AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

ISSN - 0970-7115 Regn. No. 31362/75 A Monthly Survey of Automotive and related Technical Literature & Events

May 2019 Vol. 45, No 5

An ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 27001, OHSAS 18001 and NABL Accredited R&D Institute
 ARAI KNOWLEDGE CENTRES - KOTHRUD & CHAKAN LIST OF JOURNAL / PERIODICALS
Technical Journals
ARAI Knowledge Centre, established in 1975, is a
fully automated special library and one of India's finest ATZ Worldwide (English)
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related subjects. The primary goal is to cater to all types of DieselNet Subscription
in-house researchers' information needs. The
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Knowledge Centre also serves automotive engineering
professionals, faculty, students, and various government Engineering Failure Analysis
organizations with respect to automotive and related International Journal of Crashworthiness
subjects. International Journal of Electric & Hybrid Vehicles
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Journal of Automobile Engg Procd of IME Part D
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0970 - 7115)', which offers India's most comprehensive Human Capital Rishimukh
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The contents of this repository are organized in
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 Editorial AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
Dear Reader,
The world is moving in the direction of electric mobility, and India is working through FAME II on a clear cut policy. The
technology for Electric Vehicles (EV) is still evolving and requires infrastructure charging. However, hybrid vehicles are
advocated by Japanese companies, which will not require extensive charging infrastructure. There is a space for
coexistence for all technologies in a planned ecosystem, leading to diversity. Thirty percent of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) would be sold by 2026. ARAI inaugurated this year Center of Excellence for Electric
Mobility and signed a MoU with VelTech University to initiate M. Tech. in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (E&HV) programme
from June 2019. To address all issues relating to electric mobility, ARAI conducted a 2 Day Proficiency Improvement
Programme on "Electric & Hybrid Vehicles" from 1 to 2 April 2019 at VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of
Science and Technology, Avadi, Tamilnadu, to give an in-depth perspective on E&HVs.

Participants at PIP on “Electric & Hybrid Vehicles” at VelTech University, Chennai

At Technology Front, the Proficiency Improvement Programmes (PIPs) scheduled at ARAI are as follows:

3 Day PIP on "Vehicle & Engine Testing" from 13-15 May 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan
3 Day PIP on "Metallurgy for Non-Metallurgists" from 29 –31 May 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan in association with
ASM, Pune
1 Day PIP on "Shared Mobility" on 3rd June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan
1 Day PIP on "The Emergence of Lithium-ion Batteries in Automotive Sector" on 10th June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan
3 Day PIP on "Foundry Technology" from 10–12 June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan in association with ASM, Pune
3 Day PIP on "Automotive NVH" from 12–14 June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan
4 Day PIP on "Automotive Engineering" from 18–21 June 2019 at ARAI-FID, Chakan

We have developed high-quality e-learning modules called e-PIPs on various topics related to automotive engineering.
These interactive eModules are hosted on the ARAI eLearning Portal https:/elearning.araiindia.com/ to help users access
them anytime and anywhere.

For more details of above programmes, visit ARAI website https://araiindia.com & ARAI Academy website
http://academy.araiindia.com. Please feel free to contact me with your valuable suggestions at vora.pga@araiindia.com

With Best Regards

Dr. K.C. Vora

Sr. Deputy Director & Head, ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre
Treasurer & Member, SAEINDIA Managing Committee.
Chairman, BAJA SAEINDIA 2020 National Organising Committee.

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 01 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

ISSN 0970-7115
Regn. No. 31362/75
CONTENTS
1. Editorial .......................................................... 01
2. Proficiency Improvement Programme............. 03
3. Online Learning Courses (EPIP)..................... 06
4. Illustration........................................................ 07
5. Technical Abstracts......................................... 07
Active & Passive Safety.................................. 07
Autonomous & Connected Vehicles............... 12
Electric & Hybrid Vehicles........................... 13
Manufacturing & Materials........................... 16
Noise & Vibration......................................... 22
Powertrain & Engineering........................... 26
Vehicle Dynamics........................................ 29
6. Techno Scan.................................................... 35
7. IPR Scan (Fuel Consumption).......................... 40
8. Autonews......................................................... 42
9. Books Added in Knowledge Centre (2019-20).... 46
10. Academy Training Programmes.......................... 47
11. Forthcoming Events............................................ 49
12. Subscription Form for Automotive Abstracts....... 55
13. Feedback Form for Automotive Abstracts.......... 55
14. Application Form for Deposit Account Scheme.. 56
15. Knowledge Centre Membership Details............. 56
16. Knowledge Centre Annual Membership Form.... 57
Editor : Dr. K.C. Vora, Sr. Deputy Director & Head, ARAI Academy
Published by : Mrs. Rashmi Urdhwareshe, Director, ARAI
Regd. Office : Survey No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off. Paud Road,
Kothrud, Pune – 411038, India
Tel.: +91-20-30231111, Fax: +91-20-30231104
Email: vora.pga@araiindia.com
Declaration No. : PHM/SR/95/2000 dt. 13-04-2000
Visit us at https://www.araiindia.com
Printed at : Creatick Solution, 220/1 Ganesh Nagar Earandavane Pune - 4 / Office : 1/2 Near SBI Bank, Karve Road,
Earandavane , Pune - 4 Tel.: 9850243264 / 9766667446 Email : creaticksolution2018@gmail.com
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
General Information:
Abstracts have been taken directly from
source documents like conference
proceedings, national and international
periodicals covering worldwide literature on
automotive and related allied subjects.
Abstracts are broadly classified and
arranged under various subject heads.
Every effort is made to present the
abstracts accurately but the Automotive
Research Association of India, Pune
assumes no liability for any error and
Publication Details:
Automotive Abstracts is a monthly
publication published by Knowledge Centre
(Library) of the Automotive Research
Association of India. January to November
(11 Issues) are in Print + PDF version and
December Issue an Index issue published in
CD-ROM.
Enquiries may be addressed to ARAI,
Post Box No. 832, Pune 411004
Email: das.lib@araiindia.com
Tel: 020-30231192
madhavrao.lib@araiindia.com
Tel: (02135) 396685
Subscription Details:
The annual subscription rate for Automotive
Abstracts for the subscription period April to
March is Rs. 3000/- for print + PDF version in
India and US $ 100 + GST applicable for only
PDF version for foreign.
Demand Draft / Cheques are to be drawn in
favour of “The Automotive Research
Association of India” payable at Pune or you
can visit the following link for subscriptio
https://academy.araiindia.com/index.
php/publications/automotive-abstracts/
new-subscription .
Disclaimer:
This publication has been published for
providing updates on the latest events and
happenings in the automotive industry and
the patent applications being filed in this
regard. However, it is clarified that details
w.r.t. the patent applications are derived from
the public domain. ARAI does not have any
right, title or interest in the said patent, unless
specified. This publication is for academic and
educational purpose only. ARAI does not
intent to derive any commercial benefit from it.

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 02 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

PROFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME

ARAI ACADEMY ARAI ACADEMY

Announces Announces
3Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP) 3 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP)

Vehicle & Engine Testing Metallurgy for Non-Metallurgist

Why wait?
SAVE THE DATE Learn from Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from
Register Industry Register Industry
Soon ! th st Expert!
13th & 15th May 2019
Soon ! Expert!
29 –31 May 2019
at ARAI-FID,Chakan, Pune At ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune

PIP Overview:
In today’s times of Globalization it is essential to widen the knowledge base of
Individuals. Metallurgy is a vital basis of every major engineering field, it
contributes to all engineering applications where a materials are used and is a full
gamut of engineering product/process design. It focus is on translating
complex principles & procedures into easy to understand terms that will enable
participants to gain understanding of fundamental of metallurgy; bridging the gap
between theory and practice.
PIP Overview: This training provides concise knowledge of metallurgy with a focus on industry
applications for working professionals/ engineers (design, maintenance,
Engineers & Designers working on Vehicle & Engine Development manufacturing, service, sales, and purchase dept). As such it is essential to have
need to validate their designs & improvements through testing. an understanding of what metals are, how they behave, and why they behave
Thus,Engine Testing on Engine Dynamometer & Vehicle Testing on differently than ceramics, glass, and plastics. This will help to obtain optimum
Chassis Dynamometer as well as on road / track be come essential part properties for a given condition, to save money and enhance customer
of validation. satisfaction. It is also important to understand how they can be made stronger or
Under Vehicle Testing: Performance, Emission, Noise, Safety & more corrosion resistant, how they can be shaped by casting,
forging, forming, machining, or welding, and how these processes can alter
EMI/EM Care important aspects which will be covered. Component test
properties. This ASM course provides an important knowledge who are not
will also be high lighted. Under Engine Testing: Test Cell Integration, metallurgists, and it covers up metallurgy from history of metals to its fabrication
Engine Performance & Emission will be covered.Visit is planned to into usable products.
VRDE,Ahmednagar & FEV,Talegaon. The Faculty for program comprises of Senior Materials Engineering
Based on this training, an awareness will be created which can be Professionals from Industry & Senior Educationists.
followed by future training programme on EngineTesting & Certification What's in it for you?
as well as Automotive Testing & Certification. History of metals Steel and Cast Iron Making of Steels and
ARAIA cademy invites you to understand about Vehicle & Deformation of Metals Strengthening Mechanisms Corrosion & its
EngineTesting along with Industry Experts. Prevention Testing of Mechanical Properties Solidification of Metals 
What's in it for you? Non Ferrous Metals & their Applications Heat - Treatment of Steels 
Test Cell Equipment Layout Test bed Commissioning Activities Metallogphy & Practicals Joining of Metals Characterization of Metal 
Engine and Chassis Dynamometer Engine Calibration Design Metallography Quality Control & Failure Analysis
Validation Plan Performance Testing Static & Dynamic Testing of Who is it for ?
Vehicle Vehicle Component Testing Test Tracks This training is useful for all industry professionals, who needs to have
Who Should Attend ? comprehensive understanding of Metallurgy and working in area of:
 Design Dept., Product Design & Development, R&D, Service Engineers, Inspection,
This training is useful for all industry professionals, who needs to Testing, Quality Control, Assurance & Improvement, CAE and Metallurgy & techno
have comprehensive understanding in the domain of : commercial activity will benefit by attending this program.
 Manufacturing Shop Floor, Shift engineer / manager
Vehicle/Engine manufacturers,Component manufacturers  Sales, Business Development & Marketing
Organisation involved in Automotive research,Vehicle testing,Engine  Purchase, Vendor development & Supply chain
testing & Crtification, Calibration, Design & Development, etc.  Also working engineers / managers working as Supervisors, Engineers, Technicians,
Graduate / Diploma Engineers and Executives, who need to work & analyse materials
Personnel working in Vehicle or Engine Testing Students / data & quality issues.
Professors / PhD Scholars
Registration fees per person
Pricing Category Registration fees per person
(incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) Pricing Category
(incl. 18% Goods Service Tax)
Industry Professionals Rs.15,000 + Rs. 2700 = Rs. 17,700 IndustryProfessionals Rs. 10,000 + Rs. 1,800 = Rs. 11,800
Teaching Faculty Rs.9,000 + Rs. 1620 = Rs. 10,620 Teaching Faculty Rs. 8,000 + Rs. 1,440 = Rs. 9,440
Student Rs.6,000 + Rs. 1080 = Rs. 7,080 Student Rs. 5,000 + Rs. 900 = Rs. 5,900
Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc.
for the programme without any notice. Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc.
for the programme without any notice.
Contact for More Details & Registration Contact for More Details & Registration
Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari
Mr. N.A. Deshmukh/Mr. Sameer Bendhari Phone: 02135‐396690/91/95
Phone: 02135-396690/91/93/95 Email: training.pga@araiindia.com; patil.pga@araindia.com;
Email: training.pga@araiindia.com , diwanji.pga@araiindia.com nadeshmukh.pga@araiindia.com;
Website: www.araiindia.com; academy.araiindia.com

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 03 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

 ARAI ACADEMY ARAI ACADEMY
Announces Announces
3 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP)
1 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme on
Foundry Technology
Shared Mobility Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from
Register Industry
Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from Soon ! 10th -12th June 2019 Expert!
Register Industry
At ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune
Soon ! 03rd June 2019 Expert!

at ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune

PIP Overview:
Casting is the oldest manufacturing process and has inherent advantages of
Design flexibility, high production rate and ability to produce large & complex
shapes. Challenges to Indian Metal Casting Industries are high Cost of
technology (Modern equipment’s), Cost of energy and Environment pollutions.
The focus is more on Quality (not on the Quantity), Right at first & every time,
Waste reduction (improving the productivity), Defect prevention (not on defect
rectification) and Reduction in lead time (design & produce). Due to
globalisation, Indian foundry must understand changing global scenario, should
witness new challenges to face new opportunities to grab.
Workshop Overview: This course introduces the process of metal casting and provides a broad picture
Today, due to advancement in automotive technology, transit agencies of casting production from designer’s perspective. It illustrates the technology,
are focusing on new mobility options to ensure a better, reliable, secure complexity involved, types of castings, casting design, process selection,
and cost effective service in public transportation sector. With this methoding, casting tools & equipment’s & quality assurance and key safety and
indigenization of the technology, customer want to look, book and environmental regulations & competitiveness. A detailed coverage of iron
melting, solidifications & related processes, metallurgy of casting process &
transact through the cell phones. The network that operates at the product and identifying casting defects & remedies will be discussed.
backend is the tested technology. The systems includes a strong Characterisation & properties of iron & aluminium alloys and their general
Control unit, Internet of Things (IoT) and the Telematics. Additionally, applications along with decision making process will be discussed.
Shared Mobility will help in scale of economics, support cleaner & The speakers selected for each topic are experts in their field and bring along a
greener environment and mitigate traffic congestion typically in metro rich experience of theory and its application, and has through understanding of
cities. Automotive industry requirements.
To get peek at the various aspects of Shared Mobility, ARAI invites you The course is designed for participants having no prior metallurgical
training & has basic understanding of simple chemistry and physics.
to participate in the one day event on Shared Mobility.
What's in it for you?
What's in it for you? Introduction to Sand and Die Casting OE’s Expectation from Casting
Shared Mobility- Concepts and Understanding Manufacturing and Gearing up for Future Automotive Regulations (Euro 5 /
Euro 6) through Casting Types of Castings and Future Automotive Engine
Telematics requirements Identify Design related failure
Internet of Things (IoT) Methoding of Ferrous Casting NDT for Casting Defect Detection
Technology governing the Shared Mobility Network Casting Tools & Equipments, Quality Assurance and Factory Automation
Charging Infrastructure for Shared EVs Melting and Processing of Al, Zn and Mn Alloys (Die Casting)
Who is it for ?
Who is it for This training is useful for all industry professionals, who needs to have
This training is useful for those, who need to have comprehensive comprehensive understanding of Failure Analysis and working in area of:
understanding of Shared Mobility and are:  Design Dept., Product Design & Development, R&D, Service Engineers,
Inspection, Testing, Quality Control, Assurance & Improvement,
 Working on Telematics, Internet of Things (IoT), CAE and Metallurgy & techno commercial activity will benefit
Cloud storage, etc. by attending this program.
 Technicians / Engineers / Managers / Start-ups.  Manufacturing Shop Floor, Shift engineer / manager
 Experts specialized in Connected Mobility.  Sales, Business Development & Marketing
 Purchase, Vendor development & Supply chain
 Teaching Professionals & Engineering Students
 Also working engineers / managers working as Supervisors, Engineers,
Registration fees per person
Technicians, Graduate / Diploma Engineers and Executives, who need to
Pricing Category work & analyse materials data & quality issues
(incl. 18% Goods Service Tax)
Industry Professionals Rs.5,000 + Rs.900 = Rs. 5,900 Registration fees per person
Pricing Category
(incl. 18% Goods Service Tax)
Teaching Faculty Rs.3,000 + Rs. 540 = Rs. 3,540
IndustryProfessionals Rs. 10,000 + Rs. 1,800 = Rs. 11,800
Student Rs.2,000 + Rs. 360 = Rs. 2,360
Teaching Faculty Rs. 8,000 + Rs. 1,440 = Rs. 9,440
Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc.
for the programme without any notice. Student Rs. 5,000 + Rs. 900 = Rs. 5,900
Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc.
Contact for More Details & Registration for the programme without any notice.
Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. N. R. Shimpi/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari Contact for More Details & Registration
Phone: 02135-396690/91/95 Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari
Email: training.pga@araiindia.com; nadeshmukh.pga@araiindia.com; Phone: 02135‐396690/91/95
tc.pga@araiindia.com Email: training.pga@araiindia.com; patil.pga@araindia.com;
Website: www.araiindia.com; academy.araiindia.com nadeshmukh.pga@araiindia.com;
Website: www.araiindia.com; academy.araiindia.com

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 04 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

PROFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME

ARAI ACADEMY ARAI ACADEMY

Announces Announces
3 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme on 4 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme (PIP

Automotive NVH Automotive Engineering

Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from Why wait? SAVE THE DATE Learn from
Register Industry Register Industry
Soon !
12th - 14th June 2019 Expert! Soon !
18th to 21st June 2019 Expert!

at ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune at ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune

PIP Overview:
PIP Overview:
Today’s need of automotive industry is to develop a vehicle with low noise and
high comfort. Using engineering principles, it is possible to design such vehicle in
the cost effective manner and engineer to analyze the noise for quieter product
design, the conceptual knowledge of sound & vibration fields and their interaction
with each other is essential. NVH is the most important area to be addressed by
the designer in order to satisfy the customer as well as to meet the noise norms.
Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) plays a huge role in the decisions all
engineers make in the automotive industry.
Let’s join to understand Basics of Acoustics, Fundamental of Vibration & its
control in Automobile, Transducers & Signal Processing, Overview of Automotive
NVH, Automotive NVH Strategy, NVH Issues of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles,
Exterior Noise & Pass-by, Powertrain NVH, Fundamentals of Vehicle Sound
Quality, Intake & Exhaust Noise, Automotive Sound Packaging & much more.
Excellent opportunity to discuss Automotive NVH challenges with expert from
ARAI NVH laboratory.
By 2026, the vision of the Indian Automotive Industry is to make India among
the top three countries of the world in terms of Engineering, Manufacturer &
Export of Vehicle & Auto components. Due to the shrinking life‐cycle of new
vehicles and models, the vehicle manufacturers have to keep an eye on the
future to sustain in the competitive global markets. The amazing
advancements in automotive technology have been driven by market
preferences of the ever demanding customer and the opportunity presented
by the new technology. At the same time, the new regulations regarding
vehicle performance, safety, emission, clean air and fuel consumption have
changed the way vehicles are designed and manufactured today.
This programme encompasses fundamentals of Automotive Engineering and
some of the latest technologies & regulatory aspects in India.
ARAI Academy invites you to understand about Engine Automotive
Engineering along with Industry Experts.

What's in it for you? What's in it for you?

Understand Basics of Acoustics Fundamental of Vibration & its control in  Fundamentals of Automotive Engineering Engine Design Development
Automobile Transducers & Signal Processing Overview of Automotive & CombustionAlternate Fuel TechnologyElectric & Hybrid
NVH Automotive NVH Strategy NVH Issues of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicle TechnologyEngine Combustion,
Exterior Noise & Pass-by Powertrain NV Fundamentals of Vehicle Sound EmissionAutomotive Safety
Quality Intake & Exhaust Noise Automotive Sound Packaging Who should Attend ?
 Organizations involved in Engine R&D and Testing
Who should Attend ?  Vehicle & Component Manufacturers.
This training is useful for all industry professionals,
who needs to have comprehensive understanding in the domain of:  Engine Manufacturers
 Working on Telematics, Internet of Things (IoT),  Engine related Component Manufacturers
Cloud storage, etc.  Engine Manufacturing, Assembly & Service Engineers
 Technicians / Engineers / Managers / Start-ups.  Engineering /Consulting Companies
 Experts specialized in Connected Mobility.
 Teaching Professionals & Engineering Students  Engineering Students/ Professors / PhD Scholars
Registration fees per person
Pricing Category
(incl. 18% Goods Service Tax) Registration fees per person
Pricing Category
(incl. 18% Goods Service Tax)
Industry Professionals Rs.18,000 + Rs.3,240 = Rs.21,240.00
Industry Professionals Rs.20,000 + Rs.3,600 = Rs.23,600
Teaching Faculty Rs.12,000 + Rs. 2160 = Rs. 14,160
Student Teaching Faculty Rs.12,000 + Rs. 2160 = Rs. 14,160
Rs.6,000 + Rs. 1080.= Rs.7,080.00
Student Rs.8,000 + Rs. 1440.= Rs.9,440
Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc.
for the programme without any notice. Note: ARAI reserves the rights to change the dates, schedule, contents, speakers,venue etc.
for the programme without any notice.
Contact for More Details & Registration
Mr. N. A. Deshmukh/ Mr. Sameer Bendhari Contact for More Details & Registration
Phone: 02135 – 396690/91/95 Mr. S Bendhari / Mr. P.A. Diwanji/ Mr. N.A. Deshmukh
Email: training.pga@araiindia.com; patil.pga@araiindia.com; Phone: 02135 – 396695/93/91/90
nadeshmukh.pga@araiindia.com; diwanji.pga@araiindia.com E‐mail ID: training.pga@araiindia.com

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 05 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

ONLINE LEARNING COURSES (ePIP)

Get Trained on the latest Automotive Topics Anywhere, Anytime… Become a Certified Expert

Course Content: ePIP Benefits:

RELIABILITY
• Introduction to Reliability
ENGINEERING
Engineering (Including Bathtub
Curve, Failure Rate Behavior)
• Reliability Statistics and Distributions
• Life Data Analysis
(Using Minitab software)
• Warranty Data Analysis
• Reliability Block Diagrams
• Reliability Testing Methods
(ALT, HALT, HASS, ESS, etc.)
• Sample Size in Reliability Testing
• All online courses are flexible in
nature. i.e. 24 x 7 operational
• Easy to monitor learner’s activity to
know their course current status
• Hands-on practice in virtual
environment
• Very engaging due to interactive
slides which improves learners
knowledge absorption and retention
• Certificate which help learners for
their career advancement.

Course Content: ePIP Highlights:

ENGINE ELECTRONICS
& MANAGEMENT • Fundamentals of Automotive • Latest and up-to-date content
SYSTEMS (EEMS) Electronics • Highly interactive, engaging and
• ECU, Microcontrollers and Memories effective
• Sensors and Actuators • Real-life industry examples
• Automotive Control Systems • Hands-on practice in virtual
• Engine Management System environment
• Calibration and Diagnostics • Pre and Post assessments to assess
• Standards learner’s knowledge.
• Certificate on passing the Final
Assessment

EEMS ePIP is jointly prepared by ARAI and Robert Bosch

Course Content:
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY • Basic Introduction of Fuel Cells
• Structure and Working of Fuel Cells Contact Information:
• Classification, Advantages and Mr. Rajesh Patil
Applications of Fuel Cells Dy. GM, ARAI Academy
• Benefits, Performance and Losses in
Fuel Cells
• Thermodynamic Analysis
The Automotive Research
• PEMFC Design Challenges of Fuel
Association of India
Cells
• Hydrogen Production, Storage &
(ARAI)
Handling

B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Taluka Khed,

Category Reliability Fuel Cell Dist. Pune - 410 501 (INDIA)
(Prices excluding tax) Engineering EEMS Technology
Contact :
Student 2500 7500 1000 02135-396690 / 92 / 95
Faculty 4000 12500 1600 Email : patil.pga@araiindia.com
jain.pga@araiindia.com,
Corporate Individual 7000 20000 3000 training.pga@araiindia.com
Corporate Perpetual 50000 150000 20000
(15 Licenses - 1 year)

