Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1302
Discovering Chemical Energetics
CHAPTER 3.3 – Acid‐
Base Chemistry
INTRODUCTION
Kw
Kw
H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)
MODULE 1
Acid‐Base Chemistry l
1
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand three acid‐base definitions
2. Identify strong and weak acids and bases
3. Write the relationship between Ka, Kb, and Kw
4. Write the relationship between pH, pOH, and pKw
5. Qualitatively predict and quantitatively determine the pH of salts
6. Perform calculations with weak monoprotic and polyprotic
acids/bases and identify when to use the “small x” approximation
IMPORTANCE OF ACID‐BASE CHEMISTRY
QUALITATIVE ACID‐BASE TESTS
ACIDS:
SOUR TASTE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
BASES:
BITTER TASTE
2
ARRHENIUS THEORY
Strong Acid
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
BF3 NH3
Strong Base
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH−(aq)
ARRHENIUS
Neutralization reaction:
H+(aq) + OH−(aq) H2O(l)
Theory only applicable for
protic acids and metal hydroxides in water
BRØNSTED‐LOWRY THEORY
Acid Base Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
ARRHENIUS
NH3 BF3
RELATIVE STRENGTH OF ACID‐BASE CONJUGATES
*Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
HCl
H2SO4 * Chloride ion
Hydrogen sulfate ion
Cl−
HSO4−
Nitric acid HNO3 Nitrate ion NO3−
Hydronium ion H3O+ Water H2O
Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4− Sulfate ion SO42−
Nitrous acid HNO2 Nitrite ion NO2−
Acetic acid CH3COOH Acetate ion CH3COO−
Carbonic acid H2CO3 Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3−
Ammonium ion NH4+ Ammonia NH3
Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3− Carbonate ion CO32−
* Water
Methanol
H2O
CH3OH * Hydroxide ion
Methoxide ion
OH−
CH3O−
Ammonia NH3 Amide ion NH2−
3
LEWIS THEORY
Base Acid
HF + BF3 BF4− + H+
Non‐bonding
e− lone pair
δ−
δ+
δ− δ−
Electron Deficient
6 valence e−
Properties
On passing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
On failing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
Allow user to leave quiz: At any time
User may view slides after quiz: Any time
Show quiz in menu as: Multiple Items
Edit in Quizmaker Edit Properties
STRONG ACIDS AND BASES
Brønsted‐Lowry description
Acid Base Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Lewis description
δ+ Ka >> 1
δ−
Ka > 1.0 ×106 (25 oC)
4
STRONG ACIDS AND BASES
1 18
1A 8A
1
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 2He
Hydrogen 1A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Helium
1.00794 4.0026
3 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be
Li Be
Lithium Beryllium B C N O F Ne
Lithium
6.94 Beryllium
9.0122 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
6.94 9.0122 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11
11 12
12 13 14 15 16 17
17 18
Na Mg
Sodium
Sodium
22.990
Magnesium
Magnesium
24.305
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al Si
Aluminum Silicon
P
Phosphorus
S Cl Ar
Sulfur Chlorine
Chlorine
35.45
Argon
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06 35.45 39.948
19
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium
Potassium Calcium
Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Hydrogen Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine
Bromine Krypton
39.098
39.098 40.078
40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.992 78.971 79.904
79.904 83.798
37
37 38
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium
Rubidium
85.468
Strontium
Strontium
87.62
Yttrium
88.906
Zirconium
91.224
Niobium
92.906
Molybdenum
