CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The demand for energy has increased tremendously in the past few decades. As a
result, the use of renewable energy sources like solar energy is gaining popularity.
Thus the solar panels are extensively used in rural areas to generate electric power
from solar energy. In small solar panels, if the light intensity is less then the output
voltage of the solar panel is less. If the light intensity is high, the output voltage of
the solar panel is higher than the rated charging voltage. The battery will not
charge properly as it is lower or higher than the rated charging voltage. Therefore
an efficient control mechanism of charging is needed.

This study is proposed to design controller based buck-boost converter for the
effective utilization of the solar power. By implementing a controller based buck-
boost converter, the voltage produce at the lower light intensity can also be
utilized effectively by boosting it to the rated charging voltage of the battery. Also
if the light intensity is high, the dc output voltage will increase then the converter
bucks the high voltage to the nominal battery charging voltage, thereby
protecting the battery from over charging voltage. The proposed system is found
to be more compact, user friendly and more efficient.

1.2 Motivation
In the last few decades the energy demand has increased tremendously. So the
use of renewable energy is getting popular. Solar is counted as one of the most
reliable source of renewable energy. But so many problems associated with the
solar due to unpredictable character of weather. AS the light intensity is not
sufficient all time in an estimated area, the output voltage that is obtained from
the solar panel can be high or low due to the variation in light intensity. But it is
required to maintain an output voltage which is sufficient to charge the battery at
any time. The implementation of a controller based buck-boost converter will be
a solution to this problem. The motive of our proposed design is to ensure the
proper utilization of solar energy on order to gain rated charging voltage of the
battery (12V). When light intensity is low the output voltage is not enough to
charge the battery as the rated charging voltage is not obtained. The proposed
design of the controller then effectively boosts up it to the rated charging voltage
(12V). Again when light intensity is high then the battery output voltage exceeds
the limit and results in over charging of the battery. At this time the converter
bucks the high voltage to the nominal charging voltage of the battery (12V). So an
effective design of the buck-boost controller is obvious for proper utilization of
solar energy, and the proposed design aims at this destination.

1.3 Objectives of the project

1. Design an effective circuit of buck-boost controller in order to compensate the
variation of solar energy.

2. Implementation of the controller based buck-boost converter.

3. T analyzes the solar panel output and hardware output.

1.4 Outline of methodology
In the figure 1.1 we have discussed our methodology of the project in block
diagram. Now we discuss the methodology of our project briefly in bellow,

At first we had read various solar power related paper and got some idea about
solar power system. Then we discussed with our honorable supervisor in selection
of project. According to the suggestion of our honorable supervisor we have
acquired some basic knowledge about converter and controller circuit. Then we
have gone to market enquiry for available components and met again with our
supervisor. Finally our supervisor selected our project topic. Then we have gone
through details analysis of the total project and submitted to our interim report.
Afterward we have designed our whole circuit. Then we have gone to market again
and collected our necessary circuit components. We have implemented and tested
the buck-boost controller circuit. Our next task was to integrate all circuits to make
the final circuit and testing it properly. We further moved to analyze the total
circuit and preparing of the final project report. After all we are ready for
demonstrating our project.
 Discuss with Getting idea
Reading various Getting idea
supervisor in about
solar related about solar
selection of converter
paper energy system
project

Detail Final Enquiry for Getting idea

analysis of selection of available about controller
the project the project components in circuit
market

Preparing
Designing Collection of Implementation
and
the whole the necessary and testing buck
submission
circuit circuit boost controller
of interim
components circuit
report

Preparation of the Analyzing the

total circuit and
final project report
search for further
development
Integrating all the
circuit to make
the final circuit
and testing it

Demonstration of
the project

Figure 1.1 Methodology of the project