For more details, proposals & partnership please contact: Dr. K. C. Vora, Sr. Dy. Director & Head, ARAI Academy at vora.pga@araiindia.com
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AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 06 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
ILLUSTRATION
FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF
HOW TO READ THE ABSTRACT
Subject Title ACTIVE & PASSIVE SAFETY
Abstract No. 2019 E 01
Title A NEW ALGORITHM FOR NON-LINEAR
BENDING ANALYSIS AND ITS
APPLICATION IN TRACTOR ROPS
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Author Singh, Prashant Kumar et al
Source FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress,
2–5 October 2018, Chennai,
Paper No.: F2018-APS-063
To limit the risk of fatal injury to the driver in the case of an
Abstract
agricultural tractor roll-over, the OECD (Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development) Code-4
standard mandates the use of a Roll over Protective
Structure (ROPS). The primary function of a ROPS is to
absorb the energy of tractor roll-over without deforming
into the safety zone. Designing a ROPS structure to meet
the above mentioned requirement is highly challenging
due to its non-linear behavior during deformation.
Basically there are two types of nonlinearity involved in
ROPS design- (i) Material non-linearity: as major portion
of the energy absorption should happen in the plastic
range. (ii) Geometric non-linearity: as large
displacements lead to change in the location of applied
load. Literature is abundant with closed formed solution
of nonlinear deflection in beams, taking account of either
geometric nonlinearity or material nonlinearity, but not
both. Currently, commercially available nonlinear finite
element (FE) solvers are used for detailed design and
analysis of ROPS. However, these solvers are very
costly, and require detailed inputs which is difficult to
provide in initial stage of design, being a limitation for
quicker & multiple design iterations. In this paper, authors
are proposing a new algorithm for performing nonlinear
structural analysis on a cantilever beam having
rectangular cross-section. Using extension of Euler-
Bernoulli beam theory, this algorithm incorporates
material nonlinearities (bi-linear stress strain curve) and
geometric nonlinearities simultaneously. This approach
can be used for simple as well as complex load-cases &
beam-geometry. This algorithm is further extended to
perform the nonlinear structural analysis on a two post
ROPS. The results are verified with ABAQUS [1],
achieving good correlation. A Graphical User Interface
(GUI) based application in MATLAB [2] has been created
and deployed for the utility of designers. In the GUI, the
designer has to provide the parametric geometry of
ROPS with material properties and clearance space
geometry, which are used to determine the energy
absorption capacity of the ROPS. Here, designer can
perform multiple design iterations within few minutes for
preliminary fixing of ROPS geometry during conceptual
phase. Currently, this algorithm is applicable for
analysing deformation of ROPS in longitudinal load case
only, and it has been planned to extend it for analysing
lateral & crushing load cases in the next phase (AUTH)
Keywords by Keywords : Nonlinear Bending, ROPS,
MATLAB, GUI
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AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
ACTIVE & PASSIVE SAFETY
2019 E 02
ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL OF V2X
PEDESTRIAN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS IN
INDIA AND GERMANY
Sakpal, Amogh et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-046
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-046
State-of-the-art collision avoidance and collision mitigation
systems predict the behavior of pedestrians based on trivial
models that assume a constant acceleration or velocity and
heading. Additional information received from external sources,
for e.g. consumer electronic devices, can enhance pedestrian
behavior models, which can in turn improve the accuracy of the
predicted pedestrian trajectory. The crossing behavior of
pedestrians is dependent on personal and external factors, which
likely differ between cultures and countries of residence. For the
design of enhanced pedestrian safety systems it is important to
know the willingness of pedestrians to share personal data with
other traffic participants and if it differs between cultures and
countries. Based on an identification of prediction-relevant data,
an online survey was conducted in India and Germany to evaluate
the acceptance and cultural differences for data sharing based on
different levels of aggregation shared for V2P based collision
avoidance systems. In view of future development of V2P based
collision avoidance systems, conditions for data sharing and their
influence on data sharing willingness were also investigated in this
survey. The results show that German participants in general show
a lower acceptance towards higher detailed data sharing, i.e.
when low anonymity is provided, as compared to Indian
participants. Willingness to share data is further influenced by
general conditions for data sharing such as data storage duration,
location and activation of data sharing (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Pedestrian safety, V2X, smartphones,
survey, questionnaire
2019 E 03
AUTOMOBILE FIRE ACCIDENTS AND OCCUPANT
SAFETY
Sivanandan, K and Eeshan, Geel
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-064
https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/
sessions/F2018-APS-064
Automobile fire, an uncontrolled burning of the vehicle has
long been a topic of interest and concern. Car fires can be caused
due to Fuel system leaks, Engine overheating, Electrical system
failures and accidents. It is a surprising fact that in many car fire
cases, except for some major accidents, the occupants are
conscious enough to get out of the car but still they fail to extricate
themselves. When we analysed the fatality instances,
investigations / eyewitness reports revealed that vehicle
occupants were entrapped in car due to jammed Doors. In some
cases, even onlookers were unable to open the door from outside
to help the occupants escape. Also, the Society of Indian
Manufacturers (SIAM) Research Study reveals that majority of car
fire accident fatalities are due to doors getting jammed. In
07 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
countries like India, where installing Glass breaking Hammer in a
vehicle is not mandatory, the threat posed by car fire to Occupant
safety is very serious. Analysing the customer's / eyewitness
voice, we are bound to believe that even the mechanical door
unlock system fails in case of fire. There are certain drawbacks in
the current door opening mechanism. While opening the door, the
pull of inside handle actuates the Latch pawl mechanism through
other sub components. In general, the components involved in
this mechanism are made up of Plastic. Any Deformation or
melting of Plastic parts can make the entire system inoperative
and result in failure of door opening. The same phenomenon
holds true for door outside handle operation. The main purpose of
this thesis is to understand the failure of operation of current
system in fire accidents and develop a mechanism to operate the
door latch even if it catches fire or electrical system fails to operate
it. The idea is to manually actuate the pawl directly with the help of
a key or selectively improving the material to withstand the fire
temperature. Part level simulation of fire accident was conducted
on the existing Mechanism in the lab and it resulted in the failure of
door opening. However, the actual vehicles which were damaged
in the fire accident were not examined. And also, there are less
than 10% of vehicle fires which are caused by collisions. There
may be cases where the door unlock mechanism gets physically
deformed due to severe impact of collision. In such unavoidable
cases, the proposed mechanism may physically deform and fail to
serve the purpose. This paper elaborates the approach to the
main cause and provides an innovative solution to overcome.
Related ideas to unlock the door during emergency fire exit
involve either complicated sensors & feedback system or
Pyrotechnic telescopic actuators which are quite bulky, complex
and not feasible for mass production. The proposed mechanism
eliminates the use of complex feedback system and integrates the
operations inside a single component. Also, it is necessary to
adopt the safety system in Lower segment cars – where the
manufacturer is less likely to use a complex feedback system due
to its cost factor. So, this mechanism paves way to manufacturers
to consider the necessary safety system at affordable cost
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Occupant safety, Emergency Fire Exit,
Automobile Fire Accidents, Direct Latch Actuation
2019 E 04
CALIBRATION OF PEDESTRIAN DETECTION SENSING
SYSTEMS USING CAE GENERATED DEPLOYABLE &
IMMUNITY LOAD CASES.
Krishnappa, Rajendra Prasad et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-081
https://www.fisita-congress.com/
programme/sessions/F2018- APS-081
Meeting global pedestrian protection requirements for
regulatory compliance and consumer metrics with passive hood
designs can be challenging for some vehicle designs due to
factors such as vehicle hood strength, regulatory requirements
and engine packaging constraints. Use of a deployable hood to
provide the necessary deformation space enables meeting
pedestrian protection requirements. The objective of this study is
to show how math modelling methods can be used to lead the
design of parts that surround the active hood sensor for effective
pedestrian detection sensor calibrations. The use of a pressure
tube sensor in the front bumper energy absorber to sense a
pedestrian impact is an effective method found on production
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
automobiles. Calibrating the pressure tube sensors for
discriminating between pedestrian impactors and immunity
impactors can be a big challenge. In this study, different
approaches were captured using Computer Aided Engineering
(CAE) to influence the pressure sensors' signal. Design variables
considered in the study involve bumper foam geometry, density,
proximity to surrounding parts, and other parameters which
influence foam's compression and subsequent pressure signal to
the sensors. In this paper, the pressure signal across the width of
the vehicle for different Pedestrian impactors and immunity
impactors is shown. This study demonstrates how pedestrian
detection pressure tube predictions will help the designer early in a
program's timing to balance the foam profile for the pedestrian
detection sensing signal, passive pedestrian protection, and
aesthetics. CAE model is correlated to physical test data.
Limitations including plastic material models and fascia/grille clip
model assumptions are outlined. Comparison of the pressure
signal between the Pedestrian detection Impactor (PDI2) and the
Human Body Model is limited. The paper outlines a technique of
using CAE predictions to calibrate pedestrian protection pressure
tube sensors before physical hardware is available. Since the CAE
based evaluations are completed early in a program's timing, CAE
driven designs can result in successful pedestrian detection
impacts and immunity impact calibrations with less physical tests
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Energy Absorber (Pedestrian Foam),
Pressure Tube, Calibration, Pressure Signal
2019 E 05
COMBINED FORWARD-BACKWARD APPROACH FOR
RECONSTRUCTION OF POWERED TWO WHEELER
ACCIDENTS WITH INJURY CRITERIA ASSESSMENT
Bońkowski, Tomasz and Hynčík, Luděk
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-088
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-088
The powered two-wheeler (PTW) accidents have usually
critical consequences. The goal of the presented work is to make
the use of PTWs safer by contribution to minimizing consequences
of the rider injuries, when an accident occurs. The work focuses on
the exploitation of two main accident reconstruction approaches
(forward and backward) by combining them together (forward-
backward approach). The work also exploits the simulation of the
combined multibody system (MBS) with the finite element method
(FEM) to obtain a detailed analysis in a reasonable computational
time. The applied combined forward-backward approach enables
to find the cause and affects the relationship between the outcome
injuries of the rider and the states of the system, which occurred
between the pre- and post-crash phases by assessing the injury
criteria implementing scalable hybrid human body model. The
work shall further serve as a study for a personal protective
equipment optimization (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Virtual human body model, accident
reconstruction, impact, injury criteria assessment
08 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 06
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIAN ROAD
ACCIDENT DATA TO ENRICH ROAD SAFETY
Chinmoy, Pal et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018,
Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-084
https://www.fisita-congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-
APS-084
MoRTH 2016 annual report clearly indicated that the number
(150,785) of road accident fatalities are increasing every year in
India. Also, number of accident severity cases were increased by
7.9% compared to CY2015.Hence, it is an important task to find out
the accident characteristics on Indian roads in order to implement
appropriate cost effective safety measures to reduce the fatalities.
The objective of this study is to properly identify the main road safety
issues in India using MoRTH and ADAC, NATRiP accident
databases based on a triple-layer approach (i) “Society”: factors
related to infra-structure (ii) “Individual”: factors related to Human
factors and (iii) “Vehicle”: factors related to Vehicle. At first, macro
accident analysis was performed on MoRTH 2016 data and then
followed by micro accident analysis carried out with ADAC, NATRiP
accident data (National Highway-08). In order to identify the
characteristics for those NH-08 accidents, a data mining approach
Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) method was applied. Micro-accident
analysis results indicate that more signal availability (30%) in urban
areas compared to that in rural areas leads to less intersection
accidents. Improper driving-manner (30%), improper lane-change
(16%), failing to use restraint system (29%) are some of the
important elements related to individual. Rear crashes (54%),
angled/side crashes at junctions (14%), accidents caused by trucks
(48%), and hitting stranded parked-vehicles (24%) are the influential
factors related to vehicles. Five basic traffic injury patterns are
revealed by SOM analysis within ADAC-NATRiP data and a few
countermeasures were proposed for each group separately (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Road Safety, Accidents, Self-Organizing
Maps, NATRiP, MoRTH
2019 E 07
DEVELOPMENT OF OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS
FOR FUTURESEATING POSITIONS IN FULLY OR SEMI
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
SengottuVelavan, Surya and Huf, Andreas
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-056
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-056
The advent of fully autonomous vehicles has inspired
automotive interior designers to rethink the vehicle interior space.
A pre-defined driving position might no longer be a necessity.
Flexible seating positions which enable more space and comfort
for the occupants during travel have been shown in various
studies and concept vehicles. The question is however, how
realistic are these positions when considering occupant safety?
The objective of this study is to show the challenges that exist for a
selection of these positions and discuss possible solutions. The
main focus of the study are seats rotated 90° and 180° to the
direction of travel and seats which enable possible sleeping
positions (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Occupant restraint systems; autonomous
vehicle (AV), future seating positions, alternate seating
configuration, crash/sled testing, simulation, ATD
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 08
MODEL-BASED CALIBRATION OF THE LATERAL
CONTROLLERS “STEER-BY-ANGLE” AND “STEER-BY
TORQUE” OF A LANE KEEPING ASSISTANCE SYSTEM
Pfeffer, Peter E. et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-105
https://www.fisita congress.com/programme/sessions/
F2018-VDY-105
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) such as Lane
Keeping Assistance (LKA) systems are in the focus of current
vehicle developments. Of special interest is the calibration task,
which plays an increasingly decisive role in early development
stages. At this point it is essential to analyse the precalibrated
controller concepts by appropriate simulation methods. A software
tool chain is introduced, using Model-in-the-Loop (MiL) for the
evaluation and calibration of the LKA system. Within, a Design-of-
Experiment (DoE) tool is integrated together with the simulation
environment. This enables the examination of the two different
lateral controller concepts “Steer-by-Angle” (SbA) and “Steer-by-
Torque” (SbT). Their lateral guidance performance is
characterized by “Objective Parameters” (OP), which are derived
from simulation quantities of straight line- and cornering
manoeuvres. Further, statistical behavior models are generated
based on those OP and controller design variables. The
subsequent optimization process leads to high performances of
both controllers. In particular, the SbA controller shows higher
efficiency under the impact of disturbances as well as the
reference reaction with lower settling times. Overall, the
established software tool chain for LKA system evaluation and
calibration allows detailed assessments of both control algorithms
and provides a platform for the calibration tasks in the
development of LKA systems (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Lateral vehicle dynamics, model-based
calibration, advanced driver assistance systems, steering
systems, autonomous driving
2019 E 09
MODULAR TEST FIXTURE FOR OCCUPANT RESTRAINT
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TESTS
B.V. Sudarshan et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-070
https://www.fisita- congress.com/programme/sessions
/F2018-APS-070
Sled testing is widely used methodology in the development,
verification and validation of Occupant Restraint System (ORS)
design specifications, packaging and feasibility assessment study
for robust occupant safety performance requirements during the
early vehicle design phase. The sled tests involve fabrication of a
program specific buck (ruggedized BIW) for mounting the
components such as seats, dashboard, steering system, seatbelts
etc. Multiple tests can be conducted to study the sensitivity of
restraints systems on occupant injury with no damage to vehicle
body structure [1]. The objective of this study was to develop a
single test fixture which can replicate the interior environment of
multiple vehicle programs. This test fixture should be modular to
incorporate different mounting locations of test components with
minimal structural modifications and position adjustments. The
modular test fixture was conceptualized considering multiple
vehicle programs and finalized based on CAE analysis of the
09 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
fixture structure. This modular test fixture can be used for testing
different vehicle configurations ranging from a small car to a large
utility vehicle with only relative position adjustments between the
different restraint components, providing considerable savings in
time and cost (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Occupant Restraints System (ORS), Sled
test, Body-In-White (BIW), Crash pulse, Cross car beam (CCB)
2019 E 10
NUDGING DRIVERS TO ENGAGE SAFE BEHAVIOUR IN
TRAFFIC
Op den Camp, Olaf et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-032
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-032
To increase traffic safety, systems are being implemented in
vehicles that support drivers to avoid or mitigate collisions.
Generally, these systems only provide a response to the driver in
case of an imminent critical situation. Responses in the form of
warning signals and brake or steering actuations are harsh, as
they act in the last one to two seconds before a possible impact.
Solutions need to be developed that lead to both higher
effectiveness and higher comfort, that engage safe behavior by
being more proactive, and that are accepted by road users. The
Horizon 2020 MeBeSafe project focuses on so-called real time
“nudging feedback” measures that aim to guide drivers towards
desired behavior before situations get critical. Such feedback -
keeping the driver in the loop- is given earlier and more often. The
research described in this paper focuses on online (in the vehicle)
compilation and enrichment of required information for early
nudging feedback. As a use case, the interaction between cyclists
and passenger cars is taken. In urban areas, critical situations
occur when cyclists approaching an intersection are not detected
due to the presence of view blocking obstructions, or when cyclists
exhibit unexpected trajectories or sudden trajectory changes.
When the critical situation develops, either the driver needs to act
quickly and forcefully, or an emergency braking system is engaged
to prevent a collision. If the driver is informed well in advance of bad
visibility regarding approaching traffic and/or of a specific possible
collision trajectory, then he or she can swiftly adapt the speed
seconds earlier, and a smooth interaction with low risk evolves. To
make the driver aware, information is collected regarding the
presence of view blocking obstructions, the possibility of traffic
entering the intersection, locally applicable traffic rules, critical
situations that occurred at the location in the past, the intention
(likely trajectories) of traffic participants approaching the
intersection, etc. The MeBeSafe project elements focused on here
use hazard perception and prediction and cyclist trajectory
predictions. The project foresees an elaborate field test of the final
nudging solution that will be implemented in a prototype vehicle,
with results of extensive field tests arriving in 2019 or 2020. In this
paper, results of earlier observation studies dedicated to the
validation of hazard prediction and cyclist intent prediction are
presented. It is shown how predictive models enrich the
information towards the driver to allow early and smooth
anticipation to a possibly hazardous situation. Finally, we note that
predictive early warning systems of this type can be useful for
(semi- or fully) autonomous driving systems as well, to allow them
to anticipate better and take better, proactive risk-avoiding actions
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Nudging driver behavior, ADAS, hazard
prediction, cyclist intent prediction
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 11
OBJECT DETECTION FOR ADAS SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT – AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
B.V. Sudarshan et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-101
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-101
Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS) have begun to attract
focus in the automotive market to assist and complement the
drivers to develop safe driving practices. Features such as
Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Lane Departure Warning
(LDW) are being developed to avoid or mitigate accidents. These
technologies require a very good object detection capability of all
the road users and lane edges/markings both during the day and
night driving conditions. The presence of undisciplined multiple
road users and absence of proper road infrastructure poses some
additional challenges that are unique to the Indian scenario. A
single sensor system, which can fulfil all the detection
requirements, and overcome the challenges posed by the Indian
traffic conditions, will be highly beneficial due to system
commonality and cost. The objective of present study was to
investigate the applicability of the single vision sensor system and
the effectiveness of Near-Infrared (NIR) illumination in object
detection for Forward Collision Warning (FCW) System and lane
edge and lane markings detection for Lane Departure Warning
(LDW) systems (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Forward Collision Warning (FCW), Object
Detection; Road Edge Detection, Lane Departure Warning
(LDW), Near Infrared (NIR)
2019 E 12
PELVIS ACCELERATION AMPLIFICATION: A POTENTIAL
BIOMECHANICAL FACTOR FOR DESIGN AND
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A BOOSTER
SEAT IN FAR-SIDE SIDE COLLISION
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-051
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-051
This study stems from a real-world far-side side impact collision
that produced severe cervical spinal cord injury to a 46-month-old
girl appropriately positioned in a High Back Booster (HBB). The
objective of this study was to introduce and examine Pelvis
Acceleration Amplification (PAA) as a potential biomechanical
factor to assist the design and evaluation of booster seats in a far-
side side impact scenario. MADYMO model is employed to
demonstrate the relationship between the Pelvis Acceleration
Amplification and the neck distractive load and head excursion
values. The validated HBB MADYMO model assembled with a Q3
Side impact ATD and the vehicle rear compartment is utilized for the
study. The assembled model is used to run the parametric study, to
analyse the influence of seatbelt pretension and rigid ISOFIX on the
neck response in far-side side impact scenario. MADYMO model
shows a good kinematics correlation with the side impact sled test.
The velocity-time diagram facilitated a better understanding of
relative motion between the vehicle seat, booster seat and the Q3
Child ATD. Pelvis velocity exceeded the lateral vehicle velocity with
seatbelt slack and no rigid ISOFIX increasing the pelvis
acceleration amplification. The study shows the proportional
10 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
relationship between the pelvis acceleration amplification, neck
distractive load, and, head excursion values. Pelvis acceleration
amplification is a useful biomechanical indicator to assess booster
seat performance in a far-side side-impact collision. This indicator
offers a potential method to improve the booster design, especially
for far-side side impact scenario. The vehicle seatbelt pretension
and the booster seat rigid ISOFIX work together to increase the
level of child protection in far-side impact configurations. However,
there is no benefit of rigid ISOFIX alone in the absence of seatbelt
pretension; the pelvis velocity overshoots the lateral vehicle
velocity increasing the pelvis acceleration amplification factor. The
neck tensile loads and lateral head excursions show a proportional
relationship with the pelvis acceleration amplification factor (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Side Impacts, Far-Side, Booster,
Pretensioner, ISOFIX
2019 E 13
SENSITIVITY STUDY OF PLASTIC MATERIAL FAILURE
AND COUNTER MEASURE TO IMPROVE THE ECE R17
SEAT BACK ENERGY ABSORPTION
Hunagund Gajanan and Li-Ban Chiu
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-076
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-076
ECE R17 seat back energy absorption test is critical for
limiting head injury of the passenger in the rear seat during
frontal impact. The challenge is to meet opposing
requirements for the head restraint; it needs to be provide soft
impact to head while meeting the other strength requirements.
In the physical test, the plastic handle used for dumping the
seat cracked and the 3ms clip was met by a margin of 3%.
Sharp edges observed on the plastic handle was not
acceptable even though the acceleration requirement was
met. The objective of this study is to correlate the plastic
handle failure in the test with CAE and to develop counter
measures to mitigate the risk due to direct contact of the head
form on the plastic handle thus avoiding failure of the plastic
handle. LS Dyna is used to simulate the seat back (Head
Restraint System) energy absorption test. The impact load
from the free moving head form was transferred to the head
restraint foam and then to the top mounted plastic handle on
seat back, which resulted in failure of the plastic handle. The
baseline CAE model did not show failure for the plastic handle.
The material model used for the plastic handle is updated with
a MAT_024 material model with plastic failure strain defined as
1%. This is found to give better correlation of the plastic failure
happening in the test. Then countermeasure was developed
using the correlated model to absorb energy thus transferring
less load to the plastic handle. The performance has been
validated using physical test. The analysis results helped to
understand influence of material failure definition of plastic
components. In addition, how effectively MAT_024 card with
failure can be used to improve correlation. Variation in the
material properties of the plastic handle due to manufacturing
process is not considered in this study (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Head Impact; ECE R17; Seat (Head
Restraint System) Energy absorption
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 14
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CRASH PAD PAB DOOR
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINE
Yonggon Moon et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-112
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-112
Passenger Airbag is a device to protect the passenger in the
event of a collision. To ensure deployment stability of Airbag, the
cushion should not be disturbed during deployment and support the
high force produced during deployment. The door is a structure that
binds the cushion at the time of deployment and opens it at the right
time to guide the cushion deployment. The task was performed with
the goal of establishing a design guide for the door hinge structure to
ensure deployment stability (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: PAB (Passenger Air Bag), PAB-Door,
deployment factor, optimization, design guide
2019 E 15
VEHICLE “SUB-STRUCTURING” STRATEGIES FOR
FASTER CRASH SIMULATIONS
Dwivedi, Rajesh et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-038
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-APS-038
Crash load cases usually take longer simulation times due to the
highly nonlinear nature of the analysis and complexity of the
simulation models. In this paper, a sub structuring approach is
proposed for faster simulation turnaround time, by partitioning
complex vehicle system into simple sub structure model. The
boundary conditions of the substructure models are identified based
on the deformation of the critical load path members, vehicle
kinematics, resistance force and energy absorption etc. Low speed,
pedestrian & Door intrusion load cases are demonstrated in this paper
using substructure approach. In case of Low speed impact, the vehicle
front end deformation energy is considered as a critical parameter to
define the boundary conditions of the sub structure model. Similar
approach is followed to define other load cases and the developed sub
structure models show good correlation with corresponding full
vehicle CAE models. This approach enables the engineers to make
quick decisions and faster design convergence during virtual
validation phase. From the results, it has been concluded that more
than 60% of simulation time is reduced which in turn leads to huge
simulation cost & time saving during product design cycle (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: LsDyna, Substructure, Low Speed, Side Door
Intrusion, Crash Safety
2019 E 16
VIRTUAL ASSESSMENT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET
CONTRIBUTION TO DECREASING INJURY RISK IN
IMPACT
Hynčík, Luděk et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-APS-077
https://www.fisita congress.com/programme/sessions/
F2018-APS-077
Road traffic accidents cause one of the highest numbers of
severe injuries. Virtual biomechanical human body models play an
11 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
AUTONOMOUS & CONNECTED VEHICLES
2019 E 17
AFFORDABLE AND EFFICIENT AUTONOMOUS DRIVING
IN ALLWEATHER CONDITIONS
Shadrin, Sergey
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-ACV-
059
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-ACV-059
One of the challenges in autonomous road vehicles is
designing a system that is applicable in all-weather conditions. An
original hybrid navigation system with RTK DGPS is used for this
purpose. The challenges of affordability and driving efficiency are
solved with a novel approach of precisely compiling track data for
autonomous driving (geodata, inclines, speed limits, coefficients
of fuel consumption and ecological efficiency, weather limitations,
etc.). The notion of a “base track” is introduced, which is a high-
accuracy spatial driving route that contains additional datasets for
the vehicle's optimal control with respect to the requested
transport task, road, and traffic conditions. The base track concept
conditionally transforms an autonomous car into rail transport with
a virtual railway and simplifies all the challenges of the tactical
level of vehicle control. The advantages of the base track data
structure include the predetermined variability of control actions
on the route, depending on the tasks of time saving, energy
efficiency, or safety; increased reliability; reduced requirements
for on-board computing power; and improved performance. The
proposed approach provides autonomous highway driving and
supports lane-keeping assistance systems in cases of failure to
visually recognize road markings. Fuel consumption was
optimized for autonomous driving mode on a hilly test road over a
distance of 200 km and showed up to 4% of fuel savings for a
passenger car in comparison with constant-speed driving and the
same trip time (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Autonomous Driving, Undetermined
Weather Conditions, Eco-Driving, Efficient Driving,
Intelligent Speed Control
2019 E 18
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE AS AN INDEPENDENT
TRANSPORT SOLUTION FOR PERSONS
WITH DISABILITIES
Mohammed, Aamir VT et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
208, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-ACV- 062
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-ACV-062
Travelling is one of the common activities in a person's daily
routine. However, this can be a challenging proposition for
persons with disabilities and can be a limiting factor for their
aspirations in life, as there is certain level of dependence on
others. Emerging technologies in autonomous vehicle domain
can be a viable solution. This is due to the fact that the level of
skills and physical abilities required to use an autonomous vehicle
are considerably less than that of a conventional vehicle, which
needs a human at the steering wheel. However, are the systems
that are being designed by OEMs in Autonomous vehicles
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
universal in design, allowing persons with disabilities to use the
vehicle easily? Or are there any systems additionally required, that
the OEMs should consider incorporating in autonomous vehicles
that will help persons with disabilities? This paper will discuss the
activities that are involved in the usage of an autonomous vehicle
and considerations for OEMs while designing the vehicle to meet
the needs of persons with disabilities (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: autonomous, vehicle, car, disabled,
differently abled, adapted
2019 E 19
DATA MINING APPLICATIONS FOR VEHICLE TESTING
AND DEVELOPMENT
Vertin, Keith and Schuchmann, Brent
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE- 081
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-081
Vehicle telematics systems are transmitting massive
volumes of data that are underutilized during the test,
development and production lifecycle. Analysing all of this data is
challenging, not only due to size but also because of the
variability that is encountered during on-road driving. Vehicle
performance is affected by drive route, road grade, traffic,
weather, and vocation and driver tendencies. This study explores
the efficacy of using data mining techniques to predict vehicle
fuel consumption and exhaust emissions from On Board
Diagnostics (OBD) data that may be harvested from telematics
data stores. These data mining concepts have potential
applications for eco-drive vehicle control system development,
real-world emissions factor development for source
apportionment models, and the analysis of Intelligent
Transportation System (ITS) technology impacts on vehicle
energy efficiency and emissions (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Emissions, PEMS, data mining, machine
learning, predictive modelling
2019 E 20
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FULLY REDUNDANT EPS
SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED DRIVE
Kim, Cheon Kyu et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-111
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-111
There is no obligation to observe the driver from the third or
more autonomous driving stages, and the steering force must be
maintained even if the EPS fails during the autonomous driving
mode. For this purpose, all electronic components of EPS must be
designed to be robust and redundant, and therefore HW and SW
technologies are required for operating systems. HW technologies
adopt the duplication technology of EPS electric elements and SW
technologies adopt control method and fail operation technology
for operating the redundant elements. In this paper, the
performance of the system was verified by comparing the newly
developed EPS with the conventional EPS (eg, system output
evaluation and actual vehicle steering evaluation) (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Fully redundant system, electric power
steering, autonomous vehicle, torque sensor, angle sensor
12 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
ELECTRIC & HYBRID VEHICLES
2019 E 21
AN AFFORDABLE APPROACH TOWARDS LOCAL ZERO
EMISSION
Weissbaeck, Michael et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-145
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-145
The global automobile industry is rapidly changing towards
zero impact mobility with regards to CO2 and Emission. The
Indian regulatory provides a clear direction with regards to
emission requirements and the key technologies that need to be
considered. One key topic for development of conventional
powertrains is linked to the Real Drive Emission regulatory that
limits NOX and particulates even in cold conditions, hence the
efforts for the exhaust after treatment will rise significantly. This
paper will provide a possible synergetic pathway of today's
conventional technology and electrified powertrains for the Indian
market. Starting with an overview on state of the Art solutions for
CO2 reduction and NOX improvement for diesel engines. The
results of a 48V PHEV with a gasoline engine and an electric axle
with 20kW will be illustrated, the limitations highlighted and the
system synthesis for a novel scalable 48V solution, enabling
higher transient power will be discussed. The new 48V high power
topology enables affordable zero emission in inner cities for small
to medium size vehicles. The outlook on modularity and
boundaries of such a system from 48V MHEV, PHEV up to BEV
will be given (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: 48V, Hybrid, RDE, Emissions, High Power,
Plug-In
2019 E 22
DC BUS SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRIC AND
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Tiwari, Nidhi et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-067
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-067
In electric and hybrid electric vehicles, High Voltage DC (HV
DC) bus is shared by multiple power inverters, converters,
charger and energy storage systems. Most of these components
comprise switching power devices and hence inject certain
amount of ripple current on the HV DC bus during their normal
operation. Therefore, each of these components must comply
with a standard HV DC bus ripple requirement without disturbing
the operation and stability of other components and impacting life
expectancy of HV filter components and HV battery. The traction
inverter being the highest power rated component in the system,
is the major source of electrical ripple. The magnitude and
frequency of the ripple on the HV DC bus due to traction inverter,
not only depends on motor speed and torque, but also on the
inverter control strategy and parameters. Hence, it is very
essential to develop a comprehensive model of the electric drive
system with all the HV components, motor with control system and
a detailed HV DC bus architecture. The model is used to optimize
the filter component size on the inverter side to meet HVDC bus
ripple and stability requirements. An electric drive system model is
developed in MATLAB for the Chevrolet Bolt Electric Vehicle (EV)
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
platform. The electric drive system model is a detailed one with HV
DC bus mechanization, cable impedances, traction inverter and
motor with controller software represented as an S-function block.
This electric drive model is then connected with other HV
components following the HV mechanization and architecture.
This enables to carry out the following items: 1. Estimate HV bus
resonance by sweeping frequency and ripple by inputting
