DIVERSITY

IN
LIVING
BEINGS
BY MADHAV DACHA 11-A
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 03
INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY
What is Diversity in Talking about the
Living Beings different types of
genus species etc .

02 04
ANIMAL KINGDOM BIBLIOGRAPHY
In depth analysis of Sources of information
kingdom animalia
“The love for all living creatures
is the most noble attribute of
man .”

—CHARLES DARWIN
01 INTRO
WHAT IS DIVERSITY IN LIVING BEINGS ??
 HERE IS THE SLIDE
WHAT IS IT ??
TITLE!

It means the variety of living organisms

present on a particular region . There are
about 2 million organisms known on the
earth which differ from one another in
external form, internal structure, mode of
nutrition , habitat, etc.
 NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION

❖ It helps to arrange the organisms in specific groups.

❖ It makes the study of different organisms very convenient
as by studying just a few representative organisms of a
specific group.
❖ It helps in the identification of unknown organisms by
comparing their features with some similar looking known
organisms.
❖ It helps to place the organisms in specific sequence to
show their evolutionary relationship (phylogeny).
❖ It allows biologists around the world to develop a
consensus on the identity of a specific type of organism.
❖ It helps in interpreting the poorly developed structures of
the fossil organisms
 THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE

ARCHEA
Primitive prokaryotes which
live in extreme environment.

BACTERIA
Prokaryotes having no
distinguished organelles or
membrane-bound nucleus.

EUKARYA
The organisms in this
domain are eukaryotic,
meaning they have a
membrane bound nucleus
and organelles.
 02
THE KINGDOMS
ABOUT THE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS AND SUBCLASSES
 Species Distribution

ANIMALIA
PLANTAE 13%
15%
MONERA
PROTISTA
17%
FUNGI
30%

25%
KINGDOM PLANTAE
 PLANT KINGDOM
OVERVIEW DIAGRAM

ALGAE BRYOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS

 ALGAE

❖ They are aquatic and are found in fresh water as well as marine
water.
❖ The body is not differentiated into root,stem and leaves.
❖ They lack vascular tissue.
❖ They have a cell wall of cellulose.
❖ They are autotrophs due to the presence of chlorophyll and
accessory pigments.
❖ The reserve food is mainly starch.
❖ They reproduce by vegetative,asexual and sexual methods.
❖ Asexual reproduction takes place by different types of spores
❖ Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or
oogamous.
❖ Embryo is not formed after fertilization
 BRYOPHYTA

❖ Bryophytes are avascular embryophytes.

❖ They grow only in moist areas as water is essential for fertilization,
therefore ,bryophytes are also called as amphibians of the plant
kingdom.
❖ The plant body is not differentiated into true root,stem and
leaves. Therefore, it gives a thalloid or leafy appearance.
❖ They posses unicellular or multicellular root-like structures called
rhizoids.
❖ They appear green due to the presence of chloroplasts. Their
mode of nutrition is autotrophic.
❖ They show alternation of generation in which a haploid
gametophytic generation alternates with diploid sporophytic
generation .
❖ Sexual reproduction is oogamous.
 PTERIDOPHYTA

❖ Pteridophytes represent the most primitive seedless vascular

embryophytes that reproduce by means of spores. Hence , They are
known as ‘vascular cryptogams.’
❖ They usually grow in damp and shady places, however, some may be
found in sandy soils.
❖ The main plant body is a sporophyte. It is differentiated into roots, stem
and leaves.
❖ In xylem, trachea absent and in phloem companion cells absent.
❖ The leaves bear spores in sporangia. Such leaves are called sporophylls.
Sporangia are produced in groups on sporophylls.
❖ Sometimes sporophylls may be compactly arranged to form cones or
strobili.
❖ The spores germinate to give rise to a multicellular thalloid
gametophyte called prothallus.
❖ Reproductive organs are multicellular and jacketed.
 GYMNOSPERMS
❖ Gymnosperms are the most ancient seed-bearing plants. The
tallest tree sequoia sempervirens is a gymnosperm.
❖ Gymnosperms show xerophytic characters.
❖ The dominant plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into
roots, stem and leaves.
❖ They have tap roots. Roots of Pinus show symbiotic association
with fungal hyphae and the coralloid roots of Cycas show symbiotic
relationship with cyanobacteria.
❖ The stem is woody and erect. It is branched (Pinus) or unbranched
(Cycas).
❖ Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, open and endarch. Xylem
is without vessels and phloem is without companion cells.
❖ Gymnosperms produce two types of spores- microspores and
megaspores. This is called heterosporous condition.
❖ The spores are produced within sporangia, which are formed on
special leaf-like structures called sporophylls.
 ANGIOSPERMS

