection, it was also pin-pointed that the disease is attributed to chickens and
birds being exposed to unsanitary environments or contaminated food (EL-Sawah et al.,
2018). With these implications, it can be said that these factors for sanitation is also one of
the possible culprits behind the prevalence of coliform diseases that the small-scale poultry
owner reported.
In addition, the some causes of these diseases mentioned may be attributed to the
stress caused by the high performance demands of the poultry industry as the birds
specifically the chickens are raised in intensive production systems. With this, the route of
infection for this type of disease is by ingestion through drinking water, food or litter
contaminated with droppings from sick or carrier birds. The respiratory route is another
common way of infection, either directly by sneezing among birds or by indirectly inhaling
contaminated dust. Wounds or skin lesions may also be a source of infection for these types
of diseases (Cooper et al., 2019). These findings and implications from previous studies
then further state that alongside the report of the owner with regards to the frequent diseases
that their chickens encounter, the sanitation and maintenance of the place may have been
one of the sources that made the location susceptible for such kinds of diseases.
Disease Control
Due to the occurrences of diseases, the owner shared that they created some
interventions that can help prevent other chickens from having similar illnesses. Some of
their created ones include providing strict sanitation, monitoring of water and feeds, as well
as having good ventilation for the chickens to prevent stress. Aside from this, they also
enlist the help of their veterinarian who provide vaccinations and recommended feeds as
means to prevent such infections and diseases to the chickens present in the small-scale
poultry.

Based on the reported interventions by the owner, such are deemed as the most
common and commendable ways of dealing with fowl cholera and coliform infections that
are mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria. As regional density, poor sanitation, limited
downtime, concurrent disease, farm density, poor management, and multi-age production
serve as the infection pressures, FAO recommends implementing strict biosecurity,
vaccination programs, and appropriate medication to chickens as means to prevent and
control diseases (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2019). This goes on par with the
actions of the poultry owner who devised mitigations to address the frequency of chicken
diseases in his poultry. Considering that the implemented methods for prevention and
control are given, it is implied that the status of the poultry farm in terms of disease control
before the pandemic follows the provided and recommended guidelines for poultries.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The previous situations discussed and described by the interviewee pertains on the
operations and management of the poultry farm before the onset of the pandemic. In this
light, the owner was inquired regarding the dramatic changes and impacts that they have
encountered during the pandemic. When asked this question, the interviewee stated how
the production, services, chickens, management, and market of the business were all
drastically affected by the COVID-19 outbreak.
For production, the frequency of chicken meat and eggs in the poultry were
described to be overflowing as there are lesser buyers present. Because of this, the owner
stated how they were forced to dispose some of the excess eggs and meat that were not
purchased due to its high volumes. In addition, the owner implied that during the course of
early March to May of the year 2020, the production was suffering as there is lesser demand
with no customers due to the quarantine rules and lockdown. Aside from their production,
their small business of chopping and dressing of chicken meat in the local market was also
closed down. This affected not only their production facilities but also their management
and maintenance of employees.

Due to the decreasing finances, the owner had to dismiss some employees to lessen
the costs. From twelve workers, they decided to cut down to only seven workers remaining.
Overall, the pandemic caused a large toll in their finances. As means to compensate for the
situation, the owner decided to increase eggs prices as well as limit the logistics of their
delivery. In this, the poultry only accepts pick-up order of eggs within their poultry house
for only at 8AM to 4PM in the afternoon.
Aside from the major income decrease, the owner also reported that the pandemic
caused some impacts to the chickens. In this, the owner shared that most of their chickens
tend to get sick easily due to lesser cleaning and maintenance. Despite implementing
biosafety rules and COVID-19 prevention hazards within their workers, the owner stated
the difficulty on coordinating and cleaning up the chicken coops and housing with a few
people available. Because of this, there was an increase in the number of chickens that were
diagnosed with diseases. Unfortunately, due to quarantine restrictions, contacting the
veterinarian also posed as a challenge to the owner as the vet was usually unavailable.
Procuring materials, vitamins, and feeds also became one of the hindrances in their business
as most shops closed down due to lack of buyers. However, regardless of the situation, the
owner stated that they have been trying their very best to maintain their business at the
same time, impose strict biosafety rules and protocols in their small-scale poultry as means
to protect themselves from further harm of the virus.
The situation as described by the poultry owner also coincides with the effects of
the pandemic to other small scale poultry farm situated in India. Similarly, livestock and
poultry industries in other countries have been experiencing drastic declines in market,
management, and production. The reduced movement of people hampered the market of
these products. Probably, most of the non-vegetarian population did not consider these
commodities as very essential food items, thereby were unwilling to take the risk and going
to procure these from distance places, since such meat and meat products are generally
available only in certain allocated places.
While the closure of restaurants including those of the fast-food restaurants or

quick-service restaurants further had greatly impacted the demand, the disruption of
transport chains, perishability of the produce, and closure of several wholesale markets and