operating points 2. Optimize bulk capacitor size based on worst
case operating points 3. Optimize size of inverter components at
high switching frequency operation 4. Analyse the impact of fault
conditions on the HV bus and other components 5. Analyse HV
bus stability and negative impedance phenomenon, if any. The HV
DC bus ripple data obtained using the simulation was compared
against the vehicle data which showed good correlation. An
optimization study was carried out on sizing the bulk capacitor and
other filter components. The validation and optimization results
are presented in this paper. In the process of making the
simulation model more accurate, additional computational
capability and memory are required. Hence, it was essential to
make a trade-off between added complexities versus accuracy
improvement while building the model. Moreover, it was not
necessary to model all the HV DC bus components as the ripple
contribution from them is very minimal compared to traction
inverter(s) (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Electric Vehicle; Chevy Bolt; Chevy Volt;
Electrical Resonance; HV DC Bus Architecture and Filter
Design; Software-In-Loop
2019 E 23
DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE CYCLES FOR
BATTERY OPERATED E-RICKSHAWS ON CHASSIS
DYNAMOMETER – A CASE STUDY IN INDIAN OIL
CORPORATION LIMITED, R&D CENTRE
Saroj, Shyamsher et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-097
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-097
The paper describes the steps which are taken in
consideration for formulating the chassis dynamometer based
testing protocol adopted for e-rickshaw (12V 100AH / 1.5 KW).
The steps involved the determination of road load coefficients
(RLCs) for the e-rickshaw to operate on 37 KW chassis
dynamometer. The study also focuses on the formulation of testing
protocol by preparation of duty cycle suitable for the operation of e-
rickshaws and thereon the performance evaluation. The test
protocol is referred from the automotive industry standards (AIS)
which are available for the electric vehicles performance
evaluation. The tests were then conducted on the duty cycle
prepared for the e-rickshaw to evaluate their performance in terms
of battery utilization (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: E-Rickshaw Performance, Battery Operated
Vehicles, Chassis Dynamometer Tests with E-Rickshaw
13 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 24
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF
LITHIUM ION BATTERY PACK DESIGNS BY
SIMULATING
INDIAN DRIVING CONDITIONS
Padmanabh, Mahesh and Desai, Manoj
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-095
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-095
Battery testing at the subsystem level or the component
level is critical for the performance evaluation of an Electric
Vehicle. Certain standards/ test protocols have been formed to
test the battery packs. However, the fidelity of the results
obtained from those procedures is questionable. This
research paper focuses on testing battery packs based on the
real-time experimental data obtained from different vehicles to
emulate exact Indian driving conditions. With multiple
iterations, a standard battery pack testing protocol will be
derived to validate the performance of different battery packs
for Indian EVs. The validation process will also include an
array of safety and functional checks which will be performed
prior to the load cycle. In this research paper, the primarily
focus on performance and life cycle of battery packs with
cylindrical and prismatic cells. The design considerations and
test results are also discussed (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Lithium-Ion, Traction Battery, Electric
Vehicle, Battery Cycling, Battery Pack testing
2019 E 25
FAST CHARGING BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
LEADACID BATTERIES
Jaiswal, Shubham et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-110
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-110
Currently India is world's second largest two-wheeler
market, Asia's third largest passenger vehicle market, world's
fifth largest bus and truck market. Due to this, India is currently
4th on the scale of CO2 emissions. ARAI (Automotive
Research Association of India) have come up with a roadmap
to reduce CO2 emissions by half by the year 2025. E-Mobility
proposes promising future for environment friendly and highly
efficient vehicles. Solution is to promote hybrid and electric
mobility. The life of an electric vehicle will be majorly
determined by its battery life and performance. Batteries also
plays a significant role in the mileage of the vehicle. Therefore,
some amount of intelligence has to be employed for careful
charging and discharging of these batteries. This paper is
focused on fast charging of lead acid batteries with battery
monitoring system (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Battery Management Systems; Fast
Charging; Electric Vehicles; Lead Acid Battery; Battery
Health & Life.
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 26
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION OF
HYBRID TRACKED VEHICLE PROPULSION SYSTEM
Karunakaran, A et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-078
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-078
Hybridization offers various benefits for tactical and combat
military vehicles. The development of optimal hybrid propulsion
architecture plays a very important role in harnessing the benefits
of the Hybridization. To achieve that, it is imperative to have a
dynamic model of the vehicle with hybrid drive train that can
predict the vehicle response to a satisfactory level, with flexibility to
configure different architecture. In this paper, a mathematical
model of a 14 ton tracked, skid steered military vehicle with series
hybrid drive train is developed using Matlab-simulink toolbox to
estimate vehicle performance in terms of mobility and steer ability
over different driving conditions. At first, the sizing of propulsion
motor, steering motor and the selection of transmission
configuration is carried out based on vehicle performance
requirements. Subsequently, a mathematical model with three
degrees of freedom, considering terrain parameters, is developed.
The model is simulated over soft and hard terrain to predict
mobility and steer ability. The obtained results are studied and
important observations are discussed (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Military Tracked Vehicle, Series Hybrid
Powertrain, Steering Dynamics
2019 E 27
MILD HYBRID FOR TWO WHEELERS
Kamalakannan, D. et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-082
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-082
The objective of this paper is to put forth a method of
developing a mild hybrid system in a two wheeler. The Mild hybrid
system also known as Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) is a
single controlled machine that seeks to replace the starter and
magneto in modern day two wheelers. The ISG, mounted directly
on the crankshaft is capable of offering four modes of operation,
namely, starting, generation, torque assist and regeneration. A
three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous machine is fit
directly on the engine shaft in place of the existing flywheel
magneto. A three phase MOSFET inverter circuit provides a
trapezoidal excitation to operate the machine as a motor. As soon
as the engine cranks and reaches its idling speed the machine is
made to function as a generator with the inverter circuit also
performing the function of a rectifier. A series switch is used to
regulate the voltage to the desired set point. Torque assist is
achieved by providing a boosted voltage input to the machine
when the engine is running. Regeneration is achieved in a similar
fashion as generation. The controlled BLDC machine also
facilitates the employment of Idling stop start functionality that
helps bring down idling losses (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Mild Hybrid; Two Wheeler ISG; Torque
Assist; Regeneration; Stop-Start for Two Wheeler
14 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 28
MODIFIED CLASS E INVERTER BASED IPT SYSTEM
FOR WIRELESS EV CHARGING
Sooraj, V. and Febin Daya, J. L.
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-048
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-048
Wireless charging of electric vehicle (EV) is achieved by an
inductive power transfer (IPT) technique in a midrange power
transfer application. In this paper, a modified class E converter
topology is proposed for an efficient power transfer application at
lower switching frequency compared to the class E wireless power
transfer (WPT) system. The converter uses minimum semiconductor
switches to perform the inverter action, thereby reducing the cost and
making the IPT system more compact. The converter shows high
efficiency at lower coupling coefficient for heavy load application. The
simulation and experimental results substantiate the notion about the
theoretical aspect (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Inductive Power Transfer, Resonance, Class E
Inverter, Wireless Power Transfer, Mutual Inductance
2019 E 29
PREDICTIVE OPERATING STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMUM
UTILIZATION OF BATTERY POWER AND ENHANCED
LIFETIME
Braun, Andreas et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-109
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-109
Traction batteries are operated with up to the maximum C-rate for
charging or discharging. Such BMS (Battery Management System)
operation limits are determined during the development of a battery
system. Cell manufacturers define hard safety limits to prevent
Liplating, deep discharge, or thermal events which are usually
implemented as slope functions to allow for a gradual transition from
normal operation to zero. These so-called de-rating functions are
parameterized in the BMS in the same way for every battery,
additionally with a safety buffer to ensure safe operation for every
potential user and driving situation including worst-case scenarios.
The authors argue that an adaptive approach can optimize the
operation strategy of battery systems using ADAS features. In
addition to parameters that are being observed inside the battery,
information about the vehicle, upcoming route and driver behavior
can be used to adapt the operation strategy to the situation at hand.
Consequently, the driver can be offered “more” performance with the
same battery pack (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Battery Management, Operating Strategy,
Predictive Modeling, Optimization, ADAS
2019 E 30
RANDOM VIBRATIONAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY FOR THE ROAD LOADS
Sureshkumar, Sanjai
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-036
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-036
The major challenge for the electric cars to become a
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
feasible alternative for fossil fuelled vehicle is to overcome the
range anxiety. To meet out the churning demand of high power
and range, the energy capacity of battery is increasing whilst
maintaining the architecture. Due to high energy density and
delicate modules, batteries are prone to functional and
structural failure. The major source for the battery failure
modes are the excitations from the random road load
vibrations. Since, the battery has a direct relationship to the
safety and performance of the entire vehicle, it is vital to study
the structural integrity of the battery. The intent of the paper is to
develop a CAE methodology to predict the life of the battery for
the actual road load condition. The transient load signal from
the test measurements is converted to power spectral density
data (PSD). Frequency response analysis is performed
accounting modal damping to find the stresses. These stress
values are mapped with PSD data to determine the RMS
stresses acting on the component. Subsequently, fatigue
analysis is performed using these RMS stresses along with
appropriate material S-N curve, to accurately predict the life of
the battery. The conventional approach to calculate the life of
the component, is to perform normal modal analysis to find the
modal stress. Then, a modal transient analysis is done using
the time series load, obtained from the test measurements to
compute the actual displacement. A modal superposition
method is used to superimpose these stresses and modal
displacement along with the material S-N curve to perform
fatigue analysis. This paper put forth an alternative approach,
by using the PSD data to calculate the life, which simplify the
process and yield an accurate result (since damping is
considered). A comparison of the result with Transient and
PSD method to the actual test results are discussed. The
results are categorized into two sections, one dealing with the
transient fatigue analysis and other with the fatigue analysis
using PSD data. The critical failure region of the battery is
identified from the results. A ninety percent correlation is
observed between the simulation result and the actual test
values, validating the methodology (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Random Vibration, Time series loads, PSD,
Transient Analysis, Fatigue life
2019 E 31
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF ENERGY
CONSUMPTION PERFORMANCE FOR PLUG-IN HYBRID
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
WANG, Peng et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-100
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-100
Based on the three energy consumption regulation systems in
Europe, the United States and Japan, we studied the influencing
factors of the energy consumption performance of the PHEVs
(plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, PHEVs) considering the energy
consumption characteristics by designing various ambient
temperature and driving cycle test matrix. This paper illustrates
collaboration of AER and Blended strategies from the perspective
of revealing, dividing and weighting at CD/CS stage. The
consumption ration of fuel and electric is influenced by energy
management strategy and fuel saving technology, leading to
changes in energy consumption. Testing method, energy
management strategy, fuel saving technology and others reveal
15 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
closed connection between energy consumption performance,
driving performance, control strategies, and driving conditions
adaption. Results of testing and analysis provide guide for energy
consumption performance, control strategy designing and
regulation refinement for PHEVs (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Energy Consumption Performance,
Influencing Factors, Testing and Evaluation Methods,
Energy Management Strategies, Energy Saving
Technologies
2019 E 32
SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT FOR A
FULL PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE FOR
IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY AND AN INTERMEDIATE
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
Ramdasi, Sushil et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-066
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-066
With improved engine technologies, vehicle styling and
spending capacity, each year many number of vehicles hit
Indian roads. This increase has implications like Greenhouse
gas emissions, resulting into ozone layer depletion, global
warming and depletion of fossil fuel at very fast rate. Thus, it
has become essential to control CO2 emissions. The most
effective way is to improve vehicle fuel economy and reduce
CO2 emissions, with the help of some promising technologies
like Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Full Electric Vehicles and
Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV). In a price sensitive market as in
India; vehicle selection is driven by, fuel economy (FE) and
cost of the vehicle, HEV will prove to be better solution,
compared to Electric Vehicles (EVs) considering unavailability
of charging infrastructure. The paper focuses on the design,
development and performance evaluation of supervisory
controller for full parallel HEV configuration (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: HEV, LCV, Supervisory Controller, FE
Improvement, Intermediate Experimental Validation
2019 E 33
TESTING AND EVALUATION OF PURE ELECTRIC
VEHICLE PEDAL CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS
BASED ON SINGLE PEDAL CONTROLSTRATEGY
WANG, Peng et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-EHV-059
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-EHV-059
Single pedal control strategy integrates energy regeneration
in accelerator pedal operation. This paper monitors the
"mechanical-electrical-hydraulic" state of the electric driving
system, designs a test matrix based on the varying conditions
such as vehicle speed, pedal operation, and driving mode, and
studies the pedal control characteristics of a pure electric vehicle.
The analysis shows that the single pedal control characteristics
integrates the driving and braking operation of the vehicle well,
while changing the traditional driving habits simultaneously. By
operating the accelerator pedal skilfully, it is possible for the driver
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
to meet the power requirements under driving condition, and
obtain -0.05g to -0.2g deceleration by releasing accelerator
pedal. Therefore, a linear pedal feeling is obtained, while fully
fulfilling the typical urban cycle and the driving and braking
intention of the main driving cycle. The driving operation is
simplified by reducing the using frequency of the brake pedal
realized by the single pedal control characteristics which cover
coasting and low intensity braking operation of conventional
regenerative braking systems (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Single Pedal Control Strategy, Pedal MAP
Characteristics, Energy Regeneration, Deceleration, Pedal
Feeling
MANUFACTURING & MATERIALS
2019 E 34
A HIGH FIDELITY PREDICTIVE MODEL OF HYDRAULIC
BRAKES FOR FRONTLOADING, DESIGN SELECTION,
AND PREDICTION OF BRAKE PEDAL FEEL
Srivastava, Praharsh et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-081
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-081
Brakes system design is a complex process involving multiple
performance attribute targets to be achieved simultaneously. The
task of designer in such cases is to target design which optimizes
a few set of attributes which in turn are decided by subjective user
rating to objective measurement correlation metrics. In such
cases, model based simulation serves the purpose of designer in
making correct design decision at initial stages of design. This
paper presents a detailed 1d model for automotive brakes system
which will help the designer in brakes system design, brakes
performance optimization and study the effect of interface
systems on brakes performance. Validation of the model for an
existing vehicle is also presented. A detailed physics based model
of brakes is developed in LMS AMESim software. The built-in
libraries of AMESim are leveraged to develop a full vehicle model
which consist of the brakes, chassis, suspension, transmission,
engine and tires. The brakes model is detailed one which consist
of all the components of brakes system viz. brakes pedal, vacuum
booster, master cylinder, front calliper, rear calliper, parking
brakes and captures all the major design parameters. The
remaining systems are modelled in low to medium detail. In order
to validate the model for vehicle level FIA (Functional Image
Attribute) test cases are considered. The FIA test cases consist of
subjective user rating to objective measurement correlation
activity. The test cases consist of 11 tests spreading across test
conditions of low vehicle speed to high speed, low ramp rates to
high ramp rates. Data captured in these tests consist of speed,
pedal force, pedal travel, deceleration, master cylinder pressure
and few other parameters. The captured data is converted into
objective ratings which in turn is a measure of brake performance
attributes viz. free travel, preload, deceleration dead band, bite
etc. The time history for pedal force is fed into the model as input
and required values as per FIA test cases are extracted from the
model as output. This work finds its usability in simulation based
prediction of brakes FI attributes, study effect of changes in
interface systems on brakes performance, DOE study on brakes
for selection of best design among available configurations
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Brake feel, high fidelity model, AMESim,
Pedal effort, homologation
16 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 35
A METHODOLOGYOF DESIGN THINKING PROCESS
APPLICATION TO VALUE INNOVATE THE REAR
UNDER-RUN PROTECTION DEVICE FOR A HEAVY
COMMERCIAL VEHICLE
Hubballimath, Nandesh
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-059
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-059
Automotive Field has become very volatile and main
reasons for this are emerging safety regulation, green energy
strategies, and digitization, advancement in science and
technologies. design field has always been challenged for
coping strategies for these new realities, it is very hard to
sustain in market if any firm not responding to these new
realities, hence; each firm benefits based on how early and
efficiently it adopts to new realities. This Paper illustrates a
practical and complete Value Innovation chain done for Rear
Under-run Protection Devices (RUPD). According to new
regulation EC-R58-3 [1], re-innovation of RUPD was
necessary to optimize the weight and cost of current design. In
any successful Mechanical project, selection of Design and
Manufacturing Process is a very important part and
connecting these processes and technique plays a vital role in
project success. In this Paper a complete value chain is
explained, it is mainly on the basis of value innovation and
adapting powerful techniques, like Blue Ocean Strategy to
entering another new territory by excluding current
competition and calls for a whole new design process by
analysing or benchmarking existing opportunities and threats.
Design Thinking Process is used to generate the Ideas
through Brain Storming Process, and Ashby Chart Analysis to
find the most suitable alternate material available in the current
market. To arrive at an optimized concept, Design Thinking
Process comprising of Concept Generation (Brain storming),
Concept Validation through Computer Aided Analysis and for
manufacturing feasibility study was done through supplier
interaction. Finally, the optimized concept was selected
through Pugh Chart Analysis. This paper provides a
systematic way to understand the Design Thinking Process in
detail with practical application and also shows how to
innovate existing components to reduce the total cost and lead
time. The design process explained in this paper can be
extrapolated to other similar sheet metal parts. This paper
evidences connecting more Design Tools in systematic way
will yield better results and also supports with alternate
concepts as backup for fail safe concept in project success.
Validation of these results strongly recommends use
advanced material like Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)
and Composites for structural members, which will reduce the
Chassis Component weight without compromising its
strength, hence; increases fuel efficiency and payload (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Value Innovation, Design Thinking
Process, RUPD, FUPD, Brain Storming, Digital Validation
of RUPD, Pugh Matrix, Ashby Chart Analysis, EC-R58-
3[1]Regulation
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 36
ADAS, A NEW CHALLENGE FOR HOMOLOGATION AND
PERIODICAL TESTING INSPECTION
Pauly, Cyrille and Teller, Stefan
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-069
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-069
Advanced driver assistant systems are safety relevant; so
they will affect testing and certification process more and more.
New requirements for homologation are under development in
different regions. Because of the safety relevance, it is necessary
to find a way of inspection during the lifetime of a vehicle. The
current process for PTI doesn't cover testing of ADAS, so
innovative approach is necessary. With increasing introduction of
ADAS-systems and automation of driving functions, the focus of
requirements for homologation and/or certification is on proper
function of sensors, activators and the hardware and software of
the systems. The conformity might be demonstrated by testing
and simulation, functional safety and cyber security of the
electronic systems have to be checked as well. On board systems
for checking of the functions will be obligatory in future and there
are different ideas how to use such OBD systems during lifetime.
Until now the check of electronic on board systems is only used in
PTI (periodical inspection) for emissions, an innovative approach
for ADAS is necessary either as a part of the 3rd-party PTI and/or
the frequent or continuous check of safety systems. The different
options will be presented. Several proposals of the different
stakeholders are in the loop now. Because of the safety relevance,
a 3rd-party system seems to be appropriate. But the current PTI-
process needs improvement regarding instrumentation and
qualification of the inspectors. Access to vehicle related
information about the electronic systems is mandatory and a
harmonization of interfaces is necessary as well. It is necessary to
implement such “life-time-approach” as soon as possible as an
integrated process, which starts with harmonized homologation
requirements and a proper follow up until the end-of-life of a
vehicle (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Periodical technical inspection,
homologation, advanced driver assistant systems,
automated driving
2019 E 37
ANEW CARBURIZING STEEL FOR COLD FORGING
WHICH CAN OMIT ANNEALING AND NORMALIZING
Imanami, Yuta et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-049
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-049
In order to develop a new carburizing steel material that
realizes an intermediate heat treatment free process in parts
manufacturing, the cold forge ability of the as-rolled steel and
suppression of abnormal grain growth of austenite were studied.
It was shown that adjustment of addition amount of Si, Mn and
Cr, suppression of dynamic strain aging during cold forging, and
an increase of ferrite fraction by controlled rolling contribute to
the reduction of load of cold forging. However, Nb precipitation
control by fully utilizing mill manufacturing processes was also
17 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
necessary for suppression of abnormal grain growth of
austenite. The as-rolled developed steel showed lower load of
cold forging than spheroidized SCM420. The reduction of load of
cold forging in the developed steel is due to the synergistic
effects of the optimized balance of Si, Mn and Cr, suppression of
dynamic strain aging by fixing N, and the increase in the ferrite
fraction by low-temperature controlled rolling. Rotating bending
fatigue strength is an indicator of resistance to breakage of
gears. The rotating bending fatigue strength of the developed
steel was excellent in comparison with that of SCM420. From
this, the developed steel can prevent breakage of gears.
According to the Si mapping by EPMA in the same figure, at the
surface of samples after carburizing, grain boundary oxidation
was suppressed in the developed steel in comparison with
SCM420. A new steel for carburizing was developed by
integrating these technologies, making it possible to eliminate
annealing before cold forging and normalizing before
carburizing simultaneously (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Steel Materials, Cold Forging, Carburizing,
Annealing, Normalizing
2019 E 38
ASSESSMENT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES AT HIGH
STRAIN RATE OF ADVANCED HIGH STRENGTH
STEEL'S WELDED JOINTS
Mulla, Suhail et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-041
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-041
In this era of light-weighting of vehicles, Advanced High Strength
Materials (AHSS) proved themselves very promising, as they are well
known for their crashworthiness properties along with higher strength.
The high strain rate properties of the AHSS materials have been
already found out by researchers. The mostly employed AHSS
materials at crash sensitive areas are found to be under Dual Phase
(DP) group, DP 800 and DP 1000 steels. However, in application
many materials are joined together with similar or dissimilar material,
mostly by spot welding and there is not much literature available on
behavior of welded AHSS material at crash situation. This study focus
on understanding of strain rate sensitivity of DP800-
DP1000material's resistance spot welded joints at high strain rates.
For this, the materials are welded by spot welding at optimized
parameters. After high strain testing of the welded samples, it was
found that the welded joints show less strength than homogeneous
materials but they do show strain rate sensitivity (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Material properties, high strain rate, high
strength steel's welded joints, Manufacturing & Materials
2019 E 39
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION IN FORGING PROCESS TO
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Kumbhar A.R. et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018,
Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-067
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-067
Forging is one of the manufacturing processes, which is
preferred to produce complex component due to its advantages.
New process development of forging component requires through
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
process knowledge and experience. Many a times trial-and-error
methods are used to arrive at optimum forging process and initial
billet dimensions. But with help of reliable computer simulation
tools, now it is possible to optimize the complete forging process
and billet dimensions without a single trial. This will have direct
and indirect saving of time and money with much more insight
about the process and possible forging defects in the same. This
paper deals with die design optimization of spring saddle used in
automotive industry. Existing forging process was simulated and
simulation results show under filling of component cavity with
larger amount of material wasted in flash. This results in increase
in the rejection of components. Existing forging process also
requires higher tonnage capacity which hampers life of existing
dies and forging equipment. Elimination of defects without
affecting the productivity was the main challenge. The changes
made in the forging process and its die design was simulated,
which results in elimination of defects. Iterative simulation also
helped to arrive at optimized billet size, resulting in saving of 5% of
input material which increased forging yield. Complete optimized
forging process requires almost 6 times lesser tonnage capacity
which has direct benefit on life of dies and forging equipment.
These changes in forging process and die design were
implemented in physical forging trials. They were found effective
in eliminating the defects, saving of input material and reduction in
forging load which results into direct or indirect cost benefit to the
industry in the form of reduced energy consumption. Thus
simulation approach helps to optimize the forging process,
improve productivity and reduce energy consumption (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Forging process, reduce energy
consumption, Manufacturing & Materials
2019 E 40
DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Shankar, Shantha and Venugopal, Shankar
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-058
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-058
Our objective is to identify the attributes of an idea energy
storage technology that will enable battery powered electrical
vehicle (EV) to become the sustainable mobility solution of the
future. The demanding performance parameters of the EV energy
storage device are analysed. The technology evolution of the
current batteries is studied by analysing the patents at three levels
–the subsystem – energy storage device, the system EV and the
super system that includes energy source, the charging
infrastructure, etc. The attributes of an ideal energy storage
device are defined using TRIZ systematic innovation
methodology. When the TRIZ tool - the Ideal Final Result (IFR) is
applied, we are able to simplify the analysis to three key
dimensions – useful functional features (Primary and Secondary),
harmful features (either from functional or sustainability
perspective) and cost. The simplicity of the IFR approach helps to
steer away from the complexities of various competing battery
technologies and remain focused on truly sustainable energy
storage technologies. The focus of the work is on those energy
storage technologies that will be desirable, feasible, scalable, and
viable and most importantly sustainable (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Electric vehicle (EV), lithium ion battery,
energy storage, TRIZ, design thinking, sustainability
18 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 41
EFFECT OF DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE ON
HARDNESS AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF AL 6061
ALLOYS
P.K. AjeetBabu et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-052
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-052
Aluminium forged products are used in industry for both
structural and non-load bearing applications. In case of structural
parts, hardness is an important parameter and in non-load
bearing application the surface roughness is important with
respect to aesthetics. In this paper, the effect of deformation
temperature on hardness and surface roughness is studied for AA
6061-T6 alloy. The samples are homogenized at 550°C for 8
hours and cylindrical billets are prepared which is forged at four
different temperatures i.e. 0°C, 25°C, 100°C, and 150°C. The
samples are cut in the centre and the hardness is measured along
the horizontal and vertical direction away from the geometrical
centre and also on the surface. Hardness variation at the top
surface of the sample is observed to be less. The hardness
measured on the inner surface plane is found to decrease, as we
move from the geometrical centre to the surface of the billet along
both horizontal and vertical direction. The surface roughness (Ra)
values are found to decrease with the increase in the forging
temperatures (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: aluminium, cold forging, warm forging,
hardness, surface roughness
2019 E 42
FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A PORTFOLIO OF
DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE
MOBILITY
Venugopal, Shankar and Shankar, Shantha
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-057
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-057
We provide a framework that would help the CTO to (a) assess
the disruptive power of new technologies at an early stage (b)
systematically track its evolution and (c) build a sustainable plan
for the company to respond to the disruption. We have applied our
framework to illustrate how the CTO of an automotive OEM can
build a portfolio of disruptive technologies in electric, autonomous
and connected vehicles to create sustainable mobility for the
future. We describe qualitative and quantitative tools and metrics
that would help the CTO to make investment decisions on new
disruptive technologies and communicate to the stakeholders
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Disruptive technologies, electric vehicle
(EV), sustainable mobility, CTO
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 43
HOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF 42CrMo4 STEEL
AND GRAIN SIZE CORRELATION WITH FORGING
PROCESS PARAMETER
P.K. Ajeet Babu et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-051
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-051
Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) is a
way to design products and its materials along with their
manufacturing process by linking material models at multiple
lengths and time scales. The phenomenological model gives
constitutive equations such that it defines the relationship
between process variables and the resulting output i.e.
microstructure and its properties. Forged components require
high strength and good ductility. So as to achieve best
combination of these properties, an appropriate grain size must
be produced which actually depends on thermo-mechanical
process used. In this paper a thermo mechanical simulation
experiments were conducted for 42CrMo4 material at 1223K,
1323K and 1423K with corresponding strain rates of 0.2, 2, 20 (s-
1). Based on the flow stress data, activation energy Q = 421.6
kJ/mole was calculated and further a mathematical relation was
developed between grain size evolved and process parameters
such as strain, strain rate and temperature during hot forging. The
thermo mechanical physical simulation process was optimized by
applying ICME principle by studying the entire deformation
behaviour of material and the various metallurgical variables
affecting the features of microstructure during deformation
process (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Forging Process, Thermo Mechanical
Simulation, Steel, Flow Stress, Zener Holloman Parameter
2019 E 44
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) TO IMPROVE THE
PRODUCT ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Rahul Lalwani et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018,
Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-042
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-042
From historic data analysis it was found that light duty
vehicles alone contributes up to 10% of the global CO2
emission. Current Type approval emissions tests (BS III, BS IV)
covers only the tailpipe emissions, however the Emissions
produced in other upstream and downstream processes (Eg
Raw material Sourcing, Manufacturing, Usage, Recycle
Phases) are not considered in the evaluation. Eventually the
overall emissions produced in different phases of product
lifecycle of vehicle remains unexplored. To measure overall
impact, a cradle to grave approach was used to assess entire
life cycle impact throughout various stages. Life-cycle
assessment (LCA), is a technique to assess environmental
impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from
raw material extraction through materials processing,
manufacture, distribution, use, repair & maintenance, disposal
or recycling. LCAs can help avoid environmental concerns by
having overall perspective on emissions in different phases. In
19 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
our exercise a detailed study using life cycle assessment tool
was conducted to measure the environmental impacts during
various stages. This technique evaluates impact of all the
stages in manufacturing a vehicle till vehicle reached its end of
life. This analysis helps conduct environmental cost benefit
analysis and comparison between various choices for given
product and processes. A study was conducted on Bolero Maxi
Truck for life cycle assessment. In total analysis it was found
that the material composition share are; Metal (84.92%) is the
major constituent material for BMT, followed by Plastics (8.18
%), Glass (1.06%), and the rest (5.83%).This study gave a
comparative analysis of various material choices & processes
available to make same components and assemblies.
maximum impacts occur during the use phase followed by raw
material and part manufacturing phase and Manufacturing
phase. This study gave exact values of various environmental
impact like global warming potential, water consumption or
acidification potential etc. with only soft data without making
actual parts or vehicles. During the use phase, tail pipe
emissions majorly contribute to acidification potential (50.9%),
Eutrophication potential (80.68%), Global warming potential
(85.17%), and photochemical ozone creation potential
(57.79%). However during ELV disposal phase due to material
recovery it shows credits of acidification potential (-0.98%),
Eutrophication potential (- 0.71%), Global warming potential (-
0.71%), and photochemical ozone creation potential (- 0.75%)
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Life cycle assessment; Greenhouse
gases; advanced high strength steel; Environmental
impact, Co2, Emissions, ELV disposal
2019 E 45
MANAGING DISRUPTIVE INNOVATIONS – BEST-
PRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE AUTOMOTIVE
COMPANY OF THE FUTURE
Sayantan Mukherjee and Shankar Venugopal
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-093
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-093
The automotive industry is poised to experience the
biggest disruption in recent times as megatrends of
autonomous vehicles, electric vehicles, connected vehicles
and shared economy are shaping sustainable mobility for the
future. To manage the disruption well, the automotive OEMs
will have to respond to the disruption by radically changing
their current approach to product planning, styling, product
designing, product development, sourcing, manufacturing,
distribution, customer service etc. Automotive OEMs should
strategize their response by figuring out what are those things
that are still relevant in the new scenario and needs to be
continued, what new things to learn and (most importantly)
what they should selectively forget or unlearn to adapt to the
change (Vijay Govindarajan's three box framework).The
paper recommends certain best practices ideal for an
