Symm

metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Thee balancce sets of

o compoonents are:
a conssisting oof
Whhen the Three phase system becom
mes unbaalanced while in opeerations, threee phasors equ ual in m
magnitudde and with
w zerro phasse
anaalysis beecomes difficult
d t. dispplacemeent fromm each oother. Zero
Z seq
quence sets
s havve
con
nsisting of thrree phaasors eq qual in n magniitude, neuutral currrent.
Dr. C. L. Fortescu
F e proposed in 1918 at a meetinng of thee American Insttitute off disp
placed from eaach oth her by 120o in n phase,, and
Eleectrical Engineeers thrrough a paper titled d “Meth hod off Symm metricall ving thee same phase sequen
hav nce as the oriiginal
Coo ordinatees Appllied to the
t Solu hae Nettwroks,”” a very
ution off Polyph y useful phaasors. In
n positiv
ve sequence phaase b laggging ph
hase a
metthod forr analyziing unbaalnced three-ph
t hase netw
works. by 120°, annd phasee c laggiing phasse b by 120°.

Forrtescue’ss state that

t “An
n unballanced system
s of n reelated phasors
p can be
resolved into
i n systemms of balanced
b d phaso ors called thee symm metrical
mponen
com nts”. consissting of three phasors
p equal
e inn magnittude, displaced
from each otther by 120o in n phase, and haaving th he same
Acccording to thee statem
ment of Fortesccue’s “A threee phasse unba
alanced phase sequen nce oppoosite to that
t of tthe origiinal phaasors. In
system ca an be resolvved intto threee bala anced phasorrs are called negatiive sequuence phhase b leading
l phase a by 12 20°, and Fig. 44.1 Grap
phical ad
ddition
sym
mmetriccal componnen nnts”. phase c leadinng phasee b by 120°. Phase a Phase b Phaase c
off the com
mponen nts

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Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts

a 4 = a = 1∠120
∠ ° 1 + a + a2 = 0
In order too expreess the sequencce comp ponents algebraaically, the lettter a is
1 − a 2 = 3∠ − 30°
Oriiginal Unbalan
U ced Po
ositive Sequenc
S ce Neg
gative-Sequence
1 − a = 3∠30
∠ °
ab
bc abbc acb
b mmonly used to
com o designnate the operator that caauses a rotation 0o in the
n of 120
accb accb abcc clocckwise direction. Suchh an operrator is a complex num mber of unit
u maagnitude a 2 − a = 3∠270° ja = 1∠2100°
bcca bcca bacc witth an ang 20o and is defin
gle of 12 ned by: 1 + a = −a 2 = 1∠60
0° 1 + a 2 = − a = 1∠ − 60°
ba
ac baac bca
a a = 1∠120° = 1e j (2π / 3) = cos(2π / 3) + j sin(2π / 3) a 2 + a = −1 = 1∠18
80°
ca
ab caab cba
a
1 3
cb
ba cbba cab
b =− + j = −0.5 + j 0.866
2 2

a 2 = 1∠240° = 1e j (4π / 3) = cos(4π / 3) + j sin(4π / 3)

Sin
nce each h of the originaal unbalaanced phasors is i the suum of itts comp
ponents, 1 3
=− − j = −0.5 − j 0.866
the originaal phasorrs expressed in tterms off their componeents are: 2 2
Va = Va1 + Va 2 + Va0 (4.11)
Vb = Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0 (4.22) 0° = 1∠0° = 1e j (6π / 3) = cos(0) + j sin(0) = 1 + j 0 = 1
a 3 = 1∠360

Vc = Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc0 (4.33)

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Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