95.95
Technetium Ruthenium
101.07
Rhodium
102.91
Palladium
106.42
Silver
107.87
Cadmium
112.41
Hydrogen
114.82
Tin
118.71
Antimony
121.76
Tellurium
127.60
Iodine
Iodine
126.90
Xenon
131.29
85.468 87.62 126.90
55
55 56
56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
57‐71
Cs Ba
Cs Ba
Caesium Barium
Lanthanoids Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.91
Caesium 137.33
Barium 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98
132.91 137.33
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
89‐103
Fr Ra
Francium Radium
Actinoids Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Strong Acids:
HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4
WEAK ACIDS AND BASES
Smaller the pKa: the stronger the acid
Smaller the pKb: the stronger the base
WEAK ACIDS AND BASES
WEAK ACIDS
IBUPROFEN
pKa: 4.4
5
Properties
On passing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
On failing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
Allow user to leave quiz: At any time
User may view slides after quiz: Any time
Show quiz in menu as: Multiple Items
Edit in Quizmaker Edit Properties
WEAK ACIDS AND Ka
Ka
δ+
δ−
[CH3COO−][H3O+]
Ka = = 1.8 × 10−5
[CH3COOH]
WEAK BASES AND Kb
δ− Kb
δ+ δ+
[NH4+][OH−]
Kb = = 1.8 × 10−5
[NH3]
6
RELATING Ka, Kb, AND Kw
Acid Base Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid
Ka
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
[CH3COO−][H3O+] [CH3COOH][OH−]
Ka = Kb =
[CH3COOH] [CH3COO−]
Kw
2H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)
[H3O+][OH−] = Kw = Ka × Kb −log
−log10(Kw) = −log10(Ka) + (−log10(Kb))
Suppose we dissolve NH4+ instead of NH3
Kb(NH3) = 1.8 × 10−5 Ka(NH4+) = 5.5 × 10−10
−log 10−9.26
pKb(NH3) = 4.74 pKa(NH4+) = 14.00 − 4.74 = 9.26
Suppose we dissolve CH3COO− instead of CH3COOH
Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 × 10−5 Kb(CH3COO−) = 5.5 × 10−10
−log 10−9.26
pKa(CH3COOH) = 4.74 pKb(CH3COO−) = 14.00 − 4.74 = 9.26
pH, pOH, AND pKw
Kw
H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)
Kw = [H3O+][OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14
pKw = pH + pOH = 14.0
7
pH OF COMMON COMPOUNDS
pH = −log [H3O+]
Carbonated water
Milk of Magnesia
(0.1M)(pH 8.4)
Stomach acid
(pH 1.0‐2.0)
Baking Soda
(pH 2.4‐3.4)
(pH 4.0‐4.5)
(pH 5.0‐7.0)
(pH 7.0‐8.5)
Household
1 M NaOH
Sea water
ammonia
(pH 11.9)
(pH 14.0)
(pH 10.5)
(pH 0.0)
(pH 3.9)
(pH 6.4)
(pH 7.4)
Vinegar
1 M HCl
Blood
Urine
Beer
Milk
What is the pH of 10 M HCl?
−1.0
Properties
On passing, 'Finish' button: Close window
On failing, 'Finish' button: Close window
Allow user to leave quiz: At any time
User may view slides after quiz: Any time
Show quiz in menu as: Multiple Items
Edit in Quizmaker Edit Properties
8
MODULE 2
Acid‐Base Chemistry ll
SAMPLE CALCULATION OF pH
What is the pH of a 0.350 M solution of Ca(OH)2?
(Assume 100% dissociation)
Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca+(aq) + 2OH−(aq)
0.350 M Ca(OH)2(aq) provides 2(0.350 M) of OH−(aq)
[OH−] = 0.700 M
pOH = −log10[OH−] = −log10[0.700]
pOH = 0.1549
pH + pOH = 14.000
pH = 13.845
pH OF SALT SOLUTIONS
What is the pH of 0.1 M NaCl(aq)?
NaCl(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
What happens to the ions?
Neither ion reacts with water
pH = 7 (Neutral)
1
pH OF SALT SOLUTIONS
What is the pH of 0.1 M NH4Cl(aq)?
NH4Cl(aq) NH4+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
What happens to the ions?
pH < 7 (Acidic)
pH OF SALT SOLUTIONS
What is the pH of 0.1 M CH3COONa(aq)?
CH3COONa(aq) Na+(aq) + CH3COO−(aq)
What happens to the ions?
pH > 7 (Basic)
pH OF SALT SOLUTIONS
What is the pH of 0.1 M NH4CH3COO(aq)?
Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 × 10−5, Kb(NH3) = 1.8 × 10−5
NH4CH3COO(aq) NH4+(aq) + CH3COO−(aq)
What happens to the ions?
Kb
CH3COO−(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq) + OH−(aq)
+(aq) Ka
NH4 + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Acidic or Basic Solution?
Kb(CH3COO−) = 5.5 × 10−10 Ka(NH4+) = 5.5 × 10−10
pH = 7 (Neutral) because of equal magnitudes of Ka & Kb
(typically, larger magnitude K prevails)
2
Properties
On passing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
On failing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
Allow user to leave quiz: At any time
User may view slides after quiz: Any time
Show quiz in menu as: Multiple Items
Edit in Quizmaker Edit Properties
WEAK ACIDS & BASES: ICE TABLES
Determine the pH and % ionization of a 0.100 M solution of
acetic acid. Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 × 10−5
Write down the chemistry correctly!
Ka
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
SMALL X APPROXIMATION
VERIFICATION:
[HA]
If K > 400, then assumption is valid (< 5% error)
a
0.100
= 5.6 × 103, which is > 400
1.8 × 10−5
SOLUTION:
x2 = (0.100)(1.8 × 10−5); x = [H3O+] = 1.34 × 10−3
pH = −log(1.34 × 10−3) = 2.87
% IONIZATION:
[H3O+] 1.34 × 10−3 M
× 100% = × 100% = 1.3%
[HA] 0.100 M
3
QUADRATIC FORMULA
Determine the pH and % ionization of a 0.00050% by mass
solution of acetic acid. Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 × 10−5
Assume 1.0 L [1000 g L−1 × (5.0 × 10−4)/100)] / 60.022 g mol−1 = 8.33 × 10−5 M
Ka
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
QUADRATIC FORMULA
EXPAND TO QUADRADIC FORM:
1x2 + 1.8 × 10−5x − 1.5 × 10−9 = 0
pH = 4.51
% IONIZATION:
[H3O+] 3.08 × 10−5 M
[HA] × 100% = 8.33 × 10−5 M × 100% = 37%
pH & PERCENT IONIZATION OF A WEAK ACID
HCl
CH3COOH
4
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Properties
On passing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
On failing, 'Finish' button: Goes to next slide
Allow user to leave quiz: At any time
User may view slides after quiz: Any time
Show quiz in menu as: Multiple Items
Edit in Quizmaker Edit Properties
POLYPROTIC ACIDS
CARBONIC ACID
Ka1
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Ka2
HCO3−(aq) + H2O(l) CO32−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
5
POLYPROTIC ACIDS: SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the pH, [HCO3−] and [CO32−] of a
0.250 M solution of H2CO3.
Ka1
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
POLYPROTIC ACIDS: SAMPLE SOLUTION (PART 2)
Ka2
HCO3−(aq) + H2O(l) CO32−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
POLYPROTIC ACIDS: SAMPLE SOLUTION (PART 2)
ASSUMING SMALL x APPROXIMATION IS VALID:
[H2CO3]: remains unchanged
[H3O+] & [HCO3−]: produced in the first step
(3.24 × 10−4 M)
[CO32−]: equal to Ka2
6
POLYPROTIC ACIDS: AMPHOTERIC SPECIES
How do we solve for an amphoteric species like NaHCO3?
Ka2
HCO3−(aq) + H2O(l) CO32−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Kb
HCO3−(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) + OH−(aq)
[Kw]
Ka2 = 4.8 × 10−11 << Kb = = 2.4 × 10−8
[Ka1]
POLYPROTIC ACIDS: AMPHOTERIC SPECIES
SUMMARY:
What possible acid/base reactions
could occur with water?
The species will only gain or lose 1 proton!
Reaction with larger K will occur
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand three acid‐base definitions
2. Identify strong and weak acids and bases
3. Write the relationship between Ka, Kb, and Kw
4. Write the relationship between pH, pOH, and pKw
5. Qualitatively predict and quantitatively determine the pH of salts
6. Perform calculations with weak monoprotic and polyprotic
acids/bases and identify when to use the “small x” approximation