automotive company to effectively manage disruptive
innovations and become sustainable in the future (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Disruptive technologies, sustainability,
automotive, innovation management, electric vehicle,
autonomous vehicle, connected vehicle, asset sharing
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 46
MITIGATE THE RISK OF FAILURES ON AUTOMOTIVE
ELECTRONIC DEVICES DUE TO HUMIDITY
Jauhri, Abhinav
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-039
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-039
Humidity represents the amount of water vapour in the
atmosphere. Presence of Humidity allows moisture to settle down
which slowly can penetrate the Electronic component's housing and
can enter into PCBA. This causes an internal condensation that may
lead to electrical sneak paths as well as functional and material
degradation. As a result, the functional behavior of electronic
components is degraded further reducing the life of component. The
objective of the paper is to optimize the ramp rate in Composite
Temperature/ Humidity Cyclic test procedure. Issues associated with
Humidity can be prevented during validation by adjusting the ramp
rate of test profile so as to mitigate the risk of water condensation on
the Electronic PCBs. This can be varied based on the Component's
mass/ size. This paper is intended to address the root cause of
common Humidity related issues on Electronic Component's PCBAs,
factors leading to that and recommendation for preventing Humidity
related failures in Electronic PCBAs. The current study is limited to
only Composite Temperature/ Humidity Cyclic test procedure. Major
focus is to verify the different ramp rates for various types of
components in Lab and provide an optimal ramp rate to avoid
formation of water droplets on PCB. Experiment results shows and
proves that the optimized Ramp Rate = 2.5 Hrs. is the best for
mitigating the risk of Humidity related issues during validation in
Electronic components (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Humidity; Ramp Rate; Moisture;
Condensation; Dendritic Growth.
2019 E 47
NEW APPROACH IN PROTO BIW ASSEMBLY USING 3D
PRINTED HAND FIXTURES
Gounder, Kannan et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-062
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-062
Fixtures are production tools that are used to
accurately locate and clamp automotive BIW (Body in White)
components together, with respect to the vehicle origin for
assembly. In automotive product development, prototype bodies
are built on a compressed fixture line with the intent of validating
the product design. Reconfigurable modular fixtures are used for
limited quantity BIW production. The prototype weld fixtures are
typically manufactured with mild steel or cast iron. The use of
metal fixtures results in a heavy apparatus with a long
development lead time, and an inherent shape limitation arising
from conventional manufacturing processes. This paper explains
the construction and use of 3D printed portable hand fixtures
developed using FDM technology, to assist in Proto BIW
development. The shorter lead time, lower weight and ease in
development of complex shapes are leveraged to overcome the
limitations of conventional manufacturing processes. The use of
functional features, rather than the datum features of the smaller
sheet metal BIW components, reduces the effect of
manufacturing variations on the final geometry of the BIW
assembly. The light weight of the weld fixtures reduces fatigue of
20 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
operation, and the portability results in an effective use of facility
floor space (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: 3D Printing, FDM, Rapid Prototyping, Hand
Fixtures, Proto Body Assembly.
2019 E 48
PREDICTION OF HEADLAMP IMPACT BEHAVIOR WITH
MAT_SAMP MATERIAL MODEL
Radhakrishnan, Jayaraj et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-042
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-042
Commercial headlamp outer lens is made of polycarbonate
material which is inexpensive, provide necessary optical and
mechanical properties and is chemically stable. During head form
impacts, the headlamp lens is observed to fracture in a near-brittle
manner unlike the parent polycarbonate (PC) which is known to
exhibit significant ductility. The headlamp housing on the other
hand is injection molded using talc-filled polypropylene-
polyethylene copolymer (PP) which has different failure
properties. Capturing deformation and fracture behavior
accurately in CAE is a prime requirement to give accurate
engineering solutions to the designer. Although the traditional
MAT024 model is a robust and computationally efficient, it
assumes Von Mises yield criteria which is an incomplete way of
representing pressure sensitive materials like polycarbonate and
polypropylene. In the present work, LS DYNA advanced material
MAT_SAMP is defined by characterizing the chosen materials in
tension, compression and shear using standard methods at
different strain rates. A realistic yield surface for the polymers is
generated and incorporated in the material model to represent the
headlamp components facing complex stress states. Validation of
the CAE model is done comparing the CAE results with those from
test and good correlation is reported. A test rig is designed which
has the flexibility to simulate different boundary conditions for
headlamps belonging to different vehicle programs (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Headlamp lens; Headlamp housing;
Polycarbonate; Polypropylene copolymer; MAT_SAMP
2019 E 49
RESEARCH WORK ON STUDY OF PLUNGING DOWN
TIME ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF AA6061
D. Muruganandam et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-054
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-054
The up going trend of research on joining of dissimilar alloys
have grown the interest on the study and analysis of Friction Stir
welding. Joining of different steel groups and Aluminium has been
on the research interest on the previous decade. Recent
innovative research and development areas is on with
Magnesium alloy groups. The Aluminium alloys and Magnesium
alloys are investigated for the weld strength with respect to the
change of welding parameters including tool geometry, the tool
transverse speed, and the tool angular velocity. In this paper,
plunging down time is considered as novelty parameter along with
usual rotational speed and axial load parameters for the analysis
of weld strength based on heat generation. The plunging down
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
time is accurately measured using the coded PLC program
enabled LED sensors. The effect on tensile strength and variation
of micro hardness due to the variation in Plunging down Time
(PDT) were studied. The Plunge downtime found to be one of the
important weld parameter need to consider as per the results of
tensile strength and micro hardness (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: PLC program, LED, Plunge down Time,
FSW
2019 E 50
STUDY OF PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION
METHODOLOGY FOR NEW RUBBER MATERIAL
MODEL
Konishi, Yusuke et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-MFM-073
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-MFM-073
Performance prediction using computer aided engineering
(CAE) is essential for reducing weight and testing costs. For this
purpose, the simulation of transient phenomena such as
suspension and engine vibration, which requires the accurate
representation of the dynamic characteristics of rubber parts, is
important. Phan et al. [1] developed an improved rubber material
model based on the model proposed by Simo, which is capable of
simulating dynamic behavior. This paper examines a parameter
identification methodology that provides high accuracy for
transient simulation (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: rubber, material model, nonlinear
viscoelasticity, finite element analysis, parameter
identification
2019 E 51
SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY SOLUTIONS THROUGH
MULTIDICIPLINARY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION (MDO)
USING DATA ANALYTICS
Gunti Srinivas et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-90
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-90
The challenge for large-scale implementation of
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) algorithms in solving
real-world automotive structural design problems is the time
associated in running huge Finite Element Models that involve
solving highly non-linear phenomenon (such as crash) involving
large number of design variables and multiple performance
constraints pertaining to various domains (NVH, Durability and
Crash). With the availability of powerful Computer Aided
Engineering (CAE) tools, it has become possible to generate the
data of performance responses for a huge number of design
points considering all the design variables that exist in a real-world
design problem. Traditional Response Surface Method based
approaches fail to handle such huge data and therefore, it is
important to explore the Machine Learning based approaches that
can easily handle huge and complex real-world data. The present
work focusses on developing a methodology for light weighting of
an automotive structure using machine learning based, MDO. In
this study, the objective is to minimize the mass of the front end
21 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
structural components, of a passenger car that are likely to effect
the vehicle crashworthiness and NVH performances. Size
optimization is performed by considering the gages of various
components as the design variables and front-end intrusions
during an IIHS offset impact test simulation and the modal
frequency of a critical structural member as the constraint
variables. Two different methods, namely, neural network based
and the random forest based machine learning algorithms were
used to develop predictive models for use in design optimization.
It is shown that the data mining based optimization methods are
substantially more efficient and applicable in solving the real-
world vehicle design problems that contain many design
variables. A considerable weight saving of nearly 25 % with
respect to baseline design is obtained in the present study
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Sustainable mobility, multidiciplinary
design optimization (MDO), data analytics, Manufacturing &
Materials
2019 E 52
WEATHERDATA MAPPING TO ENRICH NATURALISTIC
DRIVING DATA AND ENHANCE ENERGETIC
SIMULATION
Jens-Olav Jerratsch et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-STN-053
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-STN-053
For advanced simulation of electric vehicle total energy
consumption, various parameters need consideration. For
simulation of real driving patterns, secondary data mapping by
time and location can help to reduce measurement efforts and
enrich existing data or enable advanced prediction of energetic
consumption. The methodology presented for ambient
temperature mapping yields a mean difference of only 1.5°C when
compared to sensor acquired on board data. Using TUB-FVB's
total vehicle energy simulation for a small commercial electric
vehicle then leads to a mean deviation in consumption of only
0.2kWh/h or 2.5%, respectively (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Naturalistic driving observation, data
logging economy, secondary weather data, energetic EV-
simulation
NOISE & VIBRATION
2019 E 53
A STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCESS FOR REDUCING
STRUCTUREBORNE SOUND USING VARIATION OF
VIBRATION INPUT POWER
Kuroda and Katsuhiko
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-072
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-072
The authors developed the structural design process on the
basis of experimental SEA for reducing structure-borne sound.
However, it was difficult to predict the sound pressure accurately
in order not to predict the variation of vibration input power by
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
structural modification. There are four steps in the process, at the
third steps, the process identifies the internal loss factors (ILFs) or
the coupling loss factors (CLFs) which should be changed to
reduce the noise radiated from the machinery using sensitivity
analysis to the squared sound pressure at the evaluation point.
The sensitivity analysis is based on the perturbation method, the
squared sound pressure or the vibration energy are evaluated
regarding the variation of respective loss factors and input power.
For three SEA models are used with and without predicted the
vibration input power by structural modification, parameter study
are implemented by analytical SEA.As a result, it can be seen that
sound energy results for a flat plate SEA model with using the
predicted vibration input power for structural modification by a
damping material is shown to work quantitatively well by
numerical analysis. The same phenomenon for L shaped plate by
the experimental test and partial car model by numerical analysis
with structural modification by thickness change was also
confirmed (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Statistical Energy Analysis, Method of
Vibration Analysis, Modeling, Identification, Finite Element
Method
2019 E 54
A STUDY OF SQUEAL NOISE IN TWO WHEELERS
Vadakkel George et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-110
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-110
Squeal noise from brakes is very annoying and it is perceived
by customers as sign of poor product quality. The research work
presented in this paper attempts to understand the squeal
generation mechanism in light of the mode coupling
phenomenon. Initially conditions required to recreate squeal
noise in drum and disk brakes were identified. The squeal noise
was then recorded on road and in lab using data acquisition
equipment and chassis dynamometer. Further, tests were done to
identify the natural frequencies and mode shape of individual
components. Tests have been designed to understand the effect,
structural stiffness of brake components have, in generation of
squeal noise. The study reveals some interesting insights, test
carried out on drum brakes have helped us to understand the
source of noise radiation and the required corrective action. The
squeal noise from the drum brake were lower frequency squeal
below 3k Hz. Whereas squeal noise from disk brakes were at
much higher frequency i.e. above 10k Hz usually categorized as
high frequency squeal. Changing the pad stiffness has shown
certain squeal noise frequencies to shift and some others
frequency to more or less vanish. One other important aspect in
the squeal generation phenomenon namely the frictional
interaction between the sliding surfaces was not studied as a part
of these tests. Tests were done in lab conditions on new brakes
and effects of amount of wear or the wear pattern were ignored for
the study. The study was done on full vehicle and hence is much
closer to the actual conditions that lead to the generation of squeal
noise from brakes. The outcome from the tests agrees to some
extend with the mode coupling theory and provide a first level
proof for the same at a vehicle level (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Brake squeal, Mode coupling, Drum Brakes,
Disk Brakes, Experimental techniques
22 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 55
A STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF DOOR GLASS
RATTLING
Nam, Yong Hyun et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-091
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-091
The sound induced by a closing door is determined by the
various components like door latch, door module, door glass
installed within the door area. In particular, when the door is
closed with the door glass down, the vibration and noise of the
door glass are louder than those of any other component; this is
called door glass rattle - attributed to the loss of the door glass
support point. This study not only evaluates the rattle influence
level of a door glass support but also introduces an approach to
predict rattle by using simple model test of glass run (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Glass rattling, door glass, vibration
absorption, prediction rattling, rattling test
2019 E 56
ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOUND
PACKAGE IN A VEHICLE BY PBNR MEASUREMENTS
USING DODECAHEDRAL SOUND SOURCE
Anerao, Nitesh et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-113
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-113
In recent years, customer has become very sensitive to noise
levels in vehicle. Hence maintaining good acoustic ambience in
vehicle cabin has become essential. Power Based Noise Reduction
(PBNR) is one such effective tool that evaluates the acoustic
performance of sound package in a vehicle and helps in improving the
passenger comfort level. PBNR measurements using Dodecahedral
Sound Source (DDS) requires very less time and efforts as compared
to the traditional measurements done using Volume Velocity Source
(VVS). The source strength evaluation with DDS using a particle
velocity sensor seems to be more precise because energy levels
measured using VVS altered with respective direction (±X, ±Y, ±Z)
thus arising a question on computed source strength. The main
objective of this study is to assess acoustic performance of a vehicle
in mid-high frequency range (200 – 6300 Hz) for ensuring passenger
comfort in cabin using dodecahedral sound source. This document
shows a methodology to predict PBNR with respect to frequency
using the dodecahedral sound source. PBNR measurements at
identified cabin seating ear locations with respect to different source
paths (engine, tire etc.) are carried out. A good correlation with 3-5%
variation on an average is observed on comparison with the traditional
VVS based PBNR calculation. It is concluded that PBNR
measurements done using this methodology tend to closely match
with the results of VVS. PBNR method which a static evaluation tool
produced consistent results with less than 3% deviation as compared
to traditional vehicle level dynamic testing approach which has higher
fluctuations. This methodology optimizes the traditional experimental
procedure by reducing time and efforts thus improving overall
efficiency (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: PBNR testing, transfer function, acoustic
reciprocity, acoustic materials, particle velocity, and source
strength.
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 57
ACTIVE CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURAL
VIBRATION THROUGH SMART MATERIALS
Setia, Shivam et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-098
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-098
This paper deals with technologies to control vibration.
Vibration control through feedback control and Vibration control
through shunt damping technology using Piezo-electric devices is
discussed in this paper. The goal is to suppress the unwanted
vibrations of structures. In case of first technology, a smart
structure would be able to sense the vibration and generate a
controlled actuation to it. A feedback controller sends the
correction information to the smart actuator so as to minimize the
vibration. The second technology utilizes an external circuit (shunt
damping technology) across the terminals of smart structure
based transducers to implement control mechanism. To develop
an understanding, prove the concept and design a generic
methodology, the control work is carried out on automotive
analogous structures such as a cantilever beam and tuning fork.
These structures are bonded with Lead ZirconateTitanate (PZT)
patches as piezoelectric sensor and actuator for minimizing
vibrations (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Smart Structures, Modal Analysis, Active
measures, System Modelling, Control Strategy.
2019 E 58
AN INVESTIGATION OF A SUPPRESSION METHOD OF
THE BODY VIBRATION IN AN ENGINE START-STOP
SITUATION-A PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
OF THE BODY VIBRATION RELEVANT TO A
POWERTRAIN VIBRATION
Ogata, Kenichiro et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-275
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-275
In recent years, fuel economy regulations for automobiles
have been strengthened. Engine stop technology (idling stop /
electric power run) is an effective method for improving vehicle
fuel economy. Engine stop technology reduces the fuel
consumption of the internal combustion engine, but restarting
the internal combustion engine causes body vibration. This
body behaviour contributes to a feeling of discomfort for
passengers. Therefore, the formulation of a prediction
technology that includes both the powertrain and the body is
required in order to clarify a method of suppressing body
vibration. In this study, authors focused on body vibration at
engine restart generated by the transfer of engine vibration to
the body. The authors used an engine control simulator, a
combustion simulator, an engine vibration generation
simulator and a body vibration simulator. These simulation
tools were chosen through an investigation of prediction
methods for in-cylinder pressure fluctuation in chamber,
transmission and motor vibrations. The engine controller was
made by MATLAB/Simulink. GT-SUITE was used as the
chamber simulator. Thus, combustion simulator was original
23 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
model included several mount model. In addition, Carmaker
was used as the body vibration simulator. Finally, the authors
created a prediction technology that worked cooperatively in
the above-mentioned simulators. The prediction technology
produced the correct results for an experiment inspection
result (in-cylinder pressure, engine block acceleration, engine
mount acceleration and seat vibration). Therefore, this
prediction technology realized the prediction of body vibration
during engine stop/restart, and enabled the optimal design for
engine control, combustion and mounts. In this study, we
focused on a vibration of relatively low frequency. The
prediction of high frequency body vibrations may require more
detailed modelling. In addition, vehicle specifications are not
decided just by vibration requirements. Therefore, this
prediction technology should be extended to a prediction
method for trade-off performance (i.e. fuel consumption,
emissions, vehicle dynamics and thermal management). The
formulation of a prediction technology including both the
powertrain and the body is a new approach as a prediction
method for body vibration. In addition, this prediction
technology has the possibility to extend to application as a
predictor of vehicle performance. The formulation of a
prediction technology that included both the powertrain and
the body was performed. This technology combined an engine
control model, a combustion model and a mount model to
suppress body vibration (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: vibration, noise, ride comfort;
powertrain oscillation; Model-Based Design
2019 E 59
EFFECTIVE CORRELATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF
NOISE CONTROL TREATMENT ON AN OUTER DASH
PANEL USING EXPERIMENTAL AND VIRTUAL
MODELING
Varghese, Alex and Palled, Satish
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-084
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-084
In today's world, the automobile companies are mainly
focusing on the three governing factors, a) performance b)
weight and c) cost. A lot of work has been done on predicting
the noise path through effective noise testing and evaluations
and further optimization of material coverage to meet the
desired expectation of overall performance requirement. This
paper outlines a unique method to correlate and optimize the
coverage of the NCT around the outer dash panel area using
experimental modal testing inside reverberation chamber and
virtual modelling module (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Optimization, Sound intensity mapping,
Correlation, STL measurement inside reverberation
chamber, SEA virtual simulation
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 60
ENGINE SOUND POWER CALCULATIONS AND
CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SURFACE TO DRIVER EAR:
SOUND PARTICLE VELOCITY APPROACH
Kumar, Tulesh et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-087
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-087
Vehicle in-cabin ambience quality depends on many parameters
such as aesthetics and ergonomics. Ergonomics related to cabin
acoustics is discussed here. Quieter the car's engine more pleasant
the cabin ambience will be. Vibration is the cause and sound is the
effect as per cause/effect analogy. Engine's surface vibration causes
the sound to radiate in the cabin. At an early stage of a program,
knowing engine's sound radiation behavior proves beneficial in
optimizing the source (engine) and saving sound package materials.
In this document, a method for calculating engine's airborne sound
power has been elaborated. A new concept for computing engine
sound power using radiation impedance and surface velocity is
devised. The computed sound power along with Power Based Noise
Reduction (PBNR) transfer function is used to predict the cabin Sound
Pressure Level (SPL). Accordingly, future target levels can be set for
source (LW), transfer path (PBNR) and receiver (LP) respectively.
Engine's response in different driving conditions is also studied in
detail and it is concluded that for airborne noise reduction at
frequencies>200 Hz, working at low idle is enough and it will be
reflected in other driving conditions automatically (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Sound power; Sound particle velocity;
Radiation impedance; PBNR testing; Transfer Function
2019 E 61
LOW IDLE TACTILE VIBRATION SIMULATION FOR
TRACTORS
Vijay Raghava et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-109
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-109
The purpose of this paper is to establish a method for
predicting the idle vibration of tractor steering, fender and floor
systems in the engine-idling condition by using forced response
analysis. At first phase, an analytical FE model of tractor is
constructed. An MBD model of complete engine with piston,
crankshaft, connecting rod and main journal bearing has been
created using the commercially available multi body dynamics
tool with the following inputs like inertia, no. of cylinders and
geometric data, etc. By using the combustion parameters –
pressure vs crank angle curve corresponding to the Idle Excitation
measured on the test bed as an input for the MBD model and the
output forces are obtained at the main journal bearing locations,
cylinder-head, piston TDC and BDC. These derived forces from
MBD used as an input for the full vehicle finite element model,
forced response analysis has been executed using the
commercially available NVH computational code to predict the
vibratory amplitudes on the steering, fender and floor
corresponding to the idle excitation. Furthermore, this model is
employed as a tool for identifying top contributing paths to the
vibration levels at human contact points through transfer path
24 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
analysis. Identified paths are optimized for attenuation of the
vibration levels. Good agreements are found between the
analytical and experimental data (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Tractor, Fender, Idle, Virtual validation,
Vibration
2019 E 62
METHODOLOGY FOR FRONTLOADING SIMULATION
OF \CLUTCH PARAMETERS FOR NVH CHAACTERISTIC
OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVELINE
Soundatte, Nitin et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-093
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-093
The world is moving towards refined vehicle systems,
and it has become an important aspect of a customer's
choice. A refined driveline plays a major role in reducing
noise and vibration and improving the overall vehicle
refinement. For commercial vehicles, tackling driveline
induced noise and vibration is complex and requires a
proper strategy as cost and durability play an important
role. In a heavy-duty vehicle engine, high torque at lower
RPM is required to give correct traction at the wheel end. To
meet engine power and torque characteristics in
commercial vehicle, most of the manufacturers opt for a
diesel engine which by its very nature, carries a drawback
of high fluctuation. Diesel engine coupled with a manual
transmission and multiple-joint propeller shaft results in a
resonance and lead to high in-cab noise and tactile
vibration in the low-frequency region. Flywheel inertia,
clutch stiffness and hysteresis, side-shaft stiffness and
inertia, propeller shaft inertia and U-joint angle are the basic
parameters that are needed to be tuned to reduce in-cab
noise and tactile vibration. Clutch stiffness and hysteresis
are commercially controlled factors. They can be iterated
without affecting the overall cost of the vehicle. Simulation
plays a key role in reducing the overall cost associated with
tuning of these parameters. With proper simulation
techniques like 1D or MBD, we can find an optimized
solution for the product and can bring the in-cab noise and
tactile vibration within target limits. In this paper,
methodology for frontloading the simulation of clutch
parameters viz. inertia, stiffness and hysteresis using
multibody dynamic simulation has been discussed and
optimization for the given driveline is suggested. Effect of
simulation is also validated by test-based measurement
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Clutch, Driveline, Multi body
simulation, Torsional fluctuation, Commercial Vehicle
Driveline
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 63
NVH OPTIMIZATION STUDY IN BELT TYPE R-EPS
SYSTEM
Jang, SeokHwan et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-078
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-078
Belt type R-EPS system uses an electric motor to assist the
driver of a vehicle and it typically uses belt and pulley assembly for
assist-torque amplification. Operating noise and vibration of this
system, transferred through surrounding structures and air, can
be noticed by driver. The objective of this study is to improve
structure NVH level of Belt R-EPS system for making driver to feel
more comfort and quiet while driving. Operation noise and
vibration of Belt type R-EPS system is classified into internal and
external factors. Internal noise and vibration is generated by
mechanical components of R-EPS system. External noise and
vibration is mainly enhanced by resonance between R-EPS
system and sub-frame of vehicle. In order to reduce resonance
causing noise and vibration, total NVH mechanism was created
about Internal and external noise. NVH analysis procedure
(especially related R-EPS system and sub-frame of vehicle) also
was established based on NVH-mechanism. The study suggests
total optimal design-parameters for reducing NVH of R-EPS
system. NVH optimization of the system is proceeded to achieve
natural frequency separation of sub-frame, motor and housing to
avoid resonance. The procedure of Optimization analysis test is
→ stress and FRF analysis of structural
following: proto-design
components→ restudy and complementation → verification. As a
result, total system NVH level is improved by more than 3dB
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Belt R-EPS, NVH-mechanism, Structure-
noise, Resonance, Transfer path
2019 E 64
OBJECTIVE EARLY FAILURE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR
ENGINE TEST BENCH
Roche, Marina et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-080
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-080
New technologies and calibration to lower engine emissions
affect the vibration profile and may lead to premature damage.
Therefore, this effect is a key factor to be evaluated during
calibration and durability testing to ensure system reliability.
Vibration profile monitoring during durability testing allows
anomalous behavior to be detected before critical breakage is
caused to the test sample, permitting thus an analysis of the root
causes of the failures in order to implement countermeasures.
The challenge is to develop a method that is able to objectively
determine the acceptance criteria with no need for subjective
human determination. In this study, a six cylinder diesel engine
was used as a test device for the definition of metrics and objective
damage acceptance thresholds during calibration and durability.
First the engine was tested under normal conditions and then
25 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
abnormal conditions were induced. Test results allowed the
development of different learning algorithms, damage metrics
and damage acceptance thresholds based on artificial
intelligence, statistical analysis and signal energy analysis. The
suitability of each proposed method is analysed in terms of
detection capability, avoidance of false detections and
objectiveness of the criteria (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Engine; neural network; durability;
failure; vibration
2019 E 65
SHEET RADIATION NOISE ANALYSIS AND
OPTIMIZATION BASED ON MODAL SHAPE
SUPERPOSITION
Fang, Liao et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-NVB-079
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-NVB-079
Traditional vibration and noise assessment criterion of
vehicle body concerns mainly about modal, dynamic stiffness
and transfer functions. The modal only indicates vehicle body's
inherent frequency characteristics. The dynamic stiffness
indicates the vibration isolation ability of the attached points. The
vibration and noise transfer functions only refers to the vibration
and noise transfer path when the vehicle body is excited.
Therefore, all these indices do not reflect the radiation noise
performance of vehicle body. But the radiation noise in vehicle is a
long-standing problem, and it interferes with vehicle quality
seriously. In order to solve this problem, a method of sheet
radiation stiffness based on modal shape superposition was
proposed. In this method, firstly, the normal directions of
elements were obtained by a program based on GWAK
language. The normal directions of the nodes were obtained by
averaging of all the elements normal directions connecting to the
node. Secondly, modal shapes of the nodes were superposed by
DMAP language codes. Then, the superposed modal shape was
projected to the node normal direction. Finally, the reciprocal of
the superposed modal displacement in the node normal direction
was obtained, which indicates the radiation stiffness of millions of
nodes in vehicle body. Test of the sheet radiation stiffness was
established simultaneously to measure the sheet radiation
stiffness. The sheet radiation stiffness results of the test were in
accordance with that of the sheet radiation stiffness based on
modal shape superposition, which verified the accuracy of the
method of the sheet radiation stiffness analysis based on modal
shape superposition. This method was used to solve a booming
noise problem of a car, and the test results indicates that the
booming noise decreased by 5 dBA at most after the optimization
by this method. It will be advantageous to design the structure of
vehicle body by the sheet radiation stiffness analysis based on
modal shape superposition. The radiation stiffness performance
of all the points on vehicle body can be obtained quickly and
conveniently without high configuration hardware and time cost.
The sheet radiation noise performance can be quantified through
this new method. The sheet radiation stiffness can solve the
problem that the stiffness performance of all nodes in the vehicle
body cannot be obtained in the test and virtual analysis methods
before and improves the vehicle's comfort and promotes the
performance of noise and vibration significantly (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: radiation noise, panel radiation stiffness,
modal shape superposition, radiation noise optimization
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
Powertrain & Engineering
2019 E 66
ADVANCED LIGHT FRACTION FUEL FORMULATION AS
A DROPIN REPLACEMENT FOR DIESEL IN PRE-DPF
EURO II TYPE ENGINES
Manente, Vittorio et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-120
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-120
The use of light fraction or gasoline-range fuels in
compression ignition engines has shown the potential to
simultaneously decrease criteria pollutants and global carbon
emissions. The current study examines the possibility of blending
such fuels into commercial diesel as a drop-in replacement in
compression ignition engines as a means of improving particulate
emissions on pre-DPF equipped vehicles. Three fuel formulations
were created with the first aimed at minimizing the content of
polyaromatic hydrocarbons while maximizing the H/C ratio and
Lower Heating Value (LHV) in an effort to lower particulate and
CO2emissions. The second variant targeted a minimum viscosity
of 1 CST as a means to address possible fuel viscosity related
durability concerns for the fuel injection system. Finally, the third
variant was a 50-50 vol% blend of the first and second fuels. A
similar cetane number as that found in market available European
diesel fuel was targeted for all three fuels. Once the fuels had been
prepared, they were tested in a Euro V Volvo MD11 engine
recalibrated to reproduce the same NOx-PM trade-off of its Euro II
variant. The engine was recalibrated in order to understand the
impact of the new fuel formulations on particulate emissions from
legacy engines. Euro II homologated engines are present
primarily in emerging economies and a drop-in fuel capable of
lowering particulate emissions has the potential to improve air
quality in these countries without changing the engine calibration.
For this reason, the reference diesel fuel was chosen to be
representative of the Indian market. The study showed that
running these fuels without changing the engine calibration
resulted in a decrease in NOx and an increase in PM with no
significant variation in engine efficiency. This was due to a change
in fuel injection timing that appeared to be caused by the different
physical properties of the fuels and their related impact on the
hydraulic behavior of the unit injector fuel injection system. When
the calibration was adjusted to advance injection timing to
compensate for the hydraulic behavior, the three fuels showed
much lower PM emissions and CO2with similar NOx emissions
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Light-end fuels, gasoline-like fuels, drop-in
fuel formulation, compression ignition engines, criteria
pollutant reduction, CO2 reduction
26 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 67
ADVANCED THREE WAY CATALYST BASED ON
IMPROVED PRECIOUS METALS LOADING METHOD
AND THERMALLY DURABLE ZEOLITE-TYPE
HYDROCARBON TRAP
Kodiyath, Rajesh et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-113
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-113
Low temperature activity is prerequisite for catalytic
converters as most of the emissions occur just after starting the
engine (cold emissions).One of the efficient ways to improve
cold emission, especially hydrocarbons (HC) is to apply close
coupled layout. The thermal stability of the catalyst is a concern
for close coupled layout, in particular, thermal stability of PGM
and functional materials such as Ce-Zr oxide, Al2O3 and HC
adsorbent zeolite materials. This is one of the reasons why
zeolites are not considered for closed coupled application. In
order to realize application of close coupled layout for catalyst
with high performance towards cold HC, the thermal stability of
PGM and functional materials especially zeolite materials need
to be improved significantly. We have developed a new loading
method for Pd that is found to be effective in suppressing
sintering of Pd during high temperature aging. With new
loading method, the Pd dispersion after aging is higher than
that obtained with conventional method. The three way catalyst
(TWC) made by applying new loading method shows higher
performance than conventional TWC. We have also utilized
chemically modified β-zeolite (BEA) with Zrand P (Zr/P-BEA)
as HC adsorbent which shows higher hydrothermal stability
against hydrothermal aging at 1000 ºC. The Zr/P-BEA retains
80% of its initial SSA after aging while the unmodified BEA
loses its SSA drastically during the aging. Vehicle evaluation
with close coupled layout confirmed that, TWC prepared by
new Pd loading method and including Zr/P-BEA (TWC + Zr/P-
BEA), shows 15% lower value for cold HC emission than that of
TWC. The strategies presented in this study can be utilized
effectively for developing highly stable catalysts for close
coupled layout for upcoming emission regulations such as BS6
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Automotive after treatment,
Hydrocarbon emission, loading method of precious
metals, Hydrocarbon trap, Zeolite
2019 E 68
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WATERINJECTION IN
EFFECT IN TURBO GDI ENGINE
Kim, Youngjae et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-112
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-112
Currently, downsizing concept in combination with turbo-
GDI engines is used to reduce CO2 and improve fuel efficiency.
They have made significant contribution in maximizing the
potential of gasoline engine. However, there is still limitation of
engine efficiency when operating in the full-load range due to
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
component protection and knock. In this study, water injection
system is proposed to improve fuel efficiency. Water injection is
already a well-known technology that has been used in motor
sports and aviation industry. Water is more effective compared