In matrix form ⎡1 1 1 ⎤
1 1
⎡Va ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡Va 0 ⎤ Where, A−1 = ⎢1 a a 2 ⎥ = A*
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ (4.8) 3⎢ 2 ⎥ 3
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ a1 ⎥ ⎣⎢1 a a ⎦⎥
Acccording to Fig. 4.1, we obtain: 2 ⎥⎢
⎣⎢Vc ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣1 a a ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢Va 2 ⎦⎥
Vb1 = a 2Va1 Vc1 = aaVa1
⎡Va 0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡Va ⎤
Vb 2 = aVa 2 Vc 2 = a 2Va 2 (4.4) ⎡Va ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡Va 0 ⎤ ⎢V ⎥ = 1 ⎢1 a a 2 ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ (4.11)
⎢ a 1 ⎥ 3⎢ ⎥⎢ b ⎥
Vb0 = Va 0 Vc0 = Va 0 Let, V p = ⎢Vb ⎥ ; A = ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ; Vs = ⎢Va1 ⎥ ⎢⎣Va 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a 2 a ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣Vc ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣Vc ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a a 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢Va 2 ⎥⎦
1
peating Eq, (4.1
Rep 1) and suubstitutiing Eqs. (4.4) in
n (4.2) aand (4.3)) yield V p = AVs (4.9)
Va0 = (Va + Vb + Vc ) (4.12)
3
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va 2 (4.5) 1⎛ 2 ⎞
Va1 = ⎜Va + aVb + a Vc ⎟ (4.13)
Vp is the column vector of phase voltages, Vs is the column vector of sequence 3⎝ ⎠
Vb = Va 0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2 (4.6) 1⎛
voltages, and A is 3×3 transformation matrix. Va 2 = ⎜Va + a Vb + aVc ⎟⎞
2 (4.14)
Vc = Va 0 + aVa1 + a 2Va 2 (4.7) V s = A −1V p (4.10) 3⎝ ⎠
If required, the components Vb0, Vb1, Vb2, Vc0, Vc1, and Vc2, can be found by
Eqs. (4.4)
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 Symmetrical Components Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symmetrical Components

For balanced three-phase networks the equivalent circuits obtained for Ib = I a0 + a2Ia1 + aI a 2 (4.17)
the symmetrical components, called sequence networks, are separated into
three uncoupled networks. I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2 (4.18)
A balanced three-phase system consists of positive sequence components
only, negative and zero sequence components being zero. ⎡ I a ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I a 0 ⎤
⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ (4.19)
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ a1 ⎥
The Presence of negative or zero sequence components in a three-phase 2 ⎥⎢
system introduces unsymmetry and is indicative of an abnormal condition ⎣⎢ I c ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢1 a a ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ I a 2 ⎦⎥
of the network in which these components are found.
Beccause some off the ppreceding g equattions arre so ffundameental, th
hey are ⎡Ia ⎤ ⎡ I a0 ⎤
No zero-sequence components exist if the sum of the unbalanced phasors
sum
mmarizeed for cu urrents: where, I p = ⎢ I b ⎥ ; I s = ⎢ I a1 ⎥
is zero. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Ib1 = a 2 I a1 I c1 = aII a1 ⎣⎢ I c ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ I a 2 ⎦⎥
Since the sum of the line-to-line voltage phasors in a three phase system is
always zero, zero-sequence components are never present in the line Ib 2 = aI a 2 Ic2 = a 2 I a2 (4.15)
voltages, regardless of the amount of unbalance. I p = AI s (4.20)
Ib0 = I a 0 Ic0 = I a0
The sum of the three line-to-neutral voltage phasors is not necessarily zero,
and voltages to neutral may contain zero-sequence components. I a = I a0 + I a1 + I a 2 (4.16) I s = A −1I p (4.21)

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Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components Symm

