PHYSICS PROJECT

NAME:UTKARSH PRATAP SINGH

CLASS:12-A
ROLL NO.-29

Submitted to : Mr.
 Factors Affecting
Internal Resistance Of A
Cell

Acknowledgement
I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in Physics on the
topic “To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance depends” .This project wouldn’t have been feasible
without the proper and rigorous guidance of my Physics teacher
Mr.VISHAL KUMAR KASHYAP who guided me throughout this
project in every possible way on a step by step basis and ensuring
that I completed my project with ease. His suggestions and
instructions have served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project. Then I would also like to thank my
principal Mr.Vishal Kumar Kashyap. Rigorous hard work has
been put in this project to ensure that it proves to be the best. I hope
that this project will prove to be a breeding ground for the next
generation of students and will guide them in every possible way.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Utkarsh Pratap Singh, a student of
class XII has successfully completed the project on the topic
“Determination of various factors on which the internal
resistance depends” under the guidance of Mr.Vishal Kumar
Kashyap (Subject Teacher).This project is absolutely
genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The
progress of the project has been continuously reported and
has been acknowledged consistently.
 ____________
Vishal Kumar Kashyap (Physics Teacher)

Contents
 Acknowledgement

 Certificate

 Introduction

 INK DEVELOPED BY HEAT

 INKS DEVELOPED BY CHEMICAL REACTION

 INKS DEVELOPED BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

 SIGNIFICANCE OF INVISIBLE INK

 CONCLUSION OF INVISIBLE INK

 Precautions
  INVISIBLE INK:- Invisible ink is also known as security ink,
Is a substance used for writing, which is invisible either on
application or soon thereafter, and can later be made visible
by some means. Invisible ink is one form of steganography,
and it has been used in espionage. Other uses include anti-
counterfeiting , property marking, hand stamping for
readmission, fun children's games, and marking for the
purpose of identification in manufacturing.

Introduction:
It is 410BCE and the Ionian (or Decelean) war, between Athens and
Sparta has been raging for four years. You have been tasked by
King Agis of Sparta to develop a way of delivering secret messages
to his armies, which would be unreadable if they fell into the
enemies’ hands. You wonder if there is a way of writing with an ink
that is only visible under certain conditions. Like all good science-
artists, you decide to investigate further…

INK DEVELOPED BY HEAT:-

 Some of these are organic substances that oxidize when
heated, which usually turns them brown. For this type of "heat
fixed" ink, any acidic fluid will work. The most secure way to
use any of the following substances for invisible ink is by
dilution, usually with water, close to the point when they
become difficult to develop.
 Cola drink
 Honey solution, sugar solution(sugar turns into caramel by
dehydration)
 Lemon, apple, orange or onion juice (organic acids and the
paper forms ester under heat)
 Milk (lactose dehydrates)

 INKS DEVELOPED BY CHEMICAL REACTION:-

 Ammonia , developed by red cabbage water.
 Lead nitrate, developed by sodium iodide.
 Iron sulphate, developed by sodium carbonate, potassium
ferricyanide.
 Iron sulphate developed by sodium sulfide.
 Starch, developed by iodine solution which turns starch dark
blue and the paper light blue.
 Lemon juice, developed by iodine solution.
 Cerium oxalate, developed by magnesium sulphate and
hydrogen peroxide.

 INKS DEVELOPED BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT:-

 Laundry detergents containing optical brighteners.
 Soap
 Body fluids, serum, saliva.
 Sunscreen
 Lemon juice.
 METHOD FOUNDED REGARDING INVISIBLE INK
PROJECTS:-
 An agent would place a piece of paper impregnated with the chemical
cerium oxalate between two pieces of plain paper. As the agent
pressed down to write, the chemical was transferred to the piece of
paper beneath .The person on the receiving end of the message then
developed the note with a solution of manganese sulfate, hydrogen
peroxide and other chemicals. The process activated the cerium
oxalate to reveal the hidden text. A successful reaction yielded orange
writing.
 STARCH AND IODINE METHOD :-
1. Take 5 gm starch in 60 ml of water and stir it.
2. Warm the (starch+water) unsaturated solution
in the oven for half a min.
3. Stir it again, and cool it.
4. Now write the message using that solution as a
ink. Left it for dry.
5. Then take few drop of iodine solution on
cotton plug and rub it on that paper.
6. The invisible message reback as dark colour and
paper in which message is not written becomes light
in colour.
 BAKING SODA AND GRAPE JUICE:-
Make a paste of baking soda in water. Write your
message with this paste on a piece of paper and let
 it dry. To decode this message, paint the paper
with the thawed grapes juice concentrate. the acidic
juice reacts with the basic baking soda and the
purple grape turns gray. This worked best when i
used plenty of baking soda paste and undiluted
grape juice concentrate.

 METHOD CHOOSEN BY ME TO MAKE

INVISIBLE INK:-
 Our group choose starch and iodine solution method
to make invisible ink. because all the chemicals related
to this experiment is available in the lab easily. And
in the first experiment. There is uses of cerium
oxalate and manganese sulphate. Which are bit
expensive and also not present in lab.so, my group
choosen starch and iodine solution.

 SIGNIFICANCE OF INVISIBLE INK:-

 There is a lot of uses of invisible ink like uses
in writing secret code words or secret passwords
and message in war time.
 Uses in writing some chemical research to
protect it from unwanted element.
 Uses in writing some secret method in world
war 1 and 2.

 CONCLUSION OF INVISIBLE INK:-

 Out of all the experimenting, data gathering, and
results, I conclude that my hypothesis was nearly off.
And the starch+water solution that is an invisible ink
changes it’s colour because Iodine interacts with
starch. Since the dry corn starch message has a lot
of starch, it turns dark purple. The paper has some
starch in it also, so it turns color too.
 This experiment make us to know many things and
fact about invisible ink.

Clean up and Waste Disposal

1)No specific waste disposal protocols are
required for this experiment;
2)all waste can be washed down the sink with
water or disposed of in a bin.
3)Spillages can be cleaned with water and paper
towel.

Safety and First Aid

This section will only deal with the specific
safety issues regarding the chemicals involved .
There are likely to be other safety issues that will
need to be addressed outside the scope of this
section. A full risk assessment should be
performed prior to undertaking the experiment. 
 Students should not ingest any of the
experiment;
good lab practice starts young!
 This experiment requires the use of a heat
source. Care should be taken to prevent burns.
  First Aid – wash the affected area with
water. Standard burn first aid should be
followed.