to gasoline when it comes to absorbing heat energy with a latent
heat of vaporization. By absorbing more heat energy, the in
cylinder temperature is reduced and ignition timing can be
advanced to get increased power. This study experimentally
investigated how a water injection system can be a solution to
reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Water injection rate, BSFC (Brake specific
Fuel consumption), Spray angle
2019 E 69
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF NEW 10-SPEED AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION
Masafumi Yasuda
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-104
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-104
A calculation model which enables us to evaluate both
performance as a system and behavior of each component
(contact and stress condition, misalignment etc.) is required,
especially, in case of mechanical system with a large number of
components like Honda's new 10-speed automatic transmission
(AT). So, we developed a full-assembly behavior analysis model
of 10-speed AT based on dynamic explicit finite element method
with applying simulation technology of component which was built
before. In order to verify accuracy of the simulation model, static
and dynamic torsion tests were carried out, and we compared the
simulation results to the test results. In comparison, the simulation
results were correlated highly with the static and dynamic test
results. As the result, we confirmed that this analysis model has
sufficient calculation accuracy. We also obtained a prospect of
applying this technology to design considerations and problem
solving in development (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Behavior analysis; Dynamic explicit finite
element method; Multiple-speed AT; Full-assembly behavior
analysis model; Transfer efficiency
2019 E 70
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CYLINDER HEAD
INLET PORTS FOR A FAMILY OF ENGINES WITH
COMMON WATER JACKET CORE
Jain, Ashish et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-117
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-117
Diesel engines provide a good trade-off between customer
requirements of high power, torque, quick response, fuel
consumption and pollutant emissions; since they are optimized for
this, hence further improvements becomes a hard task. Indian
automotive market is govern by cost and when we are talking
about off road application diesel engine, then this cost also govern
by fuel economy and oil consumption. To makeup this cost all
OEM's want solutions in quick time and with minimum
27 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
expenditure. Design and manufacturing of diesel engines cylinder
head is very complex work and if it is for off road application then
we need to consider the development cost and time from first day.
In-cylinder fluid motion is one of the key factors for controlling the
diesel combustion process. Main objective of this work is to
design and optimize 5 different inlet port options for a family of
engines keeping cylinder head water jackets core common for all
variants. Three dimensional CFD simulation approach involving
Swirl and flow parameter is used for optimization of cylinder head
swirl and flow values. Design and optimization work is carried out
on 4 Cylinder 4V engines with swirl options ranging from 0.75 to
1.8 for combustion optimization strategy and are validated on
actual cylinder head (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Inlet port, port design, CFD simulation,
Swirl, helical and directed port
2019 E 71
DESIGN MODIFICATION ON EXHAUST SYSTEM
CATALYTIC CONVERTER BRACKET
Pradeep Sharma and Sreekanth Thota
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-121
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-121
Exhaust system components in engine are subjected to
thermal cycling. For one of engine which was in development
stage, welded bracket on inlet cone of catalytic converter was
showing a high thermal stress and when dynamic loads were
combined, safety factor was less than design target. The objective
of current study is to reduce thermal stress on welded bracket by
understanding thermal behavior and to come up with proposed
design which lowers thermal stress. It has been shown that
proposed design has Maximum Principal Stress reduction on
bracket by 40% when compared to baseline design case. This
was helpful in improving Goodman safety Factor for combined
loading of thermal and dynamic cases in proposed design. This
helped in fixing stress hotspot (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Exhaust System; Catalytic Converter
Brackets; Transient Heat transfer analysis; Finite element
analysis; Thermal stress
2019 E 72
ESTIMATION OF TURBULENCE LEVEL IN SPARK
IGNITION ENGINE USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF IN-
CYLINDER PRESSURE
Sjerić, Momir et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018,
Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-122
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-122
The objective of this study was to analyse the applicability of
the proposed procedure for the estimation of in-cylinder
turbulence level in SI engine from measured pressure data and to
use it for the calibration of cycle simulation model constants. In the
Laboratory of IC Engines and Vehicles at the Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture in Zagreb,
Croatia, the experimental setup of single cylinder IC engine was
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
built and experimental results were used for the analysis in this
study. An offline in-house code for the calculation of heat release
rate from the measured in-cylinder pressure profiles was applied
over different engine speeds at full load conditions. By means of
the additionally developed code the estimation of turbulence
intensity was made. The estimated values of turbulence intensity
have been used for the calibration of 0-D turbulence model. The
estimated levels of in-cylinder turbulence over analysed operating
conditions were compared with levels of in cylinder turbulence
intensity at top dead centre calculated by means of the mean
piston speed. The constants of cycle simulation with the quasi-
dimensional combustion sub-model were calibrated and the
simulation results of turbulence and combustion are compared
with the reference and measured data. The average difference
between the estimated and simulated turbulence intensity was
below 15%. The prediction of in-cylinder turbulence was
performed on the cycle-resolved basis for one operating point,
resulting with the information about cycle-to-cycle variations of in-
cylinder turbulence during the combustion. The prediction of in-
cylinder turbulence based on the measured data represents
efficient inverse method whose results can be used for the faster
calibration of 0-D turbulence models without performing time-
consuming 3-DCFD simulations (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Engine, Spark Ignition, Turbulence
Estimation, Flame Propagation
2019 E 73
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF LASER WELDING IN THE
AUTOMOTIVE DIFFERENTIAL AND RING GEAR
ASSEMBLY
Yesudass Maria Ambroseraj et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018,
Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-103
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-103
Laser welding is a modern welding process used to join similar
and dissimilar metals. The laser beam has the highest energy
concentration that melts the parts to be welded. Residual stress
and cracks are produced due to the high temperature during the
process which affects the fatigue life of the differential and ring
gear assembly. The objective of this study is to predict the
temperature, heat affected zone, residual stress and thermal
distortion in the laser welding process using finite element
Analysis. This analysis is a sequentially coupled thermo
mechanical analysis in which temperature result of thermal
analysis is given as an input to structural analysis. A three
dimensional finite element model is developed using
commercially available code ABAQUS. Additionally numerical
subroutine is created using FORTRAN language to implement the
movable non-uniform heat source as the laser beam moves in
circular path. Various aspects like radiation loss, convection loss,
latent heat in the phase transformation and annealing effect are
considered to capture the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the
assembly and validated with test data. This analysis is done for the
different influence of process parameters like laser power, laser
beam diameter and welding speed. The current study is limited to
thermal and structural effect during the laser welding process.
Fusing and Solidification of metals are not considered and will be
added in the future scope. The user subroutine is new and
complex technique to achieve heat flux movement in circular path.
The very high temperature, complicated geometry profile,
28 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
element deletion and element activation make the FE analysis
highly nonlinear (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Laser welding, Thermo-Mechanical
analysis, Moving heat flux, Thermal Distortion, Nonlinear FE
Analysis
2019 E 74
GASOLINE ENGINE PART LOAD PERFORMANCE:
CYLINDER PRESSURECURVES PREDICTION USING
NEURAL NETWORKS TO REDUCE THE DEPENDENCY
ON TESTING
Sreekanth Rayavalasa et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-107
https://www.fisita-congress.com/programme/
sessions/F2018-PTE-107
Part load cylinder pressure curves – pressure 'P' as a function
of crankshaft angle 'θ' over 720 degrees – are essential to
evaluate thermal boundary conditions of engines at part load,
especially for Engine Thermal Management (ETM) studies to
evaluate transient Thermo- Hydraulic behaviour of coolant, oil and
liner temperatures. However, part load cylinder pressure curves
are barely available at early stages of engine development, as first
prototypes are usually dedicated to full load performance
evaluations. Thus, the aim of this study is to predict part load
cylinder pressure curves using only full load Test measurements,
which will reduce the need for prototyping and physical testing.
The study is carried out on a 3-Cylinder Naturally Aspirated
gasoline engine with port injection using GT-SUITE 1D simulation
software [2]. To begin with, engine full load performance model is
calibrated within ±5%. Then part load engine performance
prediction is carried out using Neural Networks and
Controllersyielding±15% of correlation with test. Validation of
coolant and oil temperature on ETM Models are within ±10ºC
compared to test data and ±4ºC in the most relevant comparison
zones (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Part Load Prediction, Cylinder Pressure
Curves, Part Load Controllers, Neural Network, Engine
Thermal Management.
2019 E 75
WATER-COOLED CAC MODULE DEVELOPMENT –
THERMAL STRAIN ANALYSIS
Jonathan, Radzicki
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-PTE-114
https://www.fisita
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-PTE-114
In recent years, development of turbocharged engines has
continuously been aimed at improving the efficiency of the
internal combustion engine (ICE).Today, more and more
vehicles are moving from an air-cooled charge air cooler
(ACAC) to a water-cooled charge air cooler(WCAC) that also
has the merit of simplifying the air intake path. Either an ACAC
or WCAC is required for a turbocharged engine to perform
properly. For this report, we introduce a thermal strain
improvement method, its results, and a newly-developed,
compact WCAC module which is directly installed onto a V6
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
engine. In order to cope with the increased durability demands
of turbocharging, we used the transient thermal strain
simulation of our previous SAE report (2016-01-0651), the
experimental transient thermal strain of another SAE report
(2018-01-0449), and the steady-state thermal strain analysis of
this report to compare the thermal strain levels and found our
new plate structure technology is superior to our old tube
structure technology. Utilizing a new visualization technique to
see and measure the actual thermal deformation mechanics,
we developed a high-reliability plate structure design. Another
advantage of the plate structure is that we can easily set the
flow path ratio so that the optimum performance can be
achieved by creating the concept of flowing two separate,
different-temperature fluids (one high water-temperature
section and one low water-temperature section) in one heat
exchanger. For this development, we evaluated the transient
and steady-state regions for accurate thermal strain analysis
which is crucial for strong durability (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: CAC module development, thermal strain
analysis, Powertrain
VEHICLE DYNAMICS
2019 E 76
A NEW METHOD FOR DAMPER CHARACTERIZATION
AND REALTIME CAPABLE MODELING FOR RIDE
COMFORT
Benz, David and Pfeffer, Peter E.
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-104
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-104
Ride comfort requirements are going to increase in the
future due to autonomous driving. Therefore improved damper
(shock absorber) modelling is needed to get high quality
simulation results even at small and random excitation. A further
challenge in hardware in the loop applications is the real-time
capability. Mostly simple damper models are acceptable for ride
comfort simulations; however they are not able to adequately
describe vertical effects, such as stiction. Complex models are
usable for ride comfort simulation but they reach the limits of
real-time capability. For an adequate trade-off between real-
time application, complexity and validity a new method for
characterizing and modelling of a real-time capable damper
model for hardware in the loop applications was developed. As
a first step toward real-time model improvement, a straight
forward modelling method was used. The basic concept of real-
time damper model modelling is to break down the damper in
three essential force models. These models are a nonlinear gas
force model, a nonlinear damper characteristic model and a
nonlinear Dahl friction model. The mentioned force models
result in the modelled overall damper force. In addition to the so
called VDA characterization methods, the damper is
characterized with respect to small excitations and velocities.
With a rear axle damper in hardware in the loop application,
researches on ride comfort with a quarter-vehicle model were
made. The outcomes show a significant improvement of
predictive power at small and random excitations compared to a
common damper model, predict ride comfort and the
improvement was 12.4 %.With this straight forward modelling
29 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
method and a slightly increased characterization and
parameterization effort it is possible to predict ride comfort even
at small and random excitations (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Damper Modeling, Shock Absorber
Modeling, Real-Time Capability, Ride Comfort, HiL
2019 E 77
AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HEAVY COMMERCIAL
VEHICLE
Somvanshi, Jayant et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-120
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-120
In commercial vehicles, the greatest challenge is to improve
the fuel economy and reduce emissions. The Aerodynamic drag
control is one of the best ways to do the same. In Tractor-trailer
assembly, the gap between the cabin and trailer and also rear end
of the trailer are the critical areas which will affect the coefficient of
drag drastically. The main objective of this work is to incorporate
the drag reduction devices like roof fairing, boat tails and side
skirts to the truck model and analyse their effect in reducing the
drag. The generic model of commercial vehicle with various drag
reduction devices and their different shape configurations are
designed using hyper mesh and Solid thinking inspire software. A
steady state analysis is carried out by using AcuSolve on truck
model with various drag reduction devices. The simulation results
are validated with wind tunnel test on the scaled down model of
commercial vehicle with and without drag reduction devices. The
result shows up to 12.7% reduction of drag coefficient with the
usage of all drag reduction devices (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Commercial vehicle, coefficient of drag,
SST, roof fairing, boat tail, side skirts, wind tunnel
2019 E 78
APPLICATION OF THE MOST ADVANCED METHOD FOR
AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION IN THE EARLY DESIGN
PHASE
Zheng, Xin et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-081
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-081
Early design of automotive products, stylists who designed
the new car styling were not based on the Aerodynamic theory.
Therefore, the new styling often has larger drag coefficient,
without considering the Aerodynamic performance. To deal
with this issue, an advanced Aerodynamic optimization
method was used to solve the problem. The CFD engineer
scan run this optimization quickly to find out the right
optimization direction which will deliver a first design proposal
to the styling designer in early design phases (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Aerodynamic, Automated optimization,
Optimization direction, new workflow
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 79
COLLABORATIVE SUSPENSION DESIGN PROCESS BY
ASSOCIATIVE CAD AND SYSTEMS SIMULATION
EXPERIENCE
Kanade, Pratik et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-095
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-095
The automotive suspension design process deals with
different types of suspension data at different stages of the
development process. This demands a deep collaboration
between the systems engineers, CAD designers, and CAE
analysts. The objective of this study is to build a seamless and
collaborative vehicle suspension design process in CAD and CAE
based on the systems engineering concept. The suspension
design process involving CAD, CAE, and systems engineering,
starts with defining the requirements of the system. This study will
focus on a double wishbone type of suspension. Initially, the
design parameters for the vehicle suspension are defined based
on the hard point location coordinates. A sophisticated systems
model is developed based on these design parameters for the
vehicle suspension skeleton model and sequentially, a vehicle
suspension K&C (Kinematics and Compliance) analysis test rig is
modelled as well. The design variables from the systems model
are then mapped one-to-one to the CAD model. Then, parametric
optimization of the design parameters is run to achieve the best
vehicle handling performance through K&C analysis, and the
optimized model is confirmed by performing a full vehicle dynamic
analysis. Also, the initial design space of the upper control arm is
built on the skeleton suspension CAD model and topology
optimization is performed to obtain the shape of the upper control
arm (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: 3DEXPERIENCE, Suspension Design,
Optimization, Systems Engineering, CAD, CAE, FEA
2019 E 80
CONTROLLING LATERAL VEHICLE PULL DURING
BRAKING IN A LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE WITH
LEAF SPRING SUSPENSION THROUGH OPTIMIZATION
OF STEERING LINKAGE HARDPOINTS
Khanna Nitin et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-110
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-110
The primary objective of this paper is to highlight the iterative
approach carried out in half car and full vehicle dynamics
simulation to identify key hard points adversely affecting lateral
vehicle pull under normal and panic braking situation and
subsequently demonstrate the same on actual test vehicle. Leaf
spring is subjected to linear movement, angular oscillations and
spring wind-up during braking. The spring wind-up plays a pre-
dominant role in brake steer behavior of vehicle resulting in
lateral vehicle pull on applying brakes. A full vehicle ADAM Scar
model is used for this optimization study. The steering system of
the LCV consists of steering wheel, steering column, variable
ratio steering gearbox with recirculating ball mechanism,
pitman arm, draglink, steering arm and master tie rod. The aim
30 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
of this optimization study is to identify key steering linkage hard
points adversely affecting lateral vehicle pull and to quantify
their contribution to iteratively arrive at an optimum steering
linkage hard points combination which will minimize the brake
pull sensitivity of the vehicle. The last step is to verify these
improvements through vehicle testing in a braking manoeuvre.
Vehicle level test results display a strong correlation with
ADAMS Car analysis. This study helps us in understanding the
subtle details of steering linkage design requirements and
provides us a design guideline to deliver a better product. There
are no specific limitations for implementing this methodology.
However, before finalizing hard points care should be taken to
maintain other critical parameters such as bump steer, roll steer
and steering effort within acceptable limit. Through this paper
we have attempted to bring forth new design considerations for
a steering linkage geometry which we feel will be useful for
future reference of similar steering system architecture. Key
contributing steering linkage hard points which affect brake
steer and leaf spring wind up have been verified thoroughly with
the help of objective testing after evaluating analytically. Design
recommendations have also been included in this paper for
future use (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Steering linkage hard points, spring
windup, brake steer
2019 E 81
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EPAS USING AN
INTEGRATED APPROACH
Kale, Jyoti G. et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-121
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-121
Technologies in steering systems have been advancing
since the adoption of hydraulic power steering in automobiles
in the 1950s. Steering systems are turning to electronic control
in order to meet market needs such as improved fuel
efficiency, safety and comfort. An Electric Power Steering
(EPS) system is equipped with an electric motor to provide
assist steering torque and utilizes a torsion bar associated with
a sensor to measure the driver torque and apply it as a
command to the steering torque control loop. Traditional
hydraulic power steering systems have provided remarkable
performance for many years in terms of handling, cost, and
comfort. However, these systems have the drawback of
adding load on the engine. The hydraulic pump runs
regardless of whether steering assistance is required or not, in
fact the power needed to run the pump is highest at high
speed, when the required steering assistance required is
least. Automotive manufacturers are moving to EPSto provide
the convenience of steering assist with a smaller engine and
reduced fuel consumption. This paper defines the
methodology to implement an India specific EPAS system in
small car. This paper includes concept study, design of
mechanical column, control strategy, torque sensor
integration, motor integration, and prototype development
along with performance trials on vehicle. The performance of
developed system was evaluated (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Electric Power Steering, EPAS, Torque
Sensor, Steering Effort, Steering Assist Motor.
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 82
EFFECT OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON
MOTORCYCLE STABILITY AND HANDLING
Singhania, Sharad and Venkata Mangaraju
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-145
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-145
The demand for premium motorcycles with engine capacity
above 250 cc and top speeds above 120 km/h has increased in
India. At such high speeds stability of a motorcycle is crucial for
safety and aerodynamics plays a major role. The objective of this
research is to study the influence of location of aerodynamic
centre of pressure (COP) and sensitivity of aerodynamic forces on
stability and handling of a motorcycle. A comprehensive rigid body
model of a motorcycle is built using a multi-body dynamics
software (MBDS), VI Motorcycle. Simulations are performed
using the verified multi-body dynamics (MBD) model simulated on
a straight path at different speeds. Two methods of analysis are
used to evaluate the effect of aerodynamic parameters on weave
and wobble stability. In the first method, a linear Eigen value
analysis is performed and real part of root locus is studied. In the
second method, a non-linear analysis is performed by applying an
impact about the steering pivot. Damping ratio corresponding to
weave and wobble frequency from steer oscillation are studied.
Further, front wheel reaction plots are compared to evaluate the
handling behavior of the motorcycle. An optimal location for COP
is identified for stability and handling performance, and also the
sensitivity of aerodynamic forces is evaluated (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: MBD analysis, aerodynamic forces, centre
of pressure, stability, and handling.
2019 E 83
FUEL ECONOMY ENHANCEMENT OF AN SUV BY
AERODYNAMIC DRAG REDUCTION USING ADD-ON
DEVICE SPOILER WITH VALIDATION ON 1:5 REDUCED
SCALE MODEL
Pandey Aditya et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-082
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-082
Flow structure in the wake region is most critical parameter
for vehicle aerodynamics. For an SUV it's dominated by
downwash and secondary three-dimensional vortices
associated with it, which creates lower pressure at the rear that
increases the aerodynamic drag. This paper presents a study
on drag reduction by controlling the flow in the wake region
using add-on device 'Spoiler'. In this work firstly baseline full
scale model of an SUV is investigated numerically in virtual
wind tunnel and then a 'Spoiler' has been investigated for drag
reduction. As a proof of concept 1:5,3D printed reduced scale
model with and without spoiler has been tested in wind tunnel.
In this work drag reduction has been observed in full scale
simulation and reduced scale wind tunnel testing also. An
approach has been presented in this study for validating
various concept for aerodynamic improvement using reduced
31 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
scale model wind tunnel testing. In this paper scaled model
wind tunnel testing and simulation has been compared to have
better understanding of flow structure and validation of CFD
methodology, around 97% correlation has been observed in
force measurements. Further this paper discusses about
relation between Fuel economy and aerodynamic forces
acting on vehicle. In present work using engine power
consumption equation fuel economy improvement of 2.04 %
has been obtained theoretically with add-on device 'spoiler'
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Fuel economy, aerodynamic drag
reduction, device spoiler, reduced scale model, Vehicle
Dynamics
2019 E 84
INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE SPEED AND SUSPENSION
DAMPING ON HUMAN BODY IN PASSENGER CAR
Anandan, Arivazhagan et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-150
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-150
The objective of the study was to achieve better ride
comfort for the passengers in the conventional vehicle, by
limiting the speed while crossing the sinusoidal bump. For this
study, quarter car model with 2-DoF and multi-body dynamics
with 4-DoF is considered. Multibody dynamics was generated
using the lumped mass parameter. The governing equation of
the system was developed by using Newton's second law of
motion. A sinusoidal single bump road profile based on the
parameters was also developed. MATLAB/SIMULINK
software was used to incorporate the system. Simulation test
was carried out by varying the vehicle speed and suspension
damping coefficient. In this paper, head acceleration of the
passenger and tire deflection is considered to quantify the ride
comfort and road holding property of the vehicle. The results
were carried out for men and women by varying the vehicle
speed and suspension damping coefficient. Finally, suitable
speed and damping coefficient to achieve better ride comfort
for male and female and good road holding characteristic while
crossing a sinusoidal bump were arrived at (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Quarter car; Biodynamic; Ride comfort;
Damping factor; Vehicle speed
2019 E 85
INSTANTANEOUS HIGH FREQUENCY CONTROL
FOR IMPROVING RESPONSIVENESS IN REVERSE
STEERING
Kim, Tae Hong
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-099
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-099
In the conventional electric power steering apparatus, a
method of improving the steering feeling by controlling the
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
hysteresis width generated according to the change of the
gain in the reverse steering by the method of compensating
the column torque is proposed. However, there is a problem
that the steering feeling such as inertia feeling and hanging
feeling of the steering wheel cannot be effectively improved.
The purpose of this study is to compensate the necessary
high frequency signal momentarily during the reverse
steering to improve responsiveness and to improve steering
feeling effectively. Generally, when a driver performs a
reverse steering, a steering sense such as a sense of hitching
or stickiness occurs due to inertia, a clearance, and a frictional
force of a mechanism or a motor. In order to solve the
problem, unlike a relatively general steering condition, In
order to control this effectively, it is very important when and
how to compensate for some form of auxiliary output. In this
study, it would be demonstrated that it is possible to improve
the responsiveness and steering disturbances while
maintaining the existing steering feeling by rapidly detecting
the reverse steering situation by amplifying the high
frequency signal of the instantly optimized column torque
without delay of signals through actual vehicle test and
computer simulation (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Reverse steering, Responsiveness,
Steering disturbance, Instantaneous control, Inertia
2019 E 86
PARAMETRIC MODELS FOR VEHICLE CENTRE OF
GRAVITY FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSES TO ACHIEVE
OPTIMIZED CONCEPT VEHICLE ARCHITECTURE
M. Lakshmanprasad et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-078
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-078
In the conceptualization phase of vehicle development, for
achieving reasonable dynamic performance, it is necessary
that the architecture optimization includes reduction of vehicle
centre-of-gravity (CG) height and achievement of intended
weight distribution as one of the optimization criteria. However,
there is no ready reckoner available to define the enablers that
would aid the process. This paper aims to address this
deficiency with the help of a new approach for optimizing the
vehicle architecture. The new approach for optimizing the
vehicle architecture is “Top-Down”, starting from vehicle
dynamics performance targets, cascading to vehicle CG height
and weight distribution requirements and defining architecture
hard points to meet the requirements. Vehicle CG targets are
confirmed based on trend analysis of global benchmarks.
Parametric models have been developed based on regression
analyses of benchmark CG-positions with their architecture
parameters. With the help of these models, it is possible to
identify enablers for vehicle CG height reduction and achieving
intended weight distribution in concept vehicle architecture.
This approach helps in effective frontloading of vehicle
dynamics performance requirements in the vehicle architecture
in the concept phase of vehicle development (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Center-of-Gravity, Parametric modelling,
Sensitivity analysis, Architecture Optimization
32 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
 TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
2019 E 87
STUDY OF THE INDIAN BRAKE DURABILITY
PATTERNS IN COMPARISON WITH THE MAIN
WORLDWIDE PROGRAMMEMES
Ferrer, Bernat and Mateu, Roger
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-116
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-116
Understanding special market features is one of the most
important activities when developing a product in the
automotive industry. In the brake system field, brake durability
programmes on public roads are one of the main requirements
for development and final validation on almost all the OEM's
vehicles. The local driving pattern is one of the key points
included in the analysis of brake durability tests, and can be
highly beneficial when identifying a market. Hence, the
comparison between different locations might also be
essential for further exercises. The objective of this study is to
characterize two of the main brake durability patterns in India
and compare them with other main programmes worldwide.
The paper is focused on the Indian region characterization,
including a comparison with the other main worldwide
locations and using the brake durability programme as the
method for defining and comparing each site. With the aim of
assessing these markets, two main routes were performed in
India, covering both city traffic (Delhi) and country side (Pune,
Maharashtra) profiles. Regarding the rest of the worldwide
programmes, Shanghai (China), Los Angeles (USA),
Barcelona and Mojácar (Spain) were selected for their
comparison, involving the Chinese, American and European
markets for a complete loop. For each location, a standard
route profile was defined (some of them already representing
global standards of the brake industry) and local drivers were
selected for the mileage accumulation (experienced in brake
durability performance). In this way, the local driving pattern
was fully characterized in each site and taken into account for
the comparison. The main parameters used for this objective
evaluation are as follows: number of brake applications,
vehicle speed distribution, and deceleration ranges and brake
temperature. The criterion of route severity, coming from a
combination of the braking energy and power outputs of the
brake applications performed are also introduced. This
exercise increases previous studies made in the brake
durability field, as the Indian market was never considered
before. Therefore, the increase of the number of locations, as
well as the high variation of markets, helps to enrich the
comparison of the results. All in all, the results of this project
show a controlled and robust comparison in all the mentioned
aspects of the brake durability programmes. The peculiarities
of each pattern are clearly demonstrated, showing both
divergences and similarities and helping to understand each
market. The outputs finally reflect very surprising results
coming from the global comparison, giving a total new
approach of the studies presented till now in this field, as it puts
the focus on a market (India) which is in constant growth and is
expected to make great progress in this sector (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Brake durability, Indian market, driving
pattern
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2019 E 88
STUDY ON HOMING LOGIC OF REAR WHEEL
STEERING USING DFSS METHODOLOGY
Yoo, Sung Bem et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-097
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-097
The rear wheel steering system basically operates by external
signal, receiving the steering angle and the vehicle speed input. If
there is a problem with the external signal of the rear wheel
steering, that will be able to change its state. One is immediate
stop and the other is stop after move to neutral. In the case of
stopping immediately, since it is fixed at a specific rear wheel
angle, the front wheel angle must be rotated by the rear wheel
angle in order to make a straight advance. However, if the vehicle
moves to the neutral position, the driver will feel discomfort
because yaw velocity is changed. It is necessary to decide how to
set the time to reduce driver discomfort during traveling home. We
used the Taguchi methodology of DFSS to derive the appropriate
time without the driver's discomfort (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Rear Wheel Steering, RWS, 4 Wheel
Steering, DFSS, Taguchi method
2019 E 89
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRICTION LEARNING
COMPENSATION EPS LOGIC CONTROL
Lee, Kyung-bok et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-096
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-096
The steering torque and steering feel can be related with
the friction level of steering system. Also, differences in the
friction level of steering system can cause different steering
torque and steering feel. There are two main reasons why
each steering system has the level of different friction in each
vehicle: Manufacturing Distribution of steering system and
durability deterioration by wear-out. Because of those
reasons, the steering torque or steering feel can be lighter or
heavier than the tuned one by test drivers. This paper focuses
on overcoming different steering feel by distributed
manufacturing and durability deterioration. This paper studied
the feedback control logic in EPS. i.e., after monitoring and
comparing the present steering friction level with the toned
one, the EPS controls the amount of motor current... The
technique used is the real-time feedback friction
compensation by comparing between the level of the current
steering effort and the target level of the tuned steering effort.
The objective of this study was to keep the same steering feel
even though the car is old and differences in manufacturing
are generated by using EPS' friction compensation logic. The
drivers' steering patterns and changes of steering torque (it
can be the steering feel) in durability deterioration tests were
analysed by carrying out a large number of tests in different
test conditions. The EPS new logic module has been added in
33 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
the EPS basic logic. Those tests were carried out by using the
simulator and the actual vehicle tests. The results of
simulations and actual vehicle tests showed that this logic
works well to reduce distribution of steering torque (AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Steering system, EPS, Friction
Compensation, Learning, Feedback Control
2019 E 90
THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS OF ACTUATORS OF AN
MECHATRONIC WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM
Belousov, Boris et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October
2018, Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-135
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-135
The steering and wheel suspension system design should
be customized for automated control action. In this case, the
ability to create a carrying and propelling module as part of the
wheel, wheel suspension and wheel turning system for
nonlinear motion is of paramount importance. Among all the
existing technical solutions, electro-hydraulic drives can best
meet this requirement. The selection of the electro-hydraulic
drive executive elements (actuators) is a challenging task for
the designer. This topic has not been covered in scientific and
technical papers as applied to the vehicle wheel module. The
paper presents analysis results for several actuator options. It
contains recommendations and basic calculations for an
efficient scheme of hydraulic actuators of the vehicle steering
system with vertical wheel loads from 50.9 kN to 70.0 kN. The
system of hydraulic actuators should turn the wheel according
to the control signal set by the driver or automatic driving
system. The steering rate at 1.35 to 4.5 kNm torque in the
wheel contact area shall be within 0.35 to 0.40 rad/s. This
requirement is inherent in the road safety requirements. The
paper considers four options of the vehicle wheel steering
architecture (AUTH)
ultimately the vehicle cost. The objective of this study is to
optimize the variation of ride and handling parameters from
vehicle to vehicle by controlling selective parameters in ride
and handling and those parameters sensitiveness over parts
tolerance, to optimize both cost and development time. The
variation of parts dimensions is taken from a different lot with
sample size of 100 and processed for tolerance stack analysis
using 3DCS tolerance variation simulation software. The
required hard points are measured for maximum and
minimum six-sigma deviation. These variations are
considered as input to ADAMS using MODE FRONTIER
algorithm for K&C analysis. Using the results from ADAMS for
a set tolerance band, sensitivity analysis is done for selected
ride and handling parameters against the parts and then the
tolerance band is increased to confirm the sensitivity direction.
For optimized tolerance band, iterations are increased which
satisfies the six-sigma target. The parameters which were
effecting the Ride and Handling were identified and detailed
study is done for cost and process optimization. This study will
identify the hard point's directions which are to be controlled.
Sensitiveness of hard point direction and values towards
selected parameters lead to optimization of hard points in
initial product development stage, this approach will save the
cost and development time. Parts which require stringent
control of tolerance is found and those will be changed to
reduce the ride and handling variation between the vehicles
(AUTH)
KEYWORDS: Ride and Handling, Robust analysis,
3DCS, MODE FRONTIER