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C nts

A Δ-conneected looad proovides no

n path h to neu utral, aand the line currents
⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I a ⎤ 1 wing to a Δ-con
flow nnected load ca
an conta
ain no zeero-sequuence componeents.
⎢ I ⎥ = 1 ⎢1 a a 2 ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ I a0 = I n (4.27)
1 (4.22) 3
⎢ a ⎥ 3⎢ b
2 a ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ In a threee-phase unbalanced sy ystem, the
t mag gnitude of nega ative sequence
⎣⎢ I a 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢1 a ⎦⎣ c ⎦ I n = 3I a 0 (4.28) commponen nts cannnot exceeed tha uence componeents. Iff
at of thee positiive sequ
thee negativ
ve sequence coomponen nts werre the grreater, tthe pha
ase sequuence off
thee resulta
ant systeem wou
uld be reversedd.
1
I a0 = ( I a + Ib + I c ) (4.23) In a three-phase, four (4) wire unbalanced system, the mgnitude of zero
3 sequence components is one-third of the current in the neutral wire.
1
I a1 = ⎛⎜ I a + aIb + a 2 I c ⎞⎟ (4.24) Thee advanttages off symmeetrical co
omponeents can be summmarizedd as follo
ows:
3⎝ ⎠ In the absence of a path through the neutral of a three-phase system, In is zero, (aa) Sym mmetriccal compponent separates
s s three uncoupl
u ed balan
nced nettwork.
thus the line currents contain no zero-sequence components where neutral (bb) Rellatively easy to anaalyze the t balancedd systeem by using
unb
1
I a 2 = ⎛⎜ I a + a 2 Ib + aI c ⎞⎟ (4.25) connection is absent. symmeetrical coomponents.
3⎝ ⎠ (cc) Sym mmetriccal com mponentss lead to acccurate predictio
p on of system
behavio
or.
I n = I a + Ib + I c (4.26)

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d) Volltage, cu
(d urrents and power at various points of pow
wer system can 1 1
Va 0 = (Va + Vb + Vc ) = (277 ∠0° + 277 ∠ − 120° + 277 ∠120°) = 0
easily be
b found
d. 3 3

S Calculate thet sequ uence coomponennts of th

he follo
owing baalanced 1 Vb0 = Va 0 = 0
Va1 = ⎛⎜ Va + aVb + a 2Vc ⎞⎟
Exa ample S1:
linee-to-neuutral volltages w
with abcc sequen
nce. Va = 277∠∠0o, Vb = 277∠∠−120o, 3⎝ ⎠
andd Vc = 27 77∠120 0o. 1 Vb1 = a 2Va1 = a 2Va1 = 1∠ − 120° × 277 ∠0° = 277 ∠ − 120° = Vb
= (277 ∠0° + 1∠ + 120° × 277 ∠ − 120° + 1∠ + 240° × 277 ∠120°)
3
1 Vb 2 = aVa 2 = 0
= (277 ∠0° + 277 ∠0° + 277 ∠0°) = 277 ∠0° = Va
3
Vc0 = Va 0 = 0
1
Va 2 = ⎜⎛ Va + a 2Vb + aVc ⎞⎟
3⎝ ⎠ Vc1 = aVa1 = aVa1 = 1∠120° × 277∠0° = 277∠120° = Vc
1
= (277 ∠0° + 1∠240° × 277 ∠ − 120° + 1∠ + 120° × 277 ∠120° )
3 Vc 2 = a 2Va 2 = 0
Sollution: 1
= (277 ∠0° + 277 ∠120° + 277 ∠240°) = 0
3

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 Symm
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C nts Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

Thu
us a ballance thrree-phase systeem with abc seq
quence (or posiitive seq
quence) V = 1 ⎛⎜⎜Va +V +Vc ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 277∠120° + 277∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠ = 0 V = a2V = a2V =1∠ −120°× 0 = 0
a0 3 ⎝ b ⎠ 3 b1 a1 a1
ve no zerro-sequeence or negative-sequence com
hav mponentts.
V = aV =1∠120°× 277∠0° = 277∠120° = V
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + aV + a2Vc ⎟⎟ b2 a2
⎛ ⎞
b
a1 3⎝ b ⎠
Exa ample S2:S Calculate the t sequ uence co
omponen nts of th
he follo
owing baalanced
with acb sequencce. Va = 277∠00o, Vb = 277∠12
linee-to-neuutral volttages w 2 20o, and = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° +1∠ +120°× 277∠120° +1∠ + 240°× 277∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠ Vc0 = Va 0 = 0
3
o
Vc = 277∠− −120 . = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 277∠240° + 277∠120°⎞⎟⎠ = 0
3 V = aV =1∠ −120°× 0 = 0
c1 a1