❖ Angiosperms are also called flowering plants because the most

prominent feature of angiosperms is their ability to bear flowers and
fruits.
❖ The sporophyte is the dominant phase in their life cycle. It is
differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
❖ The vascular bundles are well developed. The xylem contains vessels
and the phloem contains sieve tubes and companion cells.
❖ The presence of flowers is one of the most distinguishing features of
angiosperms. They help in the process of sexual reproduction.
❖ Flowers are pollinated by wind, water or insects and other animals.
❖ Pollen grains represent male gametophyte and the ovule represents
the female gametophyte.
❖ The ovules are always enclosed in ovary. They give rise to seeds.
❖ The seeds remain enclosed in the ripened ovary which forms the fruit
.
 KINGDOM MONERA

❖ Unicellular
❖ Prokaryotes
❖ Non-cellulosic cell wall
❖ Autotrophic or Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
❖ Locomotion by flagella, gliding or non-motile
❖ Mode of reproduction : Binary fission, sexual reproduction may rarely
take place through conjugation, transduction or transformation
 KINGDOM PROTISTA

❖ They are eukaryotes.

❖ They are mostly unicellular; however,some may be colonial or multicellular (algae).
❖ They are mostly aquatic, although some live in moist soil or even in the human body.
❖ Their mode of nutrition may be heterotrophic or autotrophic.
❖ They may reproduce by sexual or asexual means.
❖ They form cyst during adverse conditions.
 KINGDOM FUNGI

❖ Fungi are eukaryotic organisms.

❖ They lack true roots, leaves and stems. The plant body is called a
thallus.
❖ The thallus may be unicellular or composed of microscopic
threads called hypha. The hyphae may be septate or coenocytic.
A network of these hyphae is called mycelium.
❖ These are non-motile.
❖ Their cell walls are made of chitin.
❖ They lack chlorophyll. Therefore, their mode of nutrition is
heterotrophic.
❖ The reserve food is in the form of glycogen or oil droplets.
❖ In fungi reproduction takes place both by sexual and asexual
means. Sexual state is referred to as teleomorph, asexual state is
referred to as anamorph.
 ANIMAL
KINGDOM 03
In depth analysis of Kingdom Animalia
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

❖ These are eukaryotes.

❖ Their body is multicellular.
❖ Their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic as they lack
chlorophyll.
❖ The animal cells are without cell wall.
❖ Reserve food is glycogen.
 PHYLUM PORIFERA

❖ Aquatic, Sedentary.
❖ Cellular level of organisation.
❖ Radially symmetrical, diploblastic.
❖ Presence of canal system.
❖ Presence of flagellated choanocytes or collar cells.
❖ Body cavity is called spongocoel or atrium.
❖ Body wall protected by Ostia (incurrent pores). The osculum acts
as an excurrent pore.
❖ Skeleton of calcareous or siliceous spicules or spongin fibers.
❖ Asexual reproduction by budding or gemmule formation.
❖ usually hermaphrodite, development indirect, involves
parenchyma or amphiblastula larva.
PHYLUM CNIDARIA

❖ Aquatic, freshwater or marine.

❖ Multicellular, first metazoans, tissue grade of body organization.
❖ Radially symmetrical, diploblastic.
❖ Body cavity is called as gastrovascular cavity or coelenterates.
❖ Presence of cnidoblast or stinging cells. These cells contain an
organelle called nematocyst consisting of a coiled thread with a
sharp pointed end to pierce the body of the prey.
❖ Alternation of generations (metagenesis), between medusa and
polyp. Medusa is umbrella-shaped, sexually reproducing; Polyp
tubular, asexually reproducing.
❖ Nervous system consists of a network of nerve fibers. Brain
absent.
❖ Reproduction by both asexual (budding) and sexual methods.
❖ Good power of regeneration.
 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

❖ Commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies.

❖ Exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic
organisms with tissue level of organization.
❖ The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates,
which help in locomotion.
❖ Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.
❖ Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit
light) is well-marked in ctenophores.
❖ Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by
sexual means.
❖ Fertilization is external with indirect development, involving
cydippid larva.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

❖ Free living, aquatic (both freshwater and marine), mostly parasitic.