KEYWORDS: Mechatronics, steering system,

actuator, schematic diagram

2019 E 91
TO REDUCE RIDE AND HANDLING VARIATIONS
BETWEEN VEHICLE TO VEHICLE BY OPTIMIZING THE
VARIATIONS IN PART LEVEL DIMENSIONAL
DEVIATIONS, STIFFNESS COMPLIANCE USING ROBUST
ANALYSIS APPROACH
Balaga, Srinivasrao et al
FISITA 2018 World Automotive Congress, 2–5 October 2018,
Chennai, Paper No.: F2018-VDY-123
https://www.fisita-
congress.com/programme/sessions/F2018-VDY-123

Ride and Handling parameters will vary from vehicle to

vehicle due to allowed deviation in the manufactured parts and
it is a known fact. Tightening the tolerance will result in
minimizing the variation in the build quality, but stringent
control of tolerance also leads to increase in the part cost and

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 34 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
TECHNOSCAN

autonomous driving, the energy equation inside and

1. SIMULATION IS THE KINGPIN outside the vehicle has vigorously changed from the
Author: Dr Arun Jaura conventional mobility era. The only way to reach this
(AutoTech Review, April 2019, Volume 8, Issue 4) elusive balance will be to simulate the needs and demands,
instead of being surprised with non-functionality or high
URL: https://autotechreview.com/opinion/decoding‐ costs that make e-mobility non-viable.
technology/simulation‐is‐the‐kingpin
DELIVERING RESULTS: Simulation, of course,
requires and ensures creation of design specifications, and
highlights FMEA and Pugh analysis. It lays out interactions
between intra and inter-sub-systems to leverage relevant
methods for delivering results in multiple scenarios. In
terms of the skill-sets required to define these frameworks
and then run simulations, it is an imperative to have
systems integrators that have polyvalent occupational
experiences with transverse knowledge to collate and
define implementation plans based on data analytics.
For a simulation process that adds value to the product
or process, analysis of data to be able to get to the right
touch points and interpreting corresponding actions is
mandatory. Data analysts' capability to review big data,
construct algorithms and use the tools rightfully is a no
Simulation through virtual tools and methods is imbibed compromise. The value of simulation could be undermined
in every developmental step of product life cycle. These by globally predicting percentages of time and cost saved.
tools and methods have become mandatory to efficiently In real world, the savings and speed to market are
manage time and resources, and meet consumer application dependent, with the complexity, reliability and
expectations of using newer products in quicker cycles. The the refined accuracy necessary for the system being
rapidity of launching new features, product attributes and analysed.
the changing ecosystem of networks, protocols and
Blockchain, the next digital revolution, has the potential
digitalisation has challenged and changed the paradigm of
in not only saving significant cost and time but also
integrating and simulating real-world usage conditions.
transforming simulation practices. Its potential applicability
Simulating the real-world for a product before it actually
cuts across various segments to make it a very important
goes to consumers is a big leap. Simulation is a – 'must-
integrator. The flexibility is provided through its ability to
have' rather than 'nice to have'.
converge modularity, scalability and traceability.
Penetration of simulation and virtual tools is incredible.
CONCLUSION: The importance of simulation and
It is done for the simplest process, product or ecosystem to
virtual tools cannot be emphasised enough. However, the
large footprints that encompass complexities that were
success of simulation depends on lesser 'do-learn-do'
formerly unknown to mankind. Managing demanding
loops, where it is important to update knowledge databases
energy requirements against the available limited energy is
through information & IP security. The success and value
not an easy proposition in the ever-changing world of
add are dependent on rigour, skills, prioritisation, upstream
adding features to vehicles and the evolving mobility
integration, downstream verification and reliable data
infrastructure. Simulating the environment with the
management. For a sustainable deployment and continual
operating variables and the vehicle, as it would integrate in
energy efficiency, simulation is the kingpin.
the environs along with the consumer, requires an in-depth
understanding of the ecosystem.
Anticipating these requires an integrated working
environment to define each design specification and its
effect on end-to-end usage – time to launch, target markets,
norms and regulations for a long term product lifecycle,
after sales, design capability, manufacturing complexity,
distribution and dealership infrastructure, and the carbon
credits that can be attained. It is about the circular economy
of the mobility ecosystem. Simulation could be a possible
synonym of energy efficiency.
The e-mobility growth has created a newer operating
environment, where the conversion of challenges into
opportunities is still being defined. In this scenario and in

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 35 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
TECHNOSCAN
2 .CABIN CONDITIONING FOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
Author: Peter Drage
(AutoTech Review, April 2019, Volume 8, Issue 4)
https://autotechreview.com/technology/cabin‐
conditioning‐for‐electric‐vehicles
In electric mobility, there is often a conflict of
objectives between thermal comfort and range. With an
innovative thermal management concept, AVL qpunkt
aims to counteract this. This can be achieved by a
combination of using surface heating elements,
alternative refrigerants for heat pump systems and
utilisation of advanced control systems to achieve a
reasonable driving range extension, while assuring a
comfortable cabin climate.
SUCCESS OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY: According to
statistics and market surveys, a significant increase in
market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) has been
identified. In Austria, 353,320 new vehicles were
registered in 2017, out of which 7,154 were electric,
marking a 74 % increase of new registered EVs in
comparison to 2016 [1]. Similar trends within the
automotive market can be observed not only in Europe,
but also worldwide.
The success of electric mobility is determined,
among other things, by one decisive factor: the driving
range. The range of EVs can be enhanced by increasing
the battery capacity and the energy efficiency of the
entire vehicle. Air-conditioning and heating of the interior
are considerable power consumers and significantly
influence the EVs range, especially at extremely low or
high ambient temperatures. In (1), a range reduction
caused by the air-conditioning system at extreme
ambient condition is shown. In this test, the power
consumption of a full electric car was measured while
driving the adapted Worldwide Harmonised Light
Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) driving cycle.
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
(1) Range reduction as a result of heating/cooling
at +40 and -10 °C (© AVL)
Driving in the city at low average speeds, the electric
power needed for cabin heating/ cooling is often in the
same range as power needed for vehicle propulsion. As
opposed to internal combustion engine driven vehicle,
where the engine waste heat is used for cabin heating, in
EVs the cabin is heated by an electrical heater or a heat
pump powered by the battery. Furthermore, the heating
and cooling strategy of the high-voltage battery for
electric vehicles in combination with the interior air-
conditioning must be presented in all operating points
and driving conditions.
Strategies to reduce this range penalty through
smart Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
concepts are discussed here. Development trends such
as the introduction of heat pumps, change from purely
convective heating to close-fitting conditioning based on
combined radiation and convection of the interior will be
addressed.
By installing a reversible refrigeration system used
as a heat pump for heating in the winter and for cooling in
summer, a significant reduction in energy consumption
and thus an increase in driving range can be achieved. A
heat pump is an efficient way to increase heat from the
environment or heat from a lower temperature level to a
usable cabin-heating temperature level.
In a concept shown in (2), a Micro AC cycle is shown.
The operating modes of the Micro AC cycle are
externally changed by switching the cooling circuits
between heating, cooling and dehumidifying. The
reason for the Micro AC cycle in contrast to an internally
switchable refrigeration cycle is the reduction of number
of refrigerant components and the amount of refrigerant.
The various heat sources and heat sinks are integrated
into the concept via coolant-driven secondary circuits.
As heat sources, the ambient air as well as component
waste heat can be used. The battery of the tested
vehicle is air-cooled. Therefore, both the vehicle cabin
and the powertrain can efficiently be conditioned.
36 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
TECHNOSCAN
(2) Schematic representation of the heat pump
concept (blue curcuit) (© AVL)
In addition to most energy-efficient operation, an
emphasis is placed on thermal passenger comfort. Here,
both in the simulation and in the vehicle test, the user-
specific comfort requirements as a function of driver/
passenger age and health are addressed in the air-
conditioning operation. Infrared heating surfaces, (3),
provide improvement in transient heating behaviour while
reducing the air temperature at the same perceived
temperature, (4).
(3) Principle of an infrared cabin heating
system (© AVL)
(4) Radiation heating maintains comfort at lower air
temperatures according to Bedford and
Liese's comfort diagram [2] (© AVL)
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
COMFORT EVALUATION: Especially with radiation
heating surfaces, the comfort rating is of even greater
importance. Either cabin simulations or special
measurements are carried out and these are evaluated
by means of special scales. Comfort ratings are very
often found using global comfort rating indices, such as
the Ashrae 55 scale [3] or the derived Predictive Mean
Vote (PMV) scale [4]. The evaluation criteria were
derived from the correlation of comfort, temperature,
humidity, gender and duration of exposure in a subject
study.
The global comfort indices have a systematic
disadvantage when local complaints occur. For
example, if the passenger has a warm head and cold
feet, the global thermal comfort value could be neutral
because both effects cancel each other out. For this
reason, a local comfort rating is required, especially in
the extremely inhomogeneous environment of a vehicle
compartment.
The ISO standard DIN EN ISO 14505-2 [5] defines
equivalent temperatures and comfort indices of 16 body
parts for summer and winter. Suppose passengers sit in
an air-conditioned environment and wear light summer
clothing, which equates to a clothing factor of 0.6 for the
summer fall. Based on the comfort tables for the summer
and winter cases shown in (5), evaluations are carried
out using suitable models in the 3D CFD simulation.
(5) Comfort zones for 16 sections of the body,
derived for the summer and winter cases (© AVL)
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In order to develop
thermal management efficiently, a detailed analysis of
the existing vehicle is required. For this purpose,
extensive overall vehicle and component surveys are
carried out, for example of the cabin, heat exchangers,
the blower in the air-conditioning unit, the air-
conditioning compressor and the existing cooling
circuits.
The aim of the concept development is to design a
refrigerant circuit based on propane (R290) as
refrigerant for the efficient conditioning of the passenger
compartment and drive train. Furthermore, by
developing a suitable safety concept to meet the special
37 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
TECHNOSCAN
requirements of using a refrigerant classified as
flammable, it is ensured that no increased risk of
personal injury can occur. In cabin conditioning at the
same time, the sense of comfort of the occupants
compared to the base vehicle must be maintained. In
this context, an efficient regulatory strategy is being
developed to achieve the two competing goals of
reducing energy consumption and maintaining comfort.
In the development of the heat pump concept, a new
refrigerant circuit using the environmentally friendly
refrigerant R290 is designed. The refrigerant circuit is
very compact in order to achieve a refrigerant charge
<150 g. R290 is a non-toxic Hydrocarbon (HC) and has
an ozone depletion potential of zero. Its direct
contribution to the greenhouse effect is very low with a
GWP100a value of 3. For comparison, R134a has a
value of 1430. In (6), selected characteristics of the
refrigerants R134a, R1234yf and R290 are listed.
(6) General properties of selected
refrigerants (© AVL)
Furthermore, systems operated with R290 are
characterised by the improved low-pressure level,
especially at low ambient temperatures of -10 to -20 °C.
The thus enlarged operating range of the heat pump has a
favourable effect on the achievable range. However, HC
refrigerants are flammable and therefore subject to
international safety regulations and laws (for example,
explosion protection guidelines, safety regulations). EN
378 [6], for example, limits the allowable refrigerant charge
for comfort air-conditioners or heat pumps, depending on
the security group, installation area and type of installation
(direct or indirect system). For refrigerant charges of less
than 150 g, systems with flammable refrigerants can be
installed in a single occupancy area without any particular
restrictions. Special standards dealing with the use of HC
refrigerants in car air-conditioning systems are currently
not known.
The distribution of the heat energy is performed via
coolant-carrying secondary circuits. As a result, the
refrigerant-carrying components run decoupled from the
cabin, so that the risk can be excluded by the influx of the
flammable refrigerant into the vehicle cabin in this way, or a
complete encapsulation of the refrigeration system, (2)
(blue coloured), is possible. In the first development step,
the base vehicle was benchmarked to determine the
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
necessary heating and cooling capacity and the various
heat flows in the powertrain and the entire vehicle under
different environmental conditions and driving cycles.
Another part of the benchmarking involves the analysis
of the space with the aim of developing an ideal packaging
solution that will enable the construction of a demonstrator
vehicle at the end of the project. The heat pump concept
covers the entire development of the refrigeration circuit
and the cooling circuits and thus includes the entire thermal
management. In order to achieve efficient operation with a
high Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) in cooling mode or a
high Coefficient of Performance (CoP) in heating mode,
individual components have to be redesigned.
Based on extensive measurements of the vehicle and
certain components, a virtual development concept was
created and COPs and EERs were determined. By means
of modelling, appropriate operating strategies and control
strategies of the system can be derived and the concept
can be virtually optimised before it is integrated into the
vehicle. Through virtual development, development times
and hence development costs are reduced.
ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL: Due to the low heat
loss of the powertrain of an electric vehicle at a low
temperature level, the heat cannot be recycled directly, but
it is indirectly used as an additional heat source for the heat
pump. As a refrigerant for such a heat pump, various fluids
with different fluid properties are available. Propane
delivers a high heating power even at low temperatures
down to -20 °C, good environmental compatibility
compared to conventional refrigerants and operates at
comparable operating pressures. By additionally improving
thermal insulation of the heat carrying lines, the high
pressure level in the refrigerant circuit can be reduced at the
same target temperature. Therefore, the refrigerant cycle
must be placed as close to the air-conditioner as possible.
Long pipe lengths from the front of the vehicle to the
refrigerant cycle are not a disadvantage, since they
indirectly increase the heat exchanger area of the front heat
exchanger (Front HX), (2). From the measurements of the
base vehicle with high voltage auxiliary heater, the required
electrical energy for cabin heating was determined, as well
as the respective reduction of the range per driving cycle.
When integrating a heat pump with propane refrigeration
cycle, due to the COPs detected, the electrical power
required for the heater (for example at -20 °C) is drastically
reduced. This effect naturally has a positive effect on the
range of the car, (7).
38 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS
TECHNOSCAN
(7) Increase of range depending on the
outside temperature (© AVL)
REFERENCES
[1] AustriaTech:
Elektromobilität in Österreich 2
017/18 – Highlights.
Online: https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-
content/uploads/sites/6/E_
Mobilitaet_Folder_2017-
18_final_BF.pdf, access: October 10, 2018
[3] Nilsson, H. O.:
Comfort Climate Evaluation
with Thermal Manikin Methods and Computer
Simulation Models. Universität von Gävle,
Schweden, 2004
[5] DIN ENEN ISO 14505-2:
Ergonomics of the
thermal environment – Evaluation of the thermal
environments in vehicles. Part 2: Determination
of equivalent temperature. Berlin: Beuth-Verlag,
2006
AUTHORS
DIPL.-ING. (FH) PETER DRAGE
is Engineering Center Manager at
AVL qpunkt GmbH in Graz
(Austria).
DIPL.-ING. MARKUS HINTEREGGER
is Project Leader Advanced Development
at AVL qpunkt GmbH in Graz
(Austria).
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
SUMMARY: The development process of a thermal
management concept using a heat pump for a specific
vehicle application was presented. The concept combines
different technologies such as infrared heating, a heat
pump with a natural refrigerant (R290) and the application
of thermal storage systems with the aim of maintaining the
range with the same comfort despite extreme weather
conditions.
The Quiet project was funded under the European
Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.
The content of this publication was developed mainly
through development cooperation with the consortium
partners and does not necessarily reflect the views of the
European Commission or its institutions.
[2] Bäuml, T.; Dvorak, D.; Frohner,
A.; Simic, D.:
Simulation and Measurement of
an Energy Efficient Infrared Radiation Heating
of a Full Electric Vehicle. Heidelberg: Springer-
Verlag, 2015
[4] Brandemuehl, M. J.:
Environmental Systems
for Buildings I. Online:
http://ceae.colorado.edu/~brandem/aren3050/do
cs/ThermalComfort.pdf, access: April 18, 2018
[6] ENEN 378-1:2008-02:
Kälteanlagen und Wärmepumpen – Sich
erheitstechnische und
umweltrelevanteAnforderungen. Teil 1:
GrundlegendeAnforderungen, Begriffe,
Klassifikationen und Auswahlkriterien. Berlin:
Beuth-Verlag, 2008.
DIPL.-ING. GERALD ZOTTER
heads the Department Thermal Management/
Simulation at AVL qpunkt GmbH in Graz
(Austria).
ING. MARIJAN ŠIMEK, M. A.
is Key Account Manager
at AVL qpunkt Deutschland GmbH in Munich
(Germany).
39 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
 TECHNICAL
IPR SCAN ( FUEL
ABSTRACTS
CONSUMPTION )
AUTOMOTIVE GAS PEDAL MANAGEMENT TO METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR POWER CONTROL IN AN
INCREASE DRIVING SAFETY AND REDUCE FUEL AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE
CONSUMPTION AND EXHAUST GAS EMISSION IN United States Patent : 8,486,574
MOTOR VEHICLES
Date : July 16, 2013
United States Patent : 9,440,534 Appl. No. : 12/502,250
Date : September 13, 2016 Filed : July 14, 2009
Family ID : 1000002100301 Current U.S. Class : 429/430 ; 429/428
Appl. No. : 14/411,469 Current International
Filed : July 5, 2013 Class : H01M 8/04 (20060101)
PCT Filed : July 05, 2013 Field of Search : 429/400-535
PCT No. : PCT/IB2013/055524
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date : December 26, 2014 Inventors : Jennings; Mark John
PCT Pub. No. : WO2014/006602 (Saline, MI)
PCT Pub. Date : January 09, 2014
Document Identifier : US 20150322868 A1 Applicant : Jennings; Mark John;
Publication Date : Nov 12, 2015 Saline MI, US

Inventors : Marenco; Silvano (Orbassano, Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, LLC

IT),Miglietta; Maurizio (Dearborn, MI)
(Orbassano, IT), Gaido;
Massimo (Orbassano, IT), ABSTRACT: A method for controlling a vehicle including a
Murdocco; Vincenzo fuel cell system and an energy storage unit includes, if the
fuel cell system is charging the energy storage unit,
(Orbassano, IT) determining an average ratio of (i) a change in energy
stored in the energy storage unit and (ii) a mass of
Applicant : C.R.F. SOCIETA' hydrogen consumed by the fuel cell system to generate the
CONSORTILE PER AZIONI, change in energy stored in the energy storage unit. The
method also includes, if the fuel cell system is not charging
Orbassano, IT the energy storage unit, selecting a target operating power
for the fuel cell system based on vehicle power demand and
Assignee : C.R.F. Societa' the determined ratio that sufficiently minimizes drive cycle
hydrogen consumption by the fuel cell system.
ConsortilePerAzioni
http://patents.com/us-8486574.html
(Orbassano, IT)

MULTI-BATTERY FUEL SAVING AND EMISSIONS

ABSTRACT: An automotive accelerator device includes an
REDUCTION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES
accelerator member movable in response to driver
operation, a position sensor associated with the accelerator United States Patent : RE40,820
member to output a position signal indicating an operation
Date : July 7, 2009
degree of the accelerator member, and signal processing
means configured to receive the position signal generated Appl. No. : 11/810,155
by the position sensor and to generate a command for a Filed : June 4, 2007
motor vehicle engine based on the position signal and a
characteristic curve of the accelerator device that defines
the command for the motor vehicle engine as a function of Inventors : Rogers; Wesley A.
the position signal; the signal processing means are further (Saint Clair Shores, MI)
configured to: receive signals indicating a current motor
vehicle speed and a target motor vehicle speed, and to
dynamically adapt the accelerator device characteristic Assignee : Bradley; Charles W.
curve based on the current motor vehicle speed with (Fort Lee, NJ)
respect to the target motor vehicle speed.
ABSTRACT: A multi-battery charging system for reduced
Source: http://patents.com/us-9440534.html fuel consumption and emissions for an automotive vehicle.
The system starts the vehicle with a start battery in a fuel

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 40 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

 IPR SCAN ( FUEL CONSUMPTION )
savings manner, removing electrical torque from the SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING
alternator shaft, and allows a second (run) battery to FLUID INJECTIONS
provide all or some of the current required by the vehicle
loads as a fuel savings measure. The system also utilizes United States Patent : 10,273,923
an electrically heated catalytic converter (EHC) and a third Date : April 30, 2019
(EHC or storage) battery to provide a 3 to 15 second Family ID 1000003979783
preheat and/or a 20 second current, during vehicle start, to Appl. No. : 15/381,608
the EHC heater coil, e.g., of a small EHC located in series Filed : December 16, 2016
with a standard catalytic converter for emissions reduction Document Identifier : US 20180171928 A1
to reduce emissions during start. The start battery is Publication Date : Jun 21, 2018
recharged after start and switched out of the system fully
charged for future vehicle starts. The run battery is Inventors : Hu; Yiran (Shelby Township,
recharged when its charge level drops below a MI), Parrish; Scott E.
predetermined level with an on board battery charging (Farmington Hills, MI)
device powered from a 115 volt or 220 volt ac power line
source external to the vehicle. Assignee : GM Global Technology
Operations LLC (Detroit, MI)
http://patents.com/us-re40820.html
ABSTRACT: A vehicle includes an engine having a
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING combustion cylinder, and at least one fuel injector
C A M S H A F T T I M I N G , A I R / F U E L R AT I O , A N D configured to supply a number of fuel pulse to the
THROTTLE POSITION IN AN AUTOMOTIVE INTERNAL cylinder. A controller is programmed to issue a first fuel
COMBUSTION ENGINE pulse command to actuate the fuel injector allowing
fuel to pass through the fuel injector as a first fuel
United States Patent : 6,006,725 mass. The controller is also programmed to monitor a
Date : December 28, 1999 voltage across the fuel injector, and determine a
Appl. No. : 09/005,571 preliminary fuel injector opening magnitude based on
Filed : January 12, 1998
a rate of change of voltage. The controller is further
Inventors : Stefanopoulou; Anna programmed to assign the preliminary fuel injector
(Ann Arbor, MI), opening magnitude as a maximum fuel injector
Jankovic; Mrdjan J opening magnitude in response to the first fuel mass
(Birmingham, MI) being greater than a quantity threshold. The controller
is further programmed to apply a scaling factor to
Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, adjust a second fuel pulse command to normalize the
Inc. (Dearborn, MI) maximum fuel injector opening magnitude value to a
predetermined full open value.
ABSTRACT: A system for controlling camshaft timing,
air/fuel ratio and electronic throttle position in an automotive
internal combustion engine uses a controller for operating a
camshaft phaser, electronic throttle positioner and fuel
injectors. The controller determines camshaft timing,
steady-state electronic throttle position, steady-state fuel
supply, and compensatory transient electronic throttle
position, and transient fuel supply such that an engine
operating with the present system has the torque output
characteristics matching a conventional engine having
fixed camshaft timing, but with lower fuel consumption and
lower exhaust emissions than a conventional engine.
Source: http://patents.com/us-6006725.html

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 41 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