V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + a2V + aVc ⎟⎟

⎛ ⎞

a2 3 ⎝ V = a2V =1∠ −120°× 277∠0° = 277∠ −120° =Vc

b ⎠ c2 a2
= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° +1∠240°× 277∠120° +1∠ +120°× 277∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠
3 Thus a balance three-phase system with abc sequence (or positive sequence)
= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 277∠0° + 277∠0°⎞⎟⎠ = 277∠0° = Va have no zero-sequence or negative-sequence components.
3

V =V = 0
b0 a0

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Symm
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C nts Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

ample S3: Th he line-tto-groun

nd on the
t highh voltaage sidee of a step-up V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + aV + a2Vc ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
Exa
tran
nsformeer are 10
00 kV, 333 kV, 38 kV onn phasess a, b, an
nd c, resspectiveely. The a1 3 ⎝ b ⎠

volltage off phase a leads that off phase b by 100o and d lags thhat phasse c by = 1 ⎛⎜⎝100.0∠0° + 33.0∠ −100°∠120° + 38.0∠176.5°∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠ V =V = 21.31∠ − 28.16°
3 c0 a0
1766.5o. Dettermine the sym
mmetricaal components of
o voltagge. = 50.56 + j14.32 = 52.548∠15.81°
V = aV =1∠120°×52.548∠15.81° = 52.548∠135.81°
c1 a1
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + a2V + aVc ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞

a2 3 ⎝ b
V = a2V =1∠ −120°×30.85∠ − 7.94° = 30.85∠ −127.94°
⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝100.0∠0° + 33.0∠ −100°∠ −120° + 38.0∠176.5°∠120°⎞⎟⎠ c2 a2

3
= 30.55 − j4.26 = 30.85∠ − 7.94°

0∠0o, Vb = 33∠
Sollution: Va = 100 ∠-100o, Vc = 38∠
∠176.5o,
V = V = 21.31∠ − 28.16°
b0 a0
V = 1 ⎛⎜⎜Va +V +Vc ⎞⎟⎟ = 1⎛⎜⎝1000.0∠0° + 33.0∠ −100° + 38
3 .0∠1776.5°⎞⎟⎠
a0 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
=18.79 9 + j10.06 = 21.31∠ − 28.16° V = a2V = a2V =1∠ −120°×52.548∠15.81° = 52.548∠ −104.19°
b1 a1 a1

V = aV =1∠120°×30.85∠ − 7.94° = 30.85∠112 .06°

b2 a2
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Exa ample 11.1 On ne cond ductor oof a thrree-phasse line is open n. The current I = 1 ⎛⎜⎜ Ia + I + Ic ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝10∠0° +10∠180° + 0⎞⎟⎠ = 0 Example S4: In an unbalanced three-phase system: Va = 4.0∠0o, Vb =
a0 3 ⎝ b 3
flowwing to the Δ-cconnecteed load through h line a is 10 A
A. Withh the currrent in ⎠
3.0∠−90o, and Vc = 8.0∠143.1o. Find all the voltage components of the
I = 1 ⎜⎜ Ia + aI + a2Ic ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
linee a as referenc
r ce and aassumin ng that line
l c is open, find th
he symm metrical a1 3 ⎝ b ⎠
corresponding positive, negative and zero-sequence components, and draw the
commponentts of thee line currrents. = 1 ⎡⎢⎣10∠0° +10∠(180° +120°) + 0⎤⎥⎦ = 5 − j 2.89 = 5.78∠ − 30° phasors.
3
Solution:
V = 1 ⎛⎜⎜Va +V +Vc ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4.0∠0° + 3.0∠ − 90° + 8.0∠143.1°⎞⎟⎠
= 1 ⎜ I + a2I + aIc ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
I a0 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
a2 3 ⎜⎝ a b
= 1 ⎡⎣⎢4.0 − j3.0 + 8.0(−0.8 + j0.6)⎤⎦⎥ = −0.8 + j0.6) =1.0∠143.1°
⎠