❖ First eumetazoa, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, dorsoventrally
flattened.
❖ Acoelomates, unsegmented or pseudo segmented (pseudo metameric).
❖ Gut may or may not be present, highly branched, anus is always absent;
hence body appears like a blind sac.
❖ Epidermis syncytial and ciliated; covered with cuticle in parasitic forms.
❖ Excretion by name cells, solenocytes or protonephridia.
❖ Presence of suckers and hooks in parasitic forms.
❖ Nervous system and sense organs are poorly developed.
❖ Sexes are distinguishable and majority of them are hermaphrodite.
❖ Fertilization is internal and development may be direct or indirect, with
or without alternation of hosts.
❖ Examples: Planaria (syn. Dugesia), Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke), Taenia
solium (Human tapeworm), T saginata (cattle tapeworm).
 PHYLUM NEMATODA

❖ Both free living and parasites of plants and animals.

❖ Unsegmented, pseudocoelomates, bilaterally symmetrical,
elongated, spindle shaped body.
❖ Body is covered with cuticle. Syncytial epidermis.
❖ Body cavity is a fluid filled pseudocoel.
❖ Alimentary canal straight, respiratory and circulatory systems are
absent.
❖ Excretory system represented by renette cells.
❖ Nervous system includes a nerve ring and 6-8 longitudinal cords.
❖ Sense organs represented only by papilla and amphids.
❖ Sexes are usually separate, with sexual dimorphism.
❖ Fertilization internal. Development direct or indirect.
❖ Life histories are usually complicated.
❖ Examples: Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), Ascaris,
Wuchereria.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA

❖ Mostly aquatic. Long and bilaterally symmetrical body.

❖ High degree of cephalization. Cephalisation is the process of
concentration of sense organs at the anterior end of the body. It
eventually result in the formation of head.
❖ Metamerically segmented.
❖ Locomotion by segmentally arranged setae or parapodia.
❖ Alimentary canal is tube like extending straight from mouth to anus
(Tube-within-a-tube).
❖ Respiration through general body surface or by gills in some forms.
❖ Blood vascular system is closed type. Hemoglobin is dissolved in
plasma.
❖ Excretion by paired segmental nephridia.
❖ Nervous system consists of a brain and segmental ganglia
connected by ventral nerve cord.
❖ Sexes may be united or separate. Development may be direct or
indirect (Trochophore larva).
 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

❖ The largest phylum comprising about 85% of animal kingdom.

❖ Jointed appendages. Chitinous exoskeleton (chitin is a polymer
of N-acetyl glucosamine).
❖ Body cavity is a haemocoel filled with hemolymph (may
contain hemocyanin).
❖ Digestive system is well developed and mouth parts are
variously modified.
❖ Respiration is by trachea, gills or book lungs.
❖ Circulatory system is of open type.
❖ Heart is dorsally situated, neurogenic and many chambered.
❖ Excretion by malpighian tubules or green glands.
❖ Nervous system and sense organs (e.g., statocysts or balance
organs) well developed.
❖ Eyes may be simple (ocelli); or compound (units are called
ommatidia).
❖ Sexes are usually separate. Development is usually indirect
involving various larval stages.
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

❖ Aquatic, fresh water as well as marine, or amphibious

(semi-terrestrial).
❖ Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic.
❖ Presence of calcareous shell; usually external, sometimes
internal.
❖ Digestive system complete. Radula—a rasping organ found in
buccal cavity.
❖ Partly open- partly closed type of circulatory system. Heart
myogenic.
❖ Blood usually blue due to presence of hemocyanin, a copper
containing pigment.
❖ Respiration by gills (ctenidia) found in mantle cavity or
pulmonary sac in semi-terrestrial forms.
❖ Excretion by one or two pairs of sac like metanephridia.
❖ Nervous system and sense organs well developed.
❖ Statocysts (for balance) and osphradium (for
chemoreception) act as special sense organs.
 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

❖ Exclusively marine, first deuterostomes, enterocoelous

coelom.
❖ Pentaradially symmetrical, original symmetry bilateral.
❖ Enterocoelous coelom restricted only around gonads.
❖ Calcareous spines on the body.
❖ Presence of water vascular system.
❖ Respiration with the help of gills (respiratory tree).
❖ Body is antero-posteriorly compressed and is distinguished
into oral and aboral ends.
❖ Locomotion with the help of tube feet, which help in
respiration also.
❖ Development is indirect.
❖ Examples: Sea feather (Antedon), sea cucumber (Cucumaria,
Holothurian), sea urchins, or sand dollars (Echinus), star fish
(Asterias)
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

❖ Worm like marine animals, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic

❖ and coelomate.
❖ Connecting link between chordates and non-chordates.
❖ Closely resemble with chordates in possessing pharyngeal gill
slits
❖ and dorsal, hollow tubular nervous system but do not possess
❖ the notochord.
The body is cylindrical and is divisible into an anterior
proboscis,
❖ a collar and a long trunk.
❖ Circulatory system is of open type.
❖ Respiration takes place through gills.
❖ Excretory organ is proboscis gland.
❖ Sexes are separate. Fertilization is external. Development is
❖ indirect.
❖ Examples: Balanoglossus (Tongue worm) and Saccoglossus
 PHYLUM
CHORDATA
 PHYLUM CHORDATA

❖ Possess notochord, dorsal, tubular, hollow

nervous system, and pharyngeal gill slits at some
stage of life.
❖ Circulatory system is of closed type.
❖ Hemoglobin is present inside the RBCs.
❖ Heart is always on ventral side and is myogenic.
❖ Presence of hepatic portal system.
❖ Presence of a post-anal tail without coelom.
❖ Development is usually direct, sometimes larva is
involved.
❖ Phylum chordata has been divided into three
subphyla—Urochordata, Cephalochordata and
Vertebrata.
 DIVISIONS OF PHYLUM CHORDATA

UROCHORDATA CEPHALOCHORDATA
VERTEBRATA

AGNATHA GNATHOSTOMATA

PISCES TETRAPODA
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA

❖ Most primitive chordates.

❖ Notochord remains confined to the tail region.
❖ Formation of tadpole larva during development. It undergoes a
retrogressive metamorphosis.
❖ Sac-like unsegmented body enclosed in a leathery test or tunic
made up of tunicin.
❖ Ex-ample: Ascidia, Herdmania (sea squirt), Doliolum (sea potato).
 SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA

❖ Retain chordate characters throughout their life.

❖ Notochord extends from head to tail.
❖ Presence of wheel organ or Muller's organ. It helps in the process of
feeding.
❖ Ciliary and filter feeders, mucus feeders.
❖ Example: Amphioxus (syn. Branchiostoma, lancelet)
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

❖ Notochord found in embryonic stages, later replaced by

vertebral column.
❖ Pairs of appendages (fins or limbs).
❖ Nerve cord enclosed within vertebral column.
❖ Brain lodged in cartilaginous or 'bony cranium.
❖ Subphylum vertebrata has been divided into two
groups—Agnatha and Gnathostomata. The important
criteria of this classification are :
➢ Persistence of notochords
➢ Presence or absence of true jaws.
➢ Absence of paired appendages.
➢ Presence of only two semicircular canals in the
internal ear.
 GROUP AGNATHA

❖ Notochord persists even in adults.

❖ True jaws are absent.
❖ Paired appendages are absent.
❖ Only two semicircular canals are present in the internal ear.
❖ This group is represented by only one class—Cyclostomata.
 CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA

❖ Circular funnel-shaped suctorial mouth with horny teeth for sucking the blood from
the body of the prey.
❖ 6-15 pairs of gill slits.
❖ Scales and paired fins are absent.
❖ Examples: Petromyzon (lamprey), Myxine (hagfish).
GROUP GNATHOSTOMATA

❖ True jaws are present.

❖ Paired appendages (fins or limbs) are present.
❖ The notochord is found only in embryonic life,
it is later replaced by the vertebral column.
❖ The internal ear has three semicircular canals.
❖ Group Gnathostomata is divided into two
super-classes—Pisces and Tetrapoda.
SUPER CLASS:
PISCES
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

❖ Exclusively aquatic (freshwater or marine).

❖ Respiration by gills.
❖ Scales on the body.
❖ Paired fins,
❖ Streamlined body.
❖ Two-chambered heart (one auricle and one ventricle).
Only venous blood passes through the heart.
❖ Super-class Pisces is divided into two major
classes—Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

❖ Marine, cartilaginous fishes.

❖ The mouth is sub-terminal and situated on the ventral
side.
❖ Scroll valve is present in the intestine.
❖ Tail is heterocercal (unequal lobes of the tail fin).
❖ Placoid scales on the body.
❖ No operculum, hence, the gill slits are exposed.
❖ The swim bladder is absent; therefore, they have to
swim actively to avoid sinking in the water.
❖ Examples: Ihgfish (Scoliodon), Stingray (Trygon), Electric
ray (Torpedo), Chimaera.
 CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

❖ Bony fishes, found in both freshwater and marine

habitats.
❖ Mouth terminal and anteriorly placed.
❖ Tail is homocercal (equal-sized lobes of the tail fin).
❖ Scales may be cycloid, ctenoid, or ganoid. Gills covered
with operculum.
❖ The lateral line system is present, it acts as a sense
organ.
❖ Swim bladder is present.
❖ Examples: Exocoetus (flying fish), Hippocampus (sea
horse), Remora (suckerfish), edible fishes, Rohita (rohu),
Mystus singhala (singhi).
TETRAPODA
 TETRAPODA