malls in the cities affected the supply chains. Lack of sufficient storage facilities, as in case
of eggs, in large layer farms and also cold-chain facilities led to forced disposal of the
produce at a through-away price (Biswal et al., 2020).
In addition, the problems for logistics as means of market and production was also
observed in the India wherein, most poultry farmers do not have adequate access to the feed
supply from the local agents or feed plants situated in distant places (Hafez & Attia, 2020).
The backyard poultry sector, which was largely confined to the small and marginal farmers
and landless laborers, probably have been equally affected due to the non-availability/non-
accessibility of the nearby village markets and having limited access to the adjacent smaller
townships. There remains a crisis of non-availability of adequate labor due to the non-
accessibility of adequate public transport and general fear of COVID-19 infection among
the daily-wage labors. Similar to the case of the poultry owner, it is then implied that the
pandemic really provided a uniform impact towards poultry industries, specifically in terms
of their logistics.
Lastly, the higher prevalence of diseases in poultry chickens that the owner
reported, can be attributed as well to the onset of the pandemic. Inadequate availability of
critical inputs such as feed and fodder, at least during the 1st phase of lockdown,
significantly affected the growth and production of the rearing animals, leading to
substantial economic loss. This is supported by the study of Al Azad et al., (2019) that
states that animals also undergo stress that may cause harm and susceptibility of diseases
(Al Azad et al., 2019). Also, lack of clean and proper sanitation due to the unavailability of
workers further attribute and explain the higher prevalence of diseases in the poultry. Lack
of availability of feed at the local markets, and also with the unavailability of the adequate
transport facilities, posed as challenges that also serve as culprits that result to disease
susceptibility. With limited access to the veterinary dispensary or even veterinarians and
also problems of transportation of animals to the polyclinic at the time of need led to a high
level of morbidity and at times death of the animals, the limited health care in long run
possibly provided drastic impact the reproductive efficiency and productivity of the animals
(Carenzi & Verga, 2019). This further explains the higher prevalence of diseases in poultry
chickens of the interviewed owner.

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
With knowledge on the current status of the small-scale poultry farm situated in the
CALABARZON Region, the summary of the findings as well as the conclusion of the study
are thereby presented. In line with the first objective of the study, the situation of the poultry
farm before the onset of the pandemic were determined. Specifically, the areas regarding
frequency of production, market value of products, and prevalence of chickens having
diseases are recognized and inquired through an interview.
Based on the interview, the situation of the poultry farm before the pandemic in
terms of frequency of production is relatively good in consideration of the chicken meat
and eggs services that the small-scale poultry was able to provide. In this, it was stated that
other products and services were also made available before the pandemic, thus indicating
that supplies have been well off. With regards to the market value of products, a certain
price list was given that follows a standardized pricing especially during the holidays. The
interviewer was able to discuss how the poultry business, finances, and management are
going particularly well as they have employed twelve workers with each role and
responsibility. It was also indicated that prices during high demand periods such as the
holidays, have been increasing due to possibly having no competition or with minimum
supplies. In this, the market value of the products is then determined to have been in a stable
standing especially for the finances of the business.
Meanwhile, the prevalence of chickens having diseases were recorded as the owner
reported to have Fowl cholera and Coliform infection as the two most common diseases
that their chickens encounter. This then connotates the findings of similar research that
showcase how sanitation, management, and feeds play a role and specific attribution to the
prevalence and susceptibility of animals such as chickens to various diseases. As for disease
control and prevention, the owner reported to have connection to feed suppliers and vet
vaccinators.

In light of this, based on the gathered findings from the interview, it can be therefore
concluded that the overall situation of the poultry farm before the pandemic has been
relatively productive, economically stable, and minimally disease susceptible.
On the other hand, for the second objective of the study, the effects of the COVID-
19 Pandemic on the small-scale poultry farm were also determined. This was done through
the interview session as well where queries regarding production, management, and
diseases were presented. The collected results and data show that production staggered
down due to limited logistics, transportation, and management. With lesser employees, low
monitoring and maintenance, and little number of customers, the small-scale poultry farm
was faced with a decrease in production and finances as well. Disease susceptibility also
reported an increase due to the lockdown and quarantine restrictios of the pandemic that
led to lesser efforts for sanitation, coupled with no available check-ups and vaccination as
means of disease control.
Truly, the pandemic no doubt had a paramount significance toward the current
situation and status of the small-scale poultry farm situated in CALABARZON Region.
The lockdowns, quarantine implementation, and safety restrictions all had a significant
adverse impact on the availability of products, employees, and customers that affected not
only the business but also the owners, workers, animals, and the locality as well. Loss of
employment and finances were observed, as animals also observed a period of being highly
disease susceptible. With one market absent and struggling, this can speak for other
business owners in the area. In this scenario it can be inferred that there may be other
small-scale broilers or poultries that may have experienced similar hardships and decline
both in production and market sectors of their poultry business. The interviewed poultry
owner only serves as one of the many poultry managers that are facing these challenging
feats. This then opens an avenue for discussion as there are still untapped issues present
relating to the challenges brought by the pandemic. Where, in line with final objective,
certain interventions and programs can be thoroughly recommended as means to improve
the situation and status despite the pandemic season.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In view of the data, results and discussion gathered, the following recommendations
are provided as means to craft interventions and programs that can help improve and
address the current status of the small-scale poultry farm situated in CALABARZON
Region especially during the pandemic season. In this, such recommendations are patterned
after the Food and Agriculture Organization’s mitigation plans and actions for livestock
and poultry sustenance.
To alleviate the decrease in market and production, one of the policy