AUTO NEWS
1.INDIA SEEKS LITHIUM FROM SOUTH AMERICAN
NATIONS TO MEET SOLAR ENERGY AND ELECTRIC
VEHICLES TARGET
By: Huma Siddiqui | Updated: April 1, 2019 5:43 PM
(Source: The Financial Express.com)
As India moves closer to implementing policies for
achieving its massive targets for electric vehicles and solar
energy having a sustainable supply of Lithium-ion is more
important than ever. In this report we explain the steps
being taken by India to localise Lithium-ion cell/ battery
production in order to support future growth
With big plans to converting all its vehicles to an electric
platform by 2030, India is reaching out to the `Lithium
Triangle' in South America- Argentina, Bolivia and Chile
seeking the rare metal Lithium to realise its goal. Lithium is
needed making batteries not only for the vehicles but is
also required for laptops, and mobile phones. There have
been hectic diplomatic engagements with inward and
outgoing visits to these countries. The common thread has
been India seeking to either have joint ventures, acquisition
and exploration of Lithium mines in these countries.
Last week, in the first-ever high-level visit by any Indian
leader to Bolivia, President Ram NathKovind and his
Bolivian counterpart Evo Morales had wide-ranging talks
on strengthening relations in various sectors including
space exploration, mining, mining, information technology,
pharmaceutical and traditional medicines.
This was also the first time ever that President Evo
Morales personally signed the Framework agreement
establishing the commitment of Bolivia joining the
International Solar Alliance (ISA).
Diplomatic sources confirmed to Financial Express
Online that, “President Morales has never inked an
agreement with any other leader of any country before. The
fact that he personally inked the agreement is indicative of
the importance of Indian President Kovind's visit to Bolivia.”
The International Solar Alliance (ISA), is an initiative by
India and France, whose major aim is to fight climate
change and global warming. In his bilateral discussions,
Kovind offered cutting edge technologies that could help
Bolivia in developing Lithium products. According to
Morales the South American country Bolivia presently has
confirmed investment of $4.5 billion for industrialising
lithium.
Reports have indicated that companies from China and
Germany have committed investments in the Lithium
processing projects: Chinese company Xinjiang TBEA
Group has decided to invest $2.3 billion and the state-
owned Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos has a joint venture
with and Germany's ACI Systems in Uyuni for extraction of
Lithium and has promised an investment of $900 million.
According to the joint statement issued at the end of
Kovind's visit to Bolivia, the two countries have agreed to
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
not only have a joint venture for setting up Lithium
Battery/Cell production in India but also to have a beneficial
partnership to facilitate Bolivian supplies of lithium
Carbonate to India.
Financial Express Online was the first to report that
state-owned (KABIL) consortium of three PSU companies
including: National Aluminum Company (NALCO),
Hindustan Copper (HCL) and Mineral Exploration Corp
Ltd., (MECL) and Bolivian state-owned Yacimientos del
LitioBolivianos (Bolivian Lithium Deposits) (YLB)
Corporation will have a joint venture of setting up a Lithium
Battery plant in India.
The country holds more than 40% of known reserves of
Lithium, most of it in Salar de Uyuni. Salar de Uyuni is the
world's largest salt flat rich in Lithium -- a large ground
covered with salt and minerals. During the visit, it was also
announced that a delegation from National Mission on
Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage of India will be
undertaking a follow-up visit to Bolivia later this year
seeking battery storage solutions.
Argentina has the largest lithium resources in the world,
due to the high exploration activity that has been explored in
recent years. Bolivia is still not considered part of the lithium
reserve, but has only the resource and Chile has 48% of the
total lithium reserves in the world, located mainly in the
Salar de Atacama.
Discussions between Prime Minister Narendra Modi
and Argentinean President Mauricio Macri earlier this year
focussed on Lithium mining. Soon there will be a huge
demand for solar panels which use Lithium-ION based
batteries to meet India's target of 100 GW of solar power
generation by 2022 too.
Figure shows the World's Lithium update
reserves and resources.
Where is Lithium in Chile? An interactive Map of Chile
Shows the SALAR's in Chile from where the lithium
minerals come. Salar de Atacama and Salar de
Maricunga are the major projects and Lots of Companies
are active in this Salars like SQM, SCM, Rockwood, SLM,
Mineria Li, Cominor, Corfo, Codelco, Simbalik, Albemarle,
and others, there are other Salars in Chile where the
presence of Lithium mineral is found and exploration of
Lithium is still going on.
42 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
 AUTO NEWS
The production of Lithium in Chile in 2011 was 12900
Metric Tons, 2012 was 13200 Metric tons, till 2015
production fell down which was recorded 10500 Metric
Tons and then started increasing after 2015. It has been
estimated that some 16.0 thousand metric tons of Lithium
were produced in Chile in 2018.
During talks between President Kovind and his Chilean
counterpart President SebastiánPiñera, among other
issues, mining and exploration of Lithium is the focus.
According to a Survey Report on Lithium Market in
Chile, posted on the Indian Embassy's website in Santiago,
Chile -- a Chennai Based company Munoth Industries
Limited (MIL) promoter of Munoth Group is setting-up
India's first Lithium Batteries cell for Mobile phone.
Automobile sector Maruti Suzuki's parent company
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
Suzuki Motor Corporation (SMC) has tied up with Toshiba
and Denso to set up the country's first lithium-ion battery
manufacturing facility in Gujarat and Mahindra &
Mahindra has firmed up plans to set up an R&D centre and
a new battery manufacturing unit in Chakan, Maharashtra.
Mahindra has forged an alliance with South Korea's LG
Chem to make lithium-ion batteries in India.
2.INDIA COULD ACHIEVE HIGH PENETRATION OF
EV BY 2030: NITI REPORT
PTI Apr 05, 2019, 09.16 PM IST
(Source: The Economic Times)
The report quantifies direct oil and carbon savings that
vehicles incentivised under the FAME II would deliver.
India could achieve high penetration of electric
vehicles (EV) by 2030 on the back of success of FAME II
and other measures, according to a NitiAayog report. The
penetration of EV vehicles could reach around 80 per cent
in case of two-wheelers and 30 per cent for private cars,
the report -- India's Electric Mobility Transformation:
Progress to Date and Future Opportunities -- by the
NitiAayog and the Rocky Mountain Institute.
The report quantifies direct oil and carbon savings that
vehicles incentivised under the FAME II would deliver.
"According to the analysis, if FAME II and other measures -
in public and private space - are successful, India could
realise EV sales penetration of 30 per cent of private cars,
70 per cent of commercial cars, 40 per cent of buses and
80 per cent of two and three-wheelers by 2030," the report
said.
Extrapolating from the same, it added that the lifetime
cumulative oil and carbon savings of all electric vehicles
deployed through 2030 could be many-fold larger than the
direct savings from FAME II. "For example, achieving
these levels of market share by 2030 could generate
cumulative savings of 846 million tonnes of CO2 over the
total deployed vehicle's lifetime," the report pointed out.
According to the report, electric buses covered under
FAME II will account for 3.8 billion vehicle kilometers
travelled (e-vkt) over their lifetime "Vehicles eligible under
FAME II scheme can cumulatively save 5.4 million tonnes
of oil equivalent over their lifetime worth Rs 17.2 thousand
crores," it said. The report suggested that the government
should focus on a phased manufacturing plan to promote
EVs, provide fiscal and non fiscal incentives for phased
manufacturing of EVs and batteries.
The report also suggested different government
departments consider a bouquet of potential policies, such
as congestion pricing, ZEV credits, low
emission/exclusion zones, parking policies, etc. to drive
adoption of EVs. The FAME II scheme, which was notified
by the union cabinet in February 2019, aims to further
accelerate India's commitment to a clean mobility future,
sees the electrification of transportation as a primary focus
43 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
 AUTO NEWS
area, an official statement said. FAME II intends to catalyze
the market for faster adoption of EVs to ensure durable
economic growth and global competitiveness for India's
automotive industry, it added.
RMI is an Indian and global nonprofit organisation focused on
driving the efficient and restorative use of resources.
3.ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER SEGMENT TO BE
AFFECTED THE MOST BY FAME-II: CRISIL
By: PTI | Published: April 8, 2019 11:57 AM
(Source: The Financial Express)
Electric two-wheeler segment is expected to face a rough
road in the initial phase of the FAME II Scheme with the
exclusion of lead battery-powered such vehicles, as per a
Crisil impact note. The central government late last month laid
out the eligibility criteria for electric buses, passenger
vehicles, three-wheelers and two-wheelers to avail the
incentives under the 'Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in India' (FAME-II) scheme. The
criteria is based on minimum top speed, range per charge
and acceleration as well as energy consumption efficiency of
EVs.
"Our assessment of the product portfolio of various EV
manufacturers indicates that the electric two-wheeler
segment would be impacted the most by FAME-II rules. We
believe more than 95 per cent of the electric two-wheeler
models being produced now will not be eligible for incentive
under FAME-II," Crisil said in the note issued Sunday.With the
aim to promote eco-friendly vehicles, the government had
launched the FAME India in 2015.
The second phase of the scheme, which is effective from
April 1, will be for a period of three years with an outlay of Rs
10,000 crore and will be applicable to vehicles with 'advanced
batteries' (excluding lead acid ones). According to the note,
about 90 per cent of the vehicles that availed incentives under
the FAME I scheme, which was operational between April 1,
2015, and March 31 this year, were electric scooters."FAME-
II continues to exclude lead acid battery-powered two-
wheelers. Additionally, as per the latest eligibility criteria, e-
scooters ought to have a minimum range of 80 km per charge
and minimum top speed of 40 kmph, alongwith riders on
energy consumption efficiency, minimum acceleration and
higher number of charging cycles. This precludes more than
90 per cent of the remaining lithium ion battery-driven models
from the subsidy," it said.
Earlier, the incentive for lithium ion battery-based two-
wheelers stood at Rs 17,000 or Rs 22,000, based on the fuel
savings potential and irrespective of the size of the battery.
FAME-II has linked the demand incentive to the size
of the battery, with the government providing Rs 10,000 per
kWh of battery used for a two-wheeler, it said."As the average
size of a lithium ion battery in electric scooters sold during
FAME-I was ~1.5kWh (average subsidy of about Rs 15,000
per vehicle), it reduced the average subsidy per vehicle by Rs
2,000 to Rs 7,000," it added.
As per the Crisil note, about 85 per cent of the outlay
would be as a demand incentive applicable to buses,
passenger vehicles and three-wheelers registered for
commercial usage and public transport, along with privately
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
owned two-wheelers."EV makers have been caught off-
guard by the stringent eligibility criteria leaving them no time
to conform. They are expected to increase the battery size of
their offerings for higher range and speed, improve battery
technology for more charging cycles,among others, in their
2-wheelers in order to be eligible for the incentives," it said.
Moreover, the requirement of 50 per cent localisation in
manufacturing is also expected to be a hurdle for many
original equipment makers. And going ahead, upgradation of
products and localisation would increase the costs for e-
scooters, which could hurt demand, according to Crisil.
EV makers are expected to take time to come up with
new models eligible for FAME-II demand incentive along with
the necessary level of localisation.It would happen only after
they make changes in production and exhaust inventory of
vehicles that are not eligible for subsidy, it added.
4.PRODUCTION CURBS HELP AUTO FIRMS
REDUCE INVENTORY
By Sharmistha Mukherjee, NehalChaliawala
ET Bureau| Updated: Apr 11, 2019, 07.30 AM IST
(Source: The Economic Times)
NEW DELHI | MUMBAI: Production rationalisation by
manufacturers has helped retail sales of automobiles to
grow much faster than wholesale, helping dealers reduce
their mounting inventory.
Retail sales of passenger vehicles (PV) rose by 3.68%
to 3,204,769 units last fiscal, while those of commercial
vehicles and two-wheelers grew even faster by 22.34% to
978,811units and 9.56% to 16,509,893 units respectively,
in FY19 as per data available with VAHAN dashboard.
Though these numbers reflect the growth in retail sales, the
actual sales numbers could be even higher given that
vehicles registration data for four states is not available.
Wholesale volumes of PVs rose 2.7% to 3,377,436
units, of commercial vehicles by 17.55% to 1,007,319 units
and two-wheelers by 4.86% to 21,181,390 units pan-India
in the period under review. Indian automakers report
wholesale dispatches to dealers, and the VAHAN
dashboard records vehicle registrations in the local market
but does not currently capture sales statistics of four states
– Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and
Kerala.
LOW WHOLESALE GROWTH
“Wholesale growth has been low on account of inventory
correction undertaken by manufacturers over the past
two months, but retail sales have been better than
wholesale numbers,” said Sugato Sen, deputy director
general at industry body Society of Indian Automobile
Manufacturers (SIAM).
VG Ramakrishnan, managing partner at Avanteum
Advisors LLP, said, “In any year, wholesale absolute
numbers are always higher than retail numbers ...
considering that there will be a 30-45 days stock in the
system. This year retail outpacing the growth of wholesale
is purely on account of lower factory output to balance
dealer inventory.”
44 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
 AUTO NEWS
During March, major OEMs (original equipment
manufacturers) observed production cuts to help reduce
the inventory with auto dealers, especially in the scooters
segment, where the production was cut by half. Among
others, market leaders Maruti Suzuki and Hero MotoCorp
slashed production volumes by 20.6% (to 135,236 units)
and by 19.45% to 578,229 units, respectively, last month.
Toyota Kirloskar Motor cut production by 8% to 11,805
units, Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India by 67% to
177,186 units, Royal Enfield by 20% to 62,293 units in the
month under review.
Source: Vahan dashboard and SIAM Analysis
INVENTORY STATUS
According to data available with Federation of
Automobile Dealers Association (FADA), passenger and
commercial vehicle inventory now stands at 40-45 days
and those of two-wheelers at 45-50 days, with 30 days
being the norm.
In March, retail demand for automobiles also improved
on a month-on-month basis showing an uptick in consumer
sentiment. “All segments recorded positive growth in March
compared with February sales, with two-wheelers leading
the charge which indicates slight improvement in consumer
sentiment and liquidity availability,” said FADA president
Ashish Harsharaj Kale, adding, “The worst is behind us. We
expect plateauing of declining demand and sales to
stabilise in current normal range till the conclusion of the
general elections.”
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
5.NITI AAYOG SEEKS MINISTRY HELP FOR EV
CHARGING INFRA AT FUEL PUMPS
By Sanjeev Choudhar, ET Bureau| Updated: Apr 23,
2019, 11.31 PM IST
(Source: Economic Times)
Government think tank NitiAayog has asked the oil
ministry to help set up electric vehicle (EV) charging
infrastructure at 1,000 fuel stations across the country, but
industry executives said any such move will require
redesigning of stations and a viable business model.
Easy access to charging facility is key to making EVs
popular in India where cities are choking with vehicle
emissions, prompting the government to think of new ways
to create an ecosystem favourable to green vehicles. Since
the talk of EVs got louder globally a few years ago, Indian oil
marketing companies have been exploring possibilities of
being relevant in a future probably dominated by EVs. Now
the government order can accelerate their transition.
For EV charging to take off at traditional pumps,
companies will need to come up with a viable business
model as well a design tweak of filling stations, company
executives and petrol pump dealers said.
Current design allows vehicles to enter from one end of
the pump, receive fuel from dispensers and exit within
minutes from the other end. Replacing one dispenser or a
set of dispensers with electric chargers would stop the free
flow of traffic at pumps since charging takes much longer
than filling liquid fuel, said Nitin Goyal, treasurer at All India
Petroleum Dealers Association. This would inconvenience
customers and slow down business.
The turnaround time for a petrol or diesel car refuelling
is 2-5 minutes, but for electric cars even fast charging would
require at least 20 minutes. Slow charging could take much
longer. This means fewer customers could be serviced in a
day. “Today we don't know the kind of margin EV charging
can offer. But before setting up a charging point, a dealer
will evaluate if the business is as profitable as the liquid fuel
business,” Goyal said.
Setting up charging stations at fuel pumps could be
effective preliminary steps toward popularising EVs, though
after a while charging points will proliferate to almost all
places that can park a car or bike, Balwinder Singh Canth, a
former marketing chief at IndianOil, said
45 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
BOOKS ADDED IN KNOWLEDGE CENTRE ( 2019-20)
understand the specifics of automotive software to be able
AUTOMOTIVE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES: AN to construct cars or their components. Accordingly, the
INTRODUCTION book also contains a wealth of real-world examples
By : CHENG, HONG. illustrating the concepts discussed and requires no prior
Publisher : Springer 7 Jul 2017 background in the automotive domain.
http://library.araiindia.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-
Edition : 1st ed. 2017 edition.
detail.pl?biblionumber=18857
Description : 237 pages, 15.6 x 1.6 x 23.4 cm.
ISBN : 9783319586090.
PLUG IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN SMART GRIDS-
Subject(s): Software architecture,automotive computers INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Software architecture By : FARHADSHAHNIA,
SUMEDHARAJAKARUNA.
Summary: This book Contributor(s) : GHOSH, ARINDAM
introduces the Publisher : Heidelberg Springer
concept of software
10 September 2016
architecture as one of
the cornerstones of Edition : 1st ed. 2015 edition.
software in modern Description : 349 pages, 15.5 x 2.2 x 23.5 cm.
cars. Following a ISBN : 9789811013768.
historical overview of
the evolution of
software in modern Subject(s): Electric vehicles Electric vehicle industry
cars and a discussion Engineering (General)
of the main challenges
driving that evolution, Summary: This book
Chapter 2 describes focuses on the state of
the main architectural the art in worldwide
styles of automotive research on applying
software and their use o p t i m i z a t i o n
in cars' software. In approaches to
Chapter 3, readers will intelligently control
find a description of charging and
the software development processes used to develop discharging of
software on the car manufacturers' side. Chapter 4 then batteries of Plug-in
introduces AUTOSAR – an important standard in E l e c t r i c Ve h i c l e s
automotive software. Chapter 5 goes beyond simple (PEVs) in smart grids.
architecture and describes the detailed design process for Network constraints,
automotive software using Simulink, helping readers to cost considerations,
understand how detailed design links to high-level design. the number and
Next, Chapter 6 presents a method for assessing the penetration level of
quality of the architecture – ATAM (Architecture Trade-off PEVs, utilization of
Analysis Method) – and provides a sample assessment, PEVs by their owners,
while Chapter 7 presents an alternative way of assessing ancillary services,
the architecture, namely by using quantitative measures load forecasting, risk
and indicators. Subsequently Chapter 8 dives deeper into analysis, etc. are all different criteria considered by the
one of the specific properties discussed in Chapter 6 – researchers in developing mathematical based equations
safety – and details an important standard in that area, the which represent the presence of PEVs in electric networks.
ISO/IEC 26262 norm. Lastly, Chapter 9 presents a set of Different objective functions can be defined and different
future trends that are currently emerging and have the optimization methods can be utilized to coordinate the
potential to shape automotive software engineering in the performance of PEVs in smart grids. This book will be an
coming years. This book explores the concept of software excellent resource for anyone interested in grasping the
architecture for modern cars and is intended for both current state of applying different optimization techniques
beginning and advanced software designers. It mainly aims and approaches that can manage the presence of PEVs in
at two different groups of audience – professionals working smart grids.
with automotive software who need to understand concepts http://library.araiindia.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-
related to automotive architectures, and students of detail.pl?biblionumber=18851
software engineering or related fields who need to

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 46 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

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Web. : http://www.ksae.org/conference/ Title : 9th Annual NPD And Innovation In
?event=21 The Chemical Industry Summit Title : International Electric Vehicle
Date : 15-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 Symposium (EVS) 32nd edition
Title : 5th China Advanced Automotive Venue : InterContinental Hotel Berlin, Date : 19-05-2019 to 22-05-2019
Manufacturing Congress & Germany Venue : Lyon, France
Exhibition 2019 (AMC) Email : ipallavaliente@engevents.com Web. : https://10times.com/international-
Date : 09-05-2019 to 11-05-2019 Web. : http://www.engevents.com/ electric-vehicle-symposium
Venue : Wuhan International Expo Center, npdchem2019
China Title : Future Armoured Vehicles Eastern
Email : yaoshun@watsonunexpo.com Title : Agile For Automotive Europe
Web. : http://www.automcexpo.com/en/ Date : 15-05-2019 to 17-05-2019 Date : 20-05-2019 to 21-05-2019
Venue : Detroit, United States Venue : Prague, Czech Republic
Title : Advanced Automotive Email : enquiry@iqpc.com Web. : https://10times.com/future-armoured-
Manufacturing Congress and Web. : https://agileforautomotive.iqpc.com/ vehicles-eastern-europe-forum
Exhibition (Advanced Automotive
Manufacturing Congress and Exh) Title : Agile for Automotive Conference Title : Automotive Interiors Expo 2019
Date : 09-05-2019 to 11-05-2019 Date : 15-05-2019 to 17-05-2019 Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019
Venue : Wuhan, China Venue : Detroit, MI, United States Venue : Messe Stuttgart, Germany
Web. : https://10times.com/advanced- Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/ Email : Interiors@ukimediaevents.com
automotive-manufacturing-congress- event.asp?id=20278 Web. : http://Https://www.automotive-
and-exh interiors-expo.com/en/
Title : AuToPros 2019 3rd Intelligent Vehicle
Title : Motor World Classics Conference Title : Autonomous Vehicle Technology
Date : 10-05-2019 to 12-05-2019 Date : 15-05-2019 to 16-05-2019 Expo 2019
Venue : Friedrichshafen, Germany Venue : Shenzhen, China Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019

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 FORTHCOMING EVENTS
Venue : Messe Stuttgart, Germany Title : 2nd Asia-Pacific Diesel Engine Venue : Shanghai, China
Email : chris.richardson And Emission Summit 2019 Email : NIL
@ukimediaevents.com Date : 23-05-2019 to 24-05-2019 Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/aviation-
Web. : https://www, Venue : Pullman Bangkok Grande technology-forum
autonomousvehicletechnologyexpo. Sukhumvit, Thailand
com/en/ Email : david.wang@borscon.com Title : Connected Industries Conference
Web. : http://www.borscon.com/ Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019
Title : EuroBrake 2019 2019apde/en/ Venue : Johannesburg, South Africa
Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/connected-
Venue : Dresden, Germany Title : China Autonomous Driving HD Live industries-conference
Email : info@eurobrake.net Map Innovation Conference 2019
Web. : https://www.eurobrake.net/ Date : 23-05-2019 to 24-05-2019 Title : TaaS Technology Cavs & Future
Venue : Beijing, China Mobility
Title : Global Automotive Components Email : klaus.qian@grccinc.com Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019
And Suppliers Expo 2019 Web. : http://en.hdmapconference.com/ Venue : Solihull, UK
Date : 21-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/taas-technology-
Venue : Stuttgart Trade Fair, Germany Title : International Conference on cavs-future-mobility
Email : simon.willard@ukimediaevents.com Simulation, Modeling and
Web. : https:// www.globalautomotivecomp Optimization (CSMO) Title : Taas Technology Conference
onentsandsuppliersexpo.com/de/ Date : 24-05-2019 to 26-05-2019 Energising Future Mobility (Taas
Venue : Beijing, China Technology Conference Energising
Title : ICT SPRING EUROPE 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/csmo-beijing Future Mobil)
Date : 21-05-2019 to 22-05-2019 Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019
Venue : European Convention Center, Title : AUTO SHOW Venue : Solihull, UK
Luxembourg Date : 25-05-2019 to 27-05-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/taas-technology-
Email : team@ictspring.com Venue : PragatiMaidan, India conference-energising-future-mobil
Web. : https://www.ictspring.com/ Email : aakar.autoshow2@gmail.com
Web. : http://www.autoshowexhibition.in Title : Digital Transformation and
Title : New Energy & Intelligent Connected Enterprise Mobility (Conference
Vehicle Technology Conference Title : Advanced Lighting for Enterprise Mobility Strategies)
Date : 21-05-2019 to 22-05-2019 Automotive 2019 Summit Date : 05-06-2019 to 05-06-2019
Venue : Shanghai, China Date : 29-05-2019 to 31-05-2019 Venue : Zaandam, Netherlands
Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/new- Venue : Detroit, MI, United States Web. : https://10times.com/conference-
energy-vehicle-forum Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/ enterprise-mobility-strategies
event.asp?id=20294
Title : 7th Annual Automotive Warranty Title : European EV Charging Summit
Management Summit 2019 JUNE Date : 05-06-2019 to 06-06-2019
Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Venue : London, United Kingdom
Venue : Crowne Plaza Le Palace Brussels, Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/
Title : International Conference on event.asp?id=20304
Belgium Robotics and Automation Sciences
Email : ipallavaliente@engevents.com (ICRAS)
Web. : http://www.engevents.com/ Title : Vehicle Thermal Management
Date : 01-06-2019 to 03-06-2019 Systems Conference and
autowarranty2019 Venue : Wuhan, China Exhibition - VTMS 14
Web. : https://10times.com/icras-ed Date : 05-06-2019 to 06-06-2019
Title : Automotive Functional Safety
Forum (AFS) Venue : London, United Kingdom
Title : International Conference on Email : eventenquiries@imeche.org
Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Autonomic and Autonomous
Venue : Berlin, Germany Web. : http://www.imeche.org/vtms14
Systems (ICAS) 15th edition
Web. : https://10times.com/afs-berlin Date : 02-06-2019 to 06-06-2019
Title : International Symposium on
Venue : Athens, Greece
Title : Autopromotec 2019 Driving Science
Email : Nil
Date : 22-05-2019 to 26-05-2019 Date : 07-06-2019 to 07-06-2019
Web. : https://10times.com/icas-athens-
Venue : Bologna Exhibition Centre, Italy Venue : Eindhoven, Netherlands
greece
Email : info@autopromotec.it Web. : http://www.ijdssymposium.eu/
Web. : https://www.autopromotec.com/en/ Title : 11th Annual Automotive Finance
Title : Automechanika Dubai
Summit
Title : Connected Cars Summit 2nd edition Date : 10-06-2019 to 12-06-2019
Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019
Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Venue : Dubai World Trade Centre, United
Venue : Ramada Apollo Amsterdam, The
Venue : London, UK Arab Emirates
Netherlands
Web. : https://10times.com/cars-summit Email : automechanika@uae.
Email : ipallavaliente@engevents.com
messefrankfurt.com
Web. : http://www.engevents.com/
Title : Electric/Electronic in Hybrid and Web. : https://www.automechanikadubai.
autofinance-2019
Electric Vehicles and Electrical com/frankfurt/51/for-exhibitors/
Energy Management Conference welcome.aspx
Title : Automotive Engineering Expo 2019
(EEHE Conference) Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019
Date : 22-05-2019 to 23-05-2019 Title : Noise and Vibration Conference &
Venue : NurnbergMesse GmbH, Nuremberg,
Venue : Bad Nauheim, Germany Exhibition
Germany
Web. : https://10times.com/eehe-conference Date : 10-06-2019 to 13-06-2019
Email : info@nuernbergmesse.de
Venue : Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Web. : https://www.automotive-engineering-
Title : JSAE Annual Congress 2019 Email : melissa.jena@sae.org
expo.com/en
Date : 22-05-2019 to 22-05-2019 Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/nvh/
Venue : Yokohama, Japan Title : Aviation Technology Forum
Web. : http://www.jsae.or.jp/2019haru/ english/ Title : SAE 2019 Noise and Vibration
Date : 04-06-2019 to 05-06-2019
Conference & Exhibition

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 FORTHCOMING EVENTS
Title : SIA Power Train & Electronics Title : European Electric Vehicle Web. : https://10times.com/driving-
Date : 12-06-2019 to 12-06-2019 Batteries Summit assessment-conference
Venue : Paris, France Date : 18-06-2019 to 19-06-2019
Email : molly.boissier@sia.fr Venue : Berlin, Germany Title : Advanced Automotive Battery
Web. : http://www.sia.fr/evenements/136- Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/ Conference
sia-power-train-electronics- event.asp?id=20325 Date : 25-06-2019 to 27-06-2019
2019#registration-registration Venue : Coronado, USA
Title : Automotive Manufacturing 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/advanced-
Title : Vietnam Industrial And Date : 19-06-2019 to 22-06-2019 automotive-battery-coronado
Manufacturing Fair 2019 Venue : BITEC (Bangkok International Trade
Date : 12-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Exhibition Center), Thailand Title : International Congress on
Venue : BinhDuong Convention And Email : automan@reedtradex.co.th Advances (AutobomileElectronik)
Exhibition Center, Vietnam Web. : https://www.automanexpo.com/ Date : 25-06-2019 to 26-06-2019
Email : info@vietnamindustrialfiesta.com Venue : Ludwigsburg, Germany
Web. : http://vietnamindustrialfiesta.com/ Title : 12th China Leasing Summit 2019 Web. : https://10times.com/autobomile-
Date : 20-06-2019 to 21-06-2019 electronik
Title : 6th China Connected Cars Summit Venue : Crowne Plaza Beijing Chaoyang U-
2019 Town, China Title : DISPLAY CHINA 2019
Date : 13-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Email : yuki.ren@duxes.cn Date : 26-06-2019 to 28-06-2019
Venue : Crowne Plaza Beijing Chaoyang U- Web. : http://www.duxes-leasing.com/lease- Venue : Shanghai New International Expo
Town, China cn12/index.html Centre(SNIEC), China
Email : yuki.ren@duxes.cn Email : info@reedkuozhan.com
Web. : http://www.duxesvehicle.com/tcvcn6/ Title : 4th China Automobile Aftermarket Web. : https://www.displaychina.
index.html Summit 2019 com.cn/en/Home/
Date : 20-06-2019 to 21-06-2019
Title : Asian Tyre & Rubber Conference Venue : Shanghai Marriott Hotel Hongqiao, Title : Latin Tyre Expo
(ATRC) China Date : 26-06-2019 to 28-06-2019
Date : 13-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Email : yuki.ren@duxes.cn Venue : ATLAPA Convention Center, Panama
Venue : Chennai, India Web. : http://www.duxes-vehicle.com/ Email : linda@latintyreexpo.com
Web. : https://10times.com/atrc am4/index.html Web. : http://www.latintyreexpo.com

Title : Electrified Vehicle Thermal Title : 7th China International Automotive Title : Symposium for Combustion
Management Conference Powertrain Summit 2019 Control
Date : 13-06-2019 to 13-06-2019 Date : 20-06-2019 to 21-06-2019 Date : 26-06-2019 to 27-06-2019
Venue : Novi, USA Venue : Beijing, China Venue : Aachen, Germany
Web. : https://10times.com/electrified- Email : benjamin.sue@borscon.com Web. : https://10times.com/symposium-for-
vehicle-thermal-management- Web. : http://www.autopt.org/en/ combustion-control
conference
Title : Malaysia Commercial Vehicle Expo
Title : Women Automotive Summit 2019 2019 JULLY
Date : 13-06-2019 to 13-06-2019 Date : 20-06-2019 to 22-09-2019
Venue : Stuttgart, Germany Venue : Malaysia International Exhibition &
Title : Autonomous Machines World
Email : Stephanie@Wwpartnerships.com Convention Centre (MIECC)
Date : 01-07-2019 to 03-07-2019
Web. : https://womenautomotivesummit. Email : info@asiantrucker.com
Venue : Berlin, Germany
com/register/ Web. : http://www.mcve.com.my/
Web. : https://10times.com/autonomous-
systems-world
Title : Automotive Engine Air and Title : EVE Expo 2019
Cooling Systems Date : 21-06-2019 to 23-06-2019
Title : Car HMI Europe
Date : 14-06-2019 to 14-06-2019 Venue : Guangzhou International Sourcing
Date : 01-07-2019 to 02-07-2019
Venue : Novi, USA Center, China
Venue : TITANIC Chaussee Berlin, Germany
Web. : https://10times.com/automotive- Email : Nevic@evexpovip.com
Email : Info@we-conect.com
engine-air-and-cooling-systems Web. : http://Http://www.evexpovip.com/en
Web. : http://Https://www.car-hmi.com/
Title : International Wheelset Congress Title : IMPACT>MOBILITY
Title : E-Mobility & Circular Economy
Date : 16-06-2019 to 20-06-2019 Date : 24-06-2019 to 25-06-2019
Date : 01-07-2019 to 03-07-2019
Venue : Venice, Italy Venue : Amsterdam, Netherlands
Venue : Tokyo, Japan
Web. : https://10times.com/international- Email : gragg@impactconf.com
Email : info@icm.ch
wheelset-congress-venice Web. : https://events.impactconf.com/
Web. : https://www.icm.ch/emce-2019
mobility-eu/
Title : Automotive Materials Summit 2019
Title : E-Mobility & Circular Economy EMCE
Date : 17-06-2019 to 18-06-2019 Title : International Conference on Flexible
Date : 01-07-2019 to 03-07-2019
Venue : Infinity Hotel, Germany Automation and Intelligent
Manufacturing (FAIM) 29th edition Venue : Tokyo, Japan
Email : dbushell@crain.com
Date : 24-06-2019 to 28-06-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/emce
Web. : https://www.automotivematerial
ssummit.com/ Venue : Castletroy, Ireland
Web. : https://10times.com/faim-castletroy Title : 6th Automobile & Mechanical
automotivematerialssummit2019/
Engineering
en/page/home
Title : International Driving Symposium on Date : 08-07-2019 to 09-07-2019
Human Factors in Driver Venue : Zurich, Switzerland
Title : International Conference on Icing
Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Email : automobileeurope@engineer
of Aircraft, Engines, and Structures Design (Driving Assessment ingspeakerexperts.org
Date : 17-06-2019 to 21-06-2019 Conference) 10th edition Web. : https://automobile.expertc
Venue : Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Date : 24-06-2019 to 27-06-2019 onferences.org/
Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/icing Venue : Santa Fe, USA

