 Cause
Research
Is getting knowledge about things you want to know and
learning from all possible sources such as from a friend, an
expert to media sources using a scientific process for the
discovery of truth or even invention and development of
existing products.
Practical Research 2 will focus on quantitative
research. One example is when your teacher
required you to gather numerical data and
process this data using statistical treatment
during your science laboratory activity.
Quantitative Research
Makes you focus your mind by means of statistics that
involve collection and study of numerical data. Numerical
data is pertaining to a number or symbol to express how
many, how much or what rank things are to have in this
world.
Definition of Quantitative research method
 Hypothesis testing
 Number/symbol
 Measurable
Statistical Treatment
 T-Test – Comparative study/ only two variables
 ANOVA – more than two variables
 Pearson’s r – correlation of two variables
Variables
 Is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.
 It is a characteristic or attribute of interest in the
research study that can take on different values and
is not constant.
Independent Variable
 Is hypothesized to affect the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
 The variable that changes as a result of an
intervention or experiment.
 Effect
Case 1
To determine whether a diet of blueberries has an effect on
aging, an experiment involving 19-month old rats was
undertaken. In this study, one group of rats was fed with
their standard diet, while the other three groups were fed
with diet supplemented with blueberry, strawberry, or
spinach powder, respectively. After eight weeks, the rats
were given a memory test and motor skills test.
Independent Variable: Diet
Dependent Variable: Aging of rats
Case 2
Lucy is an owner of a fashion accessories store. She
surveyed her customers on their preferences for
accessories on a headband. She found out that her
customers prefer ribbons. Thus, Lucy would stock up on
ribbons because this will determine the number of
headbands with ribbons that she can sell.
Independent Variable: Amount of ribbons
Dependent Variable: Number of headbands with ribbons
Case 3
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), if given in megadose, is known
to reduce the occurrence of cancer cells. To test this
hypothesis, patients with known cancers were given
megadose of vitamin C for a period of 12 weeks. After 12
weeks, screening tests were done to determine if cancer
cells decreased.
Independent Variable: Megadose of scorbic acid
Dependent Variable: To reduce the occurrence of cancer
cells
Quantitative Variable
Discrete
 Are countable whole numbers. It does not take
negative values or values between fixed points.
 EXAMPLES: the number of children in a
household, the number of pages in a book, the
number of canned goods in a sari-sari store.
Continuous
 Take fractional (non-whole number) values that can
either be a positive or negative.
 EXAMPLES: the temperature of child with fever,
the running time of an athlete in a race

Levels of measurement
Nominal – provides a label, categorization or
classification
EXAMPLE: gender
Ordinal – provides an order of rank or of the value
EXAMPLE: degree of satisfaction
Interval – the difference between two points on a scale
EXAMPLE: time as read on a 12 hour clock
Ratio – has the property of nominal, ordinal and interval
EXAMPLE: work experience