recommendations that can be made is to provide prolonged or expanded income support to
vulnerable households, participation in government credit guarantee schemes, and
temporary income support to poultry farms. As income, management, and finances become
some of the reported challenges in line with the findings, it is then suggested that
government protocols should implement small business friendly policies that are fit to aid
those who are drastically affected by the pandemic.
In addition, less restrictions on transportation of livestock and livestock products

should also be implemented as means to counter and address the logistical problem of
delivering supply and products to one place and another. As long as disinfection, and safety
measures are met, the transportation of products along with its restrictions must be
alleviated and allowed.
As for the impact on disease susceptibility, some of the recommendations that can
be provided to the owner is to keep potentially infected animals and contaminated objects
away from the healthy poultry. In this, a formation of barriers is therefore required
physically. This also entails the creation of a specific dirty area, buffer area, and clean farm
area as means of improving the sanitation to lessen disease susceptibility.
Furthermore, as the pandemic has caused a toll on both the manpower and
availability of vaccination and medicine, one recommendation that is provided for the
owner is to maintain cleanliness of the housing and coop on a regular basis or within once
a week. This are the presupposed measures that can be taken alternatively as means to

prevent infection, and unwanted pathogens present on the environment, food, and overall
surroundings of the poultry.
On the other hand, the possible recommendations that can be made in order to
further improve the study based on its objectives of determining the status from before and
after the pandemic include the following. One of which is having a large sample size and
scope as means to have statistically significant results. In this, the gathered data from the
interview would be much more reliable and representative of the sample size. Also, the
selection and criteria utilized for the respondents can be improved by conducting random
sampling instead of convenience sampling in order to remove potential bias.
Lastly, one of the improvements that can be made is conducting a mixed methods
research design where a survey can be utilized in order to have more information to
compare, contrast, and relate. This will then increase the credibility of the case study
conducted as well.
Overall, Considering the aforementioned recommendations and intervention

programs, if followed, this can help improve the status of the small-scale poultry farm, as
based on the guidelines set and crafted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations. Hopefully, through proper sanitation and observance of disinfection
protocols, the small-scale poultry farm situated in the CALABARZON Region will recover
from their initial losses from the start of the pandemic. It is also with hope that the
recommendation of the study be met in order to produce results and conclusions that are
much more representative of the geographical location.

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APPENDIX
Interview Questions:
• What are the products and services available in your poultry

business?
• How do you manage or take care of your poultry business?
• How do you gain from your business?
• What are the problems do you encounter in your poultry business?
Were your chickens ever subjected to any types of diseases?
• How do you treat or solve those kinds of problems?
• What were the dramatic changes that you have encountered after the
pandemic? How did the current situation affect the production,
animals, and market of your business?
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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Science and Technology

A CASE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Estrella, Maria Charisma P.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Biology 4, 2nd Quarter,

Mr. Christian Jay P. Rosal

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 1

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 2

Background of the Study

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 3

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 4

2. Determine the effects of the pandemic in regard to production, management,

Significance of the Study

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 5

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 6

Small-scale poultry production systems, largely comprised of chickens, account for

The largest number of households worldwide are engaged in “village poultry”

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 7

Poultry as Income Generation

One of the central roles of livestock is income generation. In resource-poor settings,

The economic contributions of SSP to households vary by production system and

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 8

Supply and Demand for Poultry Supply

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 9

Poultry Diseases and Treatment

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 10

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 11

In order to successfully satisfy the objectives of the study, a descriptive-qualitative

A. Interview Preparatory Stage

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 12

B. Conduct of the Interview

C. Data analysis and cross referencing

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 13

A. Interview Searching of references and

Selection of respondent done via

Arrangement and Scheduling of

C. Data Analysis and Data analysis and cross

Discussion of obtained results

Formulation of conclusion and

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 14

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 15

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 16

Market value of Products

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 17

Prevalence of Chicken Disease

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 18

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 19

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 20

While the closure of restaurants including those of the fast-food restaurants or

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 21

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 22

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 23

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 24

To alleviate the decrease in market and production, one of the policy

In addition, less restrictions on transportation of livestock and livestock products

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 25

Overall, Considering the aforementioned recommendations and intervention

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 26

Britannica Encylopedia. (2020). Poultry | Definition, Birds, & Facts | Britannica.

A Case Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small-scale Poultry 27

EL-Sawah, A. A., Dahshan, A. H. M., El-Nahass, E.-S., & El-Mawgoud, A. I. A. (2018).