= 1 ⎡⎢⎣10∠0° +10∠(180° + 240°) + 0⎤⎥⎦ = 5 + j2.89 = 5.78∠30° 3

3
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + aV + a2Vc ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞

a1 3 ⎝ b ⎠
I = 5.78∠ −150 ° I = 5.78∠90 ° = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4.0∠0° +1∠ +120°×3.0∠ − 90° +1∠ + 240°×8.0∠143.1°⎞⎟⎠
b1 c1
I = 5.78∠150 ° I = 5.78∠ − 90 ° 3
Fig. 4.4 Cirrcuit forr Examp
ple 11.1.. c2
b2 = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4 + 3∠30° + 8∠23.1°⎞⎟⎠ = 4.65 + j1.55 = 4.9∠18.4°
I =0 I =0 3
b0 c0
Sollution: Fig.
F 4.4 is a diaggram off the circcuit. Thee line cuurrents are
a V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + a2V + aVc ⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4∠0° +1∠240°×3∠ − 90° +1∠ +120°×8∠143.1°⎞⎟⎠
⎛ ⎞

Ia =10∠0° A I =110∠180° A Ic = 0 A a2 3 ⎝ b ⎠ 3
b
= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4 + 3∠ − 210° + 8∠263.1°⎞⎟⎠ = 0.153 − j 2.15 = 2.15∠ − 86.2°
3
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 Symm
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Example S5: The current of a three-phase unbalanced system are Ia = j10

V = V =1.0∠143.1° =10∠90o, Ib =10∠0o, and Ic =0∠0o. Calculate the symmetrical components for
b0 a0
V = a2V = 4.9∠(240° +118.4°) = 4.9∠ −10
01.6° For simplification the symmetrical components are designated as follows: this system.
b1 a1 Va0 =V0
V = aV = 2.15∠(−86.2° +120°) = 2.15∠33.80°
b2 a2 I = 1 ⎛⎜⎜ Ia + I + Ic ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝10∠90° +10∠0° + 0∠0°⎞⎟⎠ = 3.33+ j3.33 = 4.7093∠45°
Va1 = V1 0 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
V = V =1.0∠143.1°
c0 a0
V = aV = 4.9∠(120 8.4°) = 4.9∠138.4°
1 ° +18 Va2 = V2
I = 1 ⎜⎜ Ia + aI + a2Ic ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
c1 a1
1 3⎝ b
V = a2V = 2.15∠(−86.2° + 240°) = 2.15∠ − 206.2° ⎠
c2 a2 = 1 ⎛⎜⎝10.0∠90° +1∠ +120°×10.0∠0° +1∠ − 240°× 0∠0°⎞⎟⎠ =1.67 + j6.22
Ia0 =I0 3

Ia1 = I1
I = 1 ⎜⎜ Ia + a2I + aIc ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞

Ia2 = I2 2 3⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝10.0∠90° +1∠ −120°×10.0∠0° +1∠120°× 0∠0°⎞⎟⎠ = −1.67 + j0.447

3

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Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

Example S8: A three-phase four-wire system supplies loads which are

Example S6: The sequence-components voltages are V0 = 3.5∠122o, V1 = Example S7: The sequence-components of a three-phase voltages are V0 = unequally distributed in the three-phase. An analysis of the current flowing in
5.0∠-10o, V2 = 1.9∠92o. Determine the phase voltages. 25∠0o, V1 = 60∠90o, V2 = 30∠180o. Determine the phase voltages Va, Vb, and a, b, and c lines shows that in a-line, positive phase sequence current is
Vc . 200∠0o A and the negative phase sequence component is 100∠60o A. The
Solution: total observed current flowing back to the supply in the neutral conductor is
Va =V +V +V = 3.5∠122° + 5.0∠−10° +1.9∠92° = 5.0∠