MAMMALIA

AVES

REPTILIA

AMPHIBIA
CLASS AMPHIBIA

❖ First vertebrates to leave water, adapted for both aquatic as

well as terrestrial life.
❖ 2 pairs of pentadactyl limbs and well developed girdles.
❖ Heart is three chambered. Sinus venosus and truncus
arteriosus are present,
❖ RBCs are nucleated.
❖ Cold blooded / poikilotherms or ectotherms.
❖ Respiration by skin, lungs, or gills.
❖ Kidneys are mesonephric.
Sexes are separate, external copulatory organ is absent. A
common urogenital aperture (cloaca) is present.
❖ Fertilization is external in water.
❖ Anamniotes.
❖ Development is indirect, usually involving a tadpole larva.
❖ Examples: Frog (Rana), Toad (Bufo), Salamander.
 CLASS REPTILIA

❖ First truly successful terrestrial vertebrates.

❖ Skin covered with dry scales.
❖ Monocondylic skull.
❖ Three-chambered heart, the ventricle is incompletely divided
(4-chambered in crocodile).
❖ Metanephric kidneys.
❖ First amniotes.
❖ Internal fertilization, megalecithal egg enclosed in a calcareous
shell.
❖ Evertible copulatory organ.
❖ Examples; Chelone ("Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree
lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator
(Alligator), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous snakes Naja
(Cobra), Bungarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper).
 CLASS AVES

❖ Forelimbs are modified into wings.

❖ Presence of feathers.
❖ Warm-blooded (homeotherms).
❖ Hollow or pneumatic bones.
❖ Skull is monocondylic.
❖ Jaws replaced by a toothless beak.
❖ Presence of crop for grinding the food.
❖ Absence of rectum.
❖ Sternum bears a projection called keel or carina for attachment of
flight muscles.
❖ Syrinx is present on the ventral side of the trachea for the
production of sound.
❖ The heart is completely four-chambered; RBCs are nucleated.
❖ Kidneys are metanephric.
❖ Examples: Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot),
Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock National
❖ bird), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).
 CLASS MAMMALIA

❖ The body is covered with hair.

❖ Presence of mammary glands, sweat glands, and sebaceous
glands.
❖ Seven cervical vertebrae.
❖ Thecodont, heterodont.
❖ Presence of diaphragm.
❖ Anus and urogenital openings are separate.
❖ Warm-blooded (endothermal or homeothermal).
❖ The heart is four-chambered.
❖ RBCs circular and enucleated.
❖ Cerebral hemispheres interconnected by the corpus callosum.
❖ 4-optic lobes.
❖ Examples : Panthera tigris (Tiger), Homo sapiens sapiens (Man),
Pongo pygmaeus (Orangutan), Rhesus macaque
❖ (Rhesus monkey), Elephas Maximus (Elephant), Camelus
bactrianus (Camel), Felis domesticus (Cat).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA

The silkworm belongs to the phylum arthropoda of

the animal kingdom. Silk from silkworm (and also
artificial fibers in some cases) support the silk
industry which has an annual commercial value of
$200-$500 million. The dairy industry, wool industry,
leather and tanning industry and the fishing industry
are some sectors that not only provide employment
to millions but also fulfill a number of needs of
human beings.
Meat is an important source of proteins, which are
the building blocks of our body. Milk from cow is an
important source of proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins and minerals like calcium, potassium,
potassium and magnesium. In fact the International
Dairy Foods Association terms milk as "nature’s
most nearly perfect food." Honey, which is
produced by bees, not only taste good, but also has
high nutritional value. It contains 80 percent
natural sugar, 18 percent water and the rest is made
of vitamins, minerals, proteins and pollen.
According to a news published by the University of
California, Berkeley, bees, bats and birds are
important pollinators that are responsible for the
pollination of around 35 percent of crops that feed
the entire human population. Without these
pollinators, the human race would run into an acute
food shortage.
Animals have played an important role in the
development of drugs and lines of treatment for
human beings, and steps are being taken to curb
intentional cruelty towards animals. Certain
animals also act as companions for human beings
with disabilities. Dogs top that list as service
animals for the blind, old and individuals with
other physical challenges.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sources of information

04
https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/trfeb98.htm
https://unsplash.com - for photos
https://biologydictionary.net/bryophyte/
Nootan ISC biology class 11
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my biology teacher

Megha Joshi ma’am and my friends for
helping me choose the colors and fonts for
this ppt