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 FORTHCOMING EVENTS
Title : International Conference and Title : SAE CyberAuto Challenge™ Web. : http://jajak.ksae.org/eng/intro.php
Exhibition on Automobile & Date : 21-07-2019 to 26-07-2019
Mechanical Engineering (Automobile Venue : Warren, Michigan, USA Title : China International Tire Expo 2019
Conferences) 6th edition Date : 19-08-2019 to 21-08-2019
Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/cyberauto
Date : 08-07-2019 to 09-07-2019
Venue : Shanghai World Expo Exhibition &
Venue : Zürich, Switzerland Title : PHILAUTO 2019 Convention Center, China
Web. : https://10times.com/automobile- Date : 24-07-2019 to 26-07-2019 Email : citexpo@reliable.org.cn
conferences Venue : SMX Convention Center, Philippines Website : http://www.citexpo.com.cn/
Email : richard@ambtarsus.com en/about_citexpo.php
Title : International Conference on Web. : http://www.philauto.org/
Mechatronics, Electronics and Title : JSAE/SAE International Powertrains,
Automotive Engineering (ICMEAE) Title : ADS International Convention & Fuels & Lubricants Meeting
Date : 09-07-2019 to 10-07-2019 Tradeshow Date : 25-08-2019 to 29-08-2019
Venue : Prague, Czech Republic Date : 30-07-2019 to 02-08-2019 Venue : Kyoto, Japan
Web. : https://10times.com/icmeae-prague Venue : Orlando, USA Web. : http://pfl2019.jp/
Web. : https://10times.com/ads-international-
Title : International VDI Conference IT convention-tradeshow Title : MIMS Automechanika Moscow
Security for Vehicles 5th edition Date : 26-08-2019 to 29-08-2019
Date : 09-07-2019 to 10-07-2019 Title : MTA Annual Conference 86th edition Venue : Expocentre, Russia
Venue : Düsseldorf, Germany Date : 30-07-2019 to 01-08-2019 Email : V.Komlichenko@itemf.ru
Web. : https://10times.com/it-security-for- Venue : Alexandria, USA Web. : http://www.mims.ru/en-GB/
vehicles Web. : https://10times.com/mta-annual-
conference Title : Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants
Title : International Congress Drivetrain International Meeting
for Vehicles Title : Suspension Systems USA Date : 26-08-2019 to 29-08-2019
Date : 10-07-2019 to 11-07-2019 Conference Venue : Kyoto, Japan
Venue : Bonn, Germany Date : 30-07-2019 to 01-08-2019 Email : pft2019@jtbcom.co.jp
Web. : https://10times.com/drivetrain-for- Venue : Ann Arbor, MI, United States Web. : https://www.pfl2019.jp/
vehicles Web. : https://www.asdevents.com/
event.asp?id=20368
Title : Lightweight Asia 2019 2019 SEPTEMBER
Date : 10-07-2019 to 12-07-2019
Venue : Shanghai New International Expo 2019 AUGUST
Centre (SNIEC), China Title : COMTTRANS - International
Email : julia.zhu@reedexpo.com.cn Commercial Vehicle Auto Show
Title : IAVSD Internatinamiconal Date : 02-09-2019 to 07-09-2019
Web. : http://www.lightweightasia.com/en/
Symposium On Dynamics Of Venue : IEC Crocus Expo, Pavilion 3, Halls
Vehicles On Roads & Truck 13, 14, 15., Russia
Title : Fisita Plus
Date : 12-08-2019 to 16-08-2019 Email : v.krupina@itemf.ru
Date : 11-07-2019 to 11-07-2019
Venue : Gothenburg, Sweden Web. : http://www.comtransexpo.ru/en-
Venue : London, UK
Web. : https://10times.com/iavsd- GB/about.aspx
Web. : https://10times.com/fisita-plus
internatinamiconal-symposium-on-
dynamics Title : International Commercial Vehicle
Title : Automobile Engineering 2019
Date : 12-07-2019 to 13-07-2019 Auto Show 2019
Title : 5th International Workshop on Date : 02-09-2019 to 07-09-2019
Venue : Yokohama, Japan
Heat/Mass Transfer Advances for Venue : Moscow, Crocus Expo
Email : automobile@scientificmeet.com
Energy Conversion and Pollution Email : info@itemf.ru
Web. : https://automobileengineering.
Contro Web. : http://www.comtransexpo.ru/en-GB/
enggconferences.com/
Date : 13-08-2019 to 16-08-2019
Venue : Novosibirsk, Russian Fed. Title : COMVEC Technology Connection
Title : Automotive Safety Summit
Email : wangqw@mail.xjtu.edu.cn Date : 09-09-2019 to 11-09-2019
Shanghai (ASSS)
Web. : http://iwht2019.org Venue : Indianapolis, IN, United States
Date : 15-07-2019 to 16-07-2019
Venue : Shanghai, China Email : melissa.jena@sae.org
Title : Vietnam Manufacturing Expo 2019 Web. : http://www.sae.org/comvec
Web. : https://10times.com/asss-china
Date : 14-08-2019 to 16-08-2019
Venue : Cung Van Hoa Viet Xo (I.C.E.), Title : COMVEC™
Title : Autonomous Vehicles Symposium
Vietnam Date : 09-09-2019 to 11-09-2019
Date : 15-07-2019 to 18-07-2019
Email : vietnammanufacturingexpo Venue : Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Venue : Orlando, USA
@reedtradex.co.th Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/comvec
Web. : https://10times.com/autonomous-
Web. : http://www.vietnammanu
vehicles-symposium
facturingexpo.com/ Title : Air Vehicle Technology
Title : Formula Student 2019 Symposium (AVTech)
Title : GBF ASIA 2019 Date : 10-09-2019 to 12-09-2019
Date : 17-07-2019 to 21-07-2019
Date : 16-08-2019 to 18-08-2019 Venue : Dayton, USA
Venue : Silverstone, United Kingdom
Venue : China Import & Export Fair Complex, Web. : https://10times.com/avtech-dayton
Web. : http://www.imeche.org/events/
China
formula-student
Email : grand.fi@grahw.com Title : COMVEC19
Web. : http://www.battery-expo.com/ Date : 10-09-2019 to 12-09-2019
Title : Latin Auto Parts Expo
index.php?lang=en Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA
Date : 17-07-2019 to 19-07-2019
Venue : ATLAPA Convention Center, Panama Email : customerservice@sae.org
Title : KSAE Baja/Formula/EV
Email : linda@latinpartsexpo.com
Date : 16-08-2019 to 18-08-2019 Title : European Automotive Sensor
Web. : http://www.latinpartsexpo.com
Venue : Saemangeum, Korea Conference
Email : conf@ksae.org Date : 16-09-2019 to 19-09-2019

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FORTHCOMING EVENTS
Venue : Brussels, Belgium Web. : https://10times.com/disruptive- Title : SAE 2019 Thermal Management
Website: https://10times.com/european- technology-for-defence Systems Symposium
automotive-sensor-conference Date : 15-10-2019 to 17-10-2019
Title : Auto.AI Europe Venue : Plymouth, Michigan, USA
Title : AutoSens in Brussels Date : 26-09-2019 to 27-09-2019 Email : customerservice@sae.org
Date : 17-09-2019 to 19-09-2019 Venue : MaritimProArte Hotel Berlin,
Venue : Brussels, Belgium Germany Title : Thermal Management Systems
Email : info@sensemedia-events.com Email : Maria.willamowius@we-conect.com Symposium
Web. : https://auto-sens.com/welcomeb/ Web. : http://Https://www.auto-ai.eu/ Date : 15-10-2019 to 17-10-2019
?promo=FISITAB15 Venue : Plymouth, MI, United States
Title : Operational Safe Systems For Email : melissa.jena@sae.org
Title : Connect2Car: Executive Level 5 Automation Web. : http://www.sae.org/tmss
Leadership Forum Date : 26-09-2019 to 27-09-2019
Date : 17-09-2019 to 18-09-2019 Venue : MaritimProArte Hotel Berlin, Title : Korea Automotive Industry Exhibition
Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA Germany Date : 16-10-2019 to 18-10-2019
Email : Maria.willamowius@we-conect.com Venue : SongdoConvensia, Korea
Title : Engine Leasing Seminar Web. : http://Https://www.oss-5.com/ Email : koaashow@koaashow.com
Date : 17-09-2019 to 17-09-2019 Web. : http://www.koaashow.com/
Venue : London, UK Title : 8th International CTI Conference eng/index.asp
Web. : https://10times.com/engine-leasing- ISO 26262 USA
seminar Date : 30-09-2019 to 02-10-2019 Title : Automotive Interiors Expo
Venue : Diamond Center, Germany Usa 2019
Title : On-Board Diagnostics Email : registration@car-training- Date : 22-10-2019 to 24-10-2019
Symposium–North America institute.com Venue : Suburban Collection Showplace,
Date : 17-09-2019 to 19-09-2019 Web. : http://go.evvnt.com/360219- USA
Venue : Garden Grove, CA, United States 2?pid=6322 Email : Interiors@ukimediaevents.com
Email : darlene.waychoff@sae.org Web. : http://Https://www.automotive-
Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/obd-na Title : Coach & Bus UK interiors-expo.com/detroit/en/
Date : 02-10-2019 to 03-10-2019
Title : Automotive World Conference (AWC) Venue : Birmingham, UK Title : Autonomous Vehicle Interior Design
Date : 18-09-2019 to 20-09-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/coach-bus-uk & Technology Symposium
Venue : Nagoya, Japan (Autonomous Vehicle Interior Design
Web. : https://10times.com/awcq & Technology Sy)
Date : 22-10-2019 to 24-10-2019
2019 OCTOBER Venue : Novi, USA
Title : International Conference on Gears
Date : 18-09-2019 to 20-09-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/autonomous-
Venue : Garching, Germany vehicle-interior-design-technology-sy
Web. : https://10times.com/gears-munich Title : Coach & Bus UK 2019
Date : 02-10-2019 to 03-10-2019 Title : SAECCE 2019 - China-SAE
Title : North American International Venue : The NEC Birmingham, United Congress & Exhibition
Powertrain Conference Kingdom Date : 22-10-2019 to 24-10-2019
Date : 18-09-2019 to 20-09-2019 Email : jtrayford@divcom.co.uk Venue : Shanghi, China
Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA Web. : http://go.evvnt.com/397638- Web. : http://www.saecce.org.cn/
Web : https://www.sae.org/attend/naipc 0?pid=6322
Title : Global Conference on Mechanical,
Title : Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - Title : Electric Vehicles International Automotive and Materials
37th Annual Conference & Show (EV) Engineering (Auto Mech)
Date : 22-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 Date : 03-10-2019 to 04-10-2019 Date : 23-10-2019 to 24-10-2019
Venue : Orlando, Florida, USA Venue : Bucharest, Romania Venue : Tokyo, Japan
Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/brake Web. : https://10times.com/electric-vehicles- Web. : https://10times.com/auto-mech
international-conference-show
Title : SAE 2019 Brake Colloquium & Title : 28th Annual Congress EVU
Exhibition - 37th Annual Title : EAEC 2019 - 16th European Date : 24-10-2019 to 26-10-2019
Date : 22-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 Automotive Congress Venue : Barcelona, Spain
Venue : Orlando, Florida, USA Date : 07-10-2019 to 11-10-2019 Web. : http://evu2019.org/
Email : customerservice@sae.org Venue : Minsk, Belarus
Email : info@eaec-2019.eu Title : Asia Workshop on Modeling and
Title : TEKNO 2019 Web. : https://eaec-2019.eu/ Mechatronics (AWMM)
Date : 23-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 Date : 24-10-2019 to 26-10-2019
Venue : Expo Centre Sharjah, UAE Title : Equip Auto 2019 Venue : Shanghai, China
Email : rupa@alfajer.net Date : 15-10-2019 to 19-10-2019 Web. : https://10times.com/awmm-shanghai
Web. : https://www.tekno-me.com Venue : Paris Expo Porte De Versailles,
France Title : Innovations in Mobility
Title : AeroTech Europe Email : anne.fevrier@comexposium.com Date : 29-10-2019 to 31-10-2019
Date : 24-09-2019 to 26-09-2019 Web : https://en.equipauto.com/ Venue : Novi, MI, United States
Venue : Bordeaux, France Email : sherry.mccaskey@sae.org
Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/ Title : Global Car Body Benchmarking Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/
aerotecheurope/ Conference (EuroCarBody) innovationsinmobility
Date : 15-10-2019 to 17-10-2019
Title : Disruptive Technology for Defence Venue : Bad Nauheim, Germany Title :Advanced Engineering 2019
Transformation Web. : https://10times.com/car-body- Date :30-10-2019 to 31-10-2019
Date : 24-09-2019 to 25-09-2019 benchmarking Venue :Birmingham, United Kingdom
Venue : London, UK Web. :https://www.easyfairs.com/
advanced-engineering-
2019/advanced-engineering-2019/
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 53 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
FORTHCOMING EVENTS
2019 NOVEMBER
Title : 2019 ASEAN Automotive Parts
Manufacturing Summit
Date : 05-11-2019 to 06-11-2019
Venue : JS Luwansa Hotel And Convention
Center, Indonesia
Email : amberchang@ringier.com.hk
Web. : https://ringierevents.eventbank.com/
event/2019-asean-automotive-parts-
manufacturing-summit-11981/
Title : AVFOP — 2019 Avionics and
Vehicle Fiber- Optics and
Photonics onference
Date : 05-11-2019 to 07-11-2019
Venue : Dallas, TX, United States
Email : m.figueroa@ieee.org
Web. : http://www.photonicssociety.org/
conferences/avionics-and-vehicle-
fiber-optics-and-photonics-
conference
Title : Small Engine Technology
Conference 2019
Date : 19-11-2019 to 21-11-2019
Venue : Hiroshima, Japan
Email : customerservice@sae.org
Web. : http://www.setc-jsae.com/
Title : Tech.AD Usa
Date : 21-11-2019 to 22-11-2019
Venue : The Henry, USA
Email : Maria.willamowius@we-conect.com
Website : http://Https://www.autonomous-
driving-detroit.com/
2019 DECEMBER
Title : Automechanika Shanghai 2019
Date : 03-12-2019 to 06-12-2019
Venue : National Exhibition And Convention
Center (Shanghai), China
Email : info@china.messefrankfurt.com
Web. : http://automechanika-
shanghai.hk.messefrankfurt.com/
shanghai/en/visitors/welcome.html
Title : Defense Maintenance and
Logistics Exhibition
Date : 09-12-2019 to 12-12-2019
Venue : Spokane, Washington, USA
Title : DOD Maintenance Symposium
Date : 09-12-2019 to 12-12-2019
Venue : Spokane, Washington, USA
Web. : https://www.sae.org/attend/dod/
Title : Internal Combustion Engines and
Powertrain Systems for Future
Transport
Date : 11-12-2019 to 12-12-2019
Venue : United Kingdom
Email : eventenquiries@imeche.org
Web. : http://www.imeche.org/icengines
Title : Autotech 2019
Date : 13-12-2019 to 15-12-2019
Venue : Egypt International Exhibition Center, Title
Egypt
Email : mostapha.khalil@informa.com
Web. : https://www.autotechegypt.com/
en/home.html
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS
2020 APRIL
Title : WCX™ 20 : SAE World Congress
Experience
Date : 21-04-2020 to 23-04-2020
Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA
Email : customerservice@sae.org
2020 SEPTEMBER
Title : COMVEC20
Date : 15-09-2020 to 17-09-2020
Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA
Email : customerservice@sae.org
Title : COMVEC™
Date : 15-09-2020 to 17-09-2020
Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA
Title : North American International
Powertrain Conference
Date : 16-09-2020 to 18-09-2020
Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA
Title : SAE On-Board Diagnostics
Symposium
Date : 22-09-2020 to 24-09-2020
Venue : Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Title : SAE Powertrains, Fuels &
Lubricants Meeting
Date : 22-09-2020 to 24-09-2020
Venue : Krakow, Poland
2020 OCTOBER
Title : SAE 2020 Thermal Management
Systems Symposium
Date : 06-10-2020 to 08-10-2020
Venue : Mesa, Arizona, USA
Email : customerservice@sae.org
Title : Thermal Management Systems
Symposium
Date : 06-10-2020 to 08-10-2020
Venue : Mesa, Arizona, USA
Title : Brake Colloquium & Exhibition -
38th Annual
Date : 11-10-2020 to 14-10-2020
Venue : San Antonio, Texas, USA
Title : SAE 2020 Brake Colloquium &
Exhibition - 38th Annual
Date : 11-10-2020 to 14-10-2020
Venue : San Antonio, Texas, USA
Email : customerservice@sae.org
Title : Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions
Control Symposium
Date : 13-10-2020 to 14-10-2020
Venue : Gothenburg, Sweden
2021 APRIL
: WCX SAE World Congress
Experience
Date : 13-04-2021 to 15-04-2021
Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA
54
2021 JUNE
Title : SAE 2021 Noise and Vibration
Conference & Exhibition
Date : 14-06-2021 to 17-06-2021
Venue : Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Email : customerservice@sae.org
2021 SEPTEMBER
Title : COMVEC™
Date : 14-09-2021 to 16-09-2021
Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA
Website : https://www.sae.org/attend/comvec
Title : North American International
Powertrain Conference
Date : 15-09-2021 to 17-09-2021
Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA
Title : SAE On-Board Diagnostics
Symposium
Date : 21-09-2021 to 23-09-2021
Venue : Garden Grove, California, USA
2021 OCTOBER
Title : Brake Colloquium & Exhibition -
39th Annual
Date : 17-10-2021 to 20-10-2021
Venue : Orlando, Florida, USA
2022 APRIL
Title : WCX SAE World Congress
Experience
Date : 05-04-2022 to 07-04-2022
Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA
2022 SEPTEMBER
Title : North American International
Powertrain Conference
Date : 14-09-2022 to 16-09-2022
Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA
2023 APRIL
Title : WCX SAE World Congress
Experience
Date : 18-04-2023 to 20-04-2023
Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA
2024 APRIL
Title : WCX SAE World Congress
Experience
Date : 16-04-2024 to 18-04-2024
Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA
2025 APRIL
Title : WCX SAE World Congress
Experience
Date : 08-04-2025 to 10-04-2025
Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA
Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019
 SUBSCRIPTION FORM / FEEDBACK FORM

KC Version 9 Date : 22-06-2018 KC /10 KC Version 8 Date : 11-07-2016

Appendix - G
KC/12
SUBSCRIPTION FORM FOR
AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS Automotive Research Association of India
Knowledge Centre
Date:
Feedback Form for Automotive Abstracts
Subscriber No.
Name :
Designation :
Dear Sir,
Company Address :
Please enroll/renew my/our subscription to Automotive
Abstracts for the period April ……… to March ………
fo.r E-mail ID :
print + e-version. I/We enclose payment oR
f s. 3000/- for Contact Details :

print + e-version (within India) (Rs. Three thousand Rupees

only) and US $ 100 + 18% GST for e-version (for Foreign) Automotive Abstracts :
(Please give your feedback/ remarks for following parameters on a scale of 1 to 10)
(US Dollar Hundred only) drawn in favour of The Automotive
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Research Association of India, Demand Draft/Cheque No.
Poor Excellent
……………… dated …………… / Cash (if hand delivered).
1. Coverage of topics:
Subscription period of Automotive Abstract is fixed April
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
to March.
2. Presentation:
NAME & DESIGNATION :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3. Quality of Abstracts Selected:

ORGANIZATION NAME : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4. Quality of Auto Clippings:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ADDRESS & PIN CODE :
5. Quality of IPR Scans:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6. Coverage of Forthcoming Events:

PHONE / FAX : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

E-MAIL : 7. Delivery on Time:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Signature
8. Any additional Suggestion / Value addition:
Receipt No. & Date :

(Company Seal)
Place: Date:

Signature
To
Dr. K.C. Vora
Sr. Deputy Director, Head, Academy & Knowledge Centre

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 55 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

DEPOSIT ACCOUNT SCHEME FORM / MEMBERSHIP DETAILS
KC Version 9 Date : 22-06-2018
KC/13

KC/APPLICATION FORM FOR

DEPOSIT ACCOUNT SCHEME
(Deposit for Document Delivery Service) THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
Regd. O翿 ce : Survey No.102, Vet al Hill, Off Paud Road,
Kothrud, Pune-411 038
Deposit Account No. Postal Address : P.O. Box No. 832, Pune-411 004 (India)
Phone : 91-20-30231192,30231193  Fax : 91-20-30231104
Date :
E-mail : das.lib@araiindia.com
Dear Sir, Web site : http://www.araiindia.com

Please enroll us as a deposit holder. I/We enclose payment of

Knowledge Centre - Membership Details
Rs.1500/- + 18% GST (as applicable) drawn in favour of Automotive
(Option 1 - For Reference Only)
Research Association of India, Pune as our initial deposit. Demand
Draft / Cheque No. ……..…………… dated ……….……… / Cash (if Type of Membership Fees
hand delivered). Company Membership Rs.5,000/- [+18%GST]p.a.(3 membership cards)

The copy of all document copies supplied to me / us may be debited Educational/Research Institute Rs.3,000/-[+18% GST] p.a.
Membership (3 membership cards)
to this account. Please remind me for renewal of the Account as and
when necessary. I assure to pay through Deposit Scheme for supply Individual Membership Rs.2,000/- [+18% GST]p.a.(1 membership card)
of document copies. Monthly Membership Rs. 500/- [+18% GST] per month

I undertake that, copy supplied to me in compliance with the request. I Weekly Membership Rs.300/- [+18% GST] per week

will use it only for purpose of research or private study. Daily Membership Rs.100/- [+18% GST] per day

Name & Designation (Option 2 - Book Borrowing Facility)

Rates for Valid Annual Membership Fee is

Organisation Name ARAI Member Companies Rs.15,000/- + 18% GST
(as applicable) per annum
+
Refundable Deposit Rs.25,000/-
Address Pin Code
Annual Membership Fee is
Rates for Other Companies Rs.30,000/- + 18% GST
(as applicable) per annum
Phone / Fax +
Refundable Deposit Rs.50,000/-
Annual Membership Fee is
E-mail
Rates for Educational / Rs.20,000/- + 18% GST
Research Institutes (as applicable) per annum
Signature +
Refundable Deposit Rs.50,000/-

Receipt No. & Date : (Company Seal) We look forward to your valuable Library membership for Book
Borrowing Facility
BENEFITS: For any query regarding Membership form, Rules etc., please feel
1. 10% Discount on the document delivery service to the Deposit free to contact us on our Tel. No. 020- 30231192 / 1193 and at email
Account Holders subject to minimum invoice of Rs.50/-. IDs das.lib@araiindia.com / joshi.lib@araiindia.com

2. Immediate supply of document copies. Dr. K. C. Vora

Head, ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre
NOTE:
1. If minimum amount in Deposit Account goes below Rs.1000/- the P.S. : For SAEINDIA Membership, please contact
privilege of receiving 10% discount on document delivery will be Mr. Sagar Murugkar at (Option 1 For
Reference Only)
withdrawn till deposit account is brought back to Rs.1500/- standard.sae@araiindia.com
Free for SAEINDIA
(020-30231136, Mob. 09922277224) Members
For more details contact Knowledge Centre at
potdar.lib@araiindia.com at ARAI. For outstation members,
please contact membercare@saeindia.org.

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 56 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

KNOWLEDGE CENTRE ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FORM

THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

Regd. O翿 ce : Survey No.102, Vet al Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune-411 038
Postal Address : P.O. Box No. 832, Pune-411 004 (India)
Phone : 91-20-30231192,30231193  Fax : 91-20-30231104 E-mail : das.lib@araiindia.com  Web site : http://www.araiindia.com

KC Version 9 Date : 22-06-2018

KC/13
KNOWLEDGE CENTRE ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FORM
(Option 1: For Reference only / Option 2 : Book Borrowing Facility)
Membership No.
Dear Sir,
Please enroll / renew my / our Knowledge Centre Annual Membership for (please tick mark )

Option I : Membership for Reference Only Option II : Membership with Book Borrowing

Option I : Membership for Reference Only Option II : Membership with Book Borrowing

Category Annual Membership Fee + Please tick Category Annual Membership Fee + Refundable Please tick
GST (as applicable) mark GST (as applicable) Deposit mark

Company Membership Rs.5,000/- + 18% GST Rs.15,000/- + 18% GST Rs.25,000/-

ARAI Member
(3 membership cards) Companies
Educational / Research Rs.3,000/- + 18% GST
Other Companies Rs.30,000/- + 18% GST Rs.50,000/-
Institute Membership (3 membership cards)
Individual Membership Rs.2,000/- + 18% GST Educational / Rs.20,000/- + 18% GST Rs.50,000/-
(1 membership card) Research Institutes

I / we enclose Total payment of Rs. ________________ towards Annual Membership Fee drawn in favour of The Automotive
Research Association of India, Pune by Demand Draft / Cheque No.
___________ dated ______ / Cash (if hand delivered).
Kindly arrange to issue necessary Membership Card.
Note: Kindly pay amount of Refundable Deposit by separate DD / Cheque / Bank Transfer.

Receipt No. & Date:

Name & Designation :
Organization Name :
Address :
Pin Code : Phone / Fax : E-mail :
We have read the rules and hereby assure you that we will abide by all Rules & Regulations of ARAI Knowledge Centre
while availing the facility.
Date : Authorised Signature
Company Seal
Provide the designated person’s details as follow (applicable for Option-II only) :

Particulars Representative 1 Representative 2

1 Name
2 Designation
3 Department
4 Office Tel.No
5 Mobile No.
6 Email ID.
7 Specimen Signature
8 2 Photographs (Stamp Size) (attach with the form) (attach with the form)

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 57 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

 NOTES

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 58 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

 NOTES

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 59 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019

 NOTES

AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS 60 Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2019


The ARAI Academy SUPRA Team " Sultanz of Speed"
won 1st Prize in ENGINEERING DESIGN AWARD
Team Sultanz of Speed in SAEINDIA SUPRA 2011 &
2nd Prize in CAE AWARD at SAEINDIA SUPRA 2011
DRONACHARYA AWARD as a Best Faculty Advisor
at SUPRA SAEINDIA EVENT 2014 on 20 th July 2014
at Madras Motor Race Track, Chennai.
GURU AWARD by SAEINDIA FOUNDATION at
SAEINDIA Foundation Annual Award Function on
30 th July 2014 at New Delhi.
"Quality Excellence Award for Teaching &
Learning Practices" by 94.3 fm Network &
Stars of Industry Group at Mumbai
Industry Academia Skill Development
Excellence Award by
Odser Charitable Trust in 2018
2nd Prize in "WEAVING SYNERGIES
SPOT THE INNOVATION "Engineering
Student Contestat Auto-Expo 2018 in New Delhi
Best Learing Centre Award to
ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre by ISTD
ARAI ACADEMY
ARAI, over five decades, has provided its design and
development expertise to the Indian automotive industry,
focusing on the testing and evaluation of components and
systems to meet national and international standards. ARAI
strives to achieve international recognition in these areas. In MoU with VELTECH University for M. Tech
(IC Engines & Automotive Electronics)
keeping with the globalization of economy and business,
ARAI continues to enlarge its scope of services to meet the
requirements of automotive industries around the world.
In addition to utilizing state-of-the-art technology,
laboratories and highly-trained personnel, ARAI recognizes
the need to develop a new generation of engineers to meet
th
the demands of the automotive industry, not just in India but
MoU with CHRIST (Deemed to be University),
across the globe. ARAI Academy which has completed 15 Bengaluru for B. Tech ( Automotive Engineering)
years on 10 May 2019, is a Skill Development initiative of
ARAI. It is classified into three divisions, viz Learning Centre,
Training Centre and Knowledge Centre.
Learning Centre has embarked upon a programme of
building up human resources by commencing educational
programme (Graduate, Post Graduate & Ph.D.) with
specialization in Automotive Engineering. It has tied up with MoU with VIT University, Vellore
for M. Tech ( Automotive Engineering)
VIT University (Vellore), VelTech University (Chennai),
College of Engineering (Pune), and Christ University
(Bengaluru).
Training Centre has devised various Proficiency
Improvement Programmes (PIPs). It gives engineers, faculty
and students knowledge and technical expertise in a wide
range of automotive disciplines. It helps in understanding
MoU with College of Engineering Pune (CoEP)
systems view point for automotive design and manufacture, for M. Tech ( AutomotiveTechnology )
with specific skills in formulating automotive engineering
solution in terms of their function and performance, through
optional modules. Domain Training Programmes (DTPs),
where training is imparted
O at Custiomer's site are also
becoming more popular. Academy is developing high quality
e-learning modules called “ePIPs” on various Automobile
Engineering subjects. These highly interactive eModules
hosted on ARAI’s own Learning Management System (LMS) MoU with VelTech University for M.Tech in
Automobile Engineering with specialization in
http://elearning.araiindia.com help users access these Powertrain Engineering / Electric & Hybrid Vehicles.
courses anytime & anywhere. With this, ARAI Academy has
become global with 360 blended training approach.
Please visit
https://araiindia.com &
https://academy.araiindia.com Placement
for more information
Library Quiz Winners PIP on "Engine Testing and Certification" PIP on "Advanced Automoitve Engineering"
at Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), 2015
R & D Institute of Science and Technology, 2019)
 Email : director@araiindia.com | Website : www.araiindia.com

The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)

ARAI - Kothrud, Pune
established in 1966, is a co-operative industrial research
association of the automotive industry with the Ministry of Heavy
Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India. ARAI has CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE

been playing a crucial role assuring safe, less polluting and more
efficient vehicles. ARAI provides technical expertise in R&D,
testing, certification, homologation and framing of vehicular
regulations. It works in harmony and complete confidence with its ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007

members, customers and the Government, to offer its finest

services.
ARAI is well-equipped with state-of-the art infrastructural
ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007
ARAI, Kothrud, Pune
Automotive Electronics, Calibration, Computer Aided
Engineering, Emission Certification, Environment Research,
Homologation & Management, Inspection & Maintenance ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005 ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005

Project Cell, Noise Vibration & Harshness, Passive Safety,

Powertrain Engineering, Safety & Homologation, Structural CALIBRATION TESTING

Service Division:
Business Development & Corporate Planning
Information & Technology Management ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005 ISO/ IEC 17025 : 2005
Infrastructure Development ARAI - HTC, Chakan
Central Maintenance Cell
Prototype Manufacturing
Quality Management CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE

Knowledge Centre
ARAI-HTC, Chakan, Pune
Centre of Excellence - PowerTrain, Passive Safety ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007

Centre of Excellence - Fatigue & Material

Centre of Excellence - E-Mobility
Transmission & Gear Test Centre
ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007
ARAI-FID, Chakan, Pune
Academy ARAI - FID, Chakan
Learning Centre (LC)
Training Centre (TC) CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE
Knowledge Centre (KC)
Forging and Heat Treatment Research
Automotive Engineering Lab
Electronics / EMC Lab
Calibration Lab ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007

I.C. Engine Lab

Simulation Lab
NVH Lab
CAE Lab ISO 9001 : 2015 ISO 14001 : 2015 ISO/IEC 27001 : 2013 OHSAS 18001 : 2007

( Research Institution of the Automotive Industry with the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Govt. of India)
Postal Address: P.B. No. 832, Pune ‐ 411004. India
ARAI Registered Office ARAI Homologation & Technology Centre (HTC) ARAI Forging Industry Division (FID)

Survey No. 102, Vetal Hill,Off Paud Road, Plot No. E1/1,MIDC Chakan Phase - III, B-16/1, MIDC,Chakan,
Kothrud,Pune - 411 038, India Pune - 410 501, India Pune - 410 501, India
Tel. : +91- 20-3023 1111 Tel. No. - +91-2135-396 900 Tel. No. - +91-2135-259 042
Fax: +91- 20-3023 1104 Fax: +91- 20-3023 1104 Fax: +91- 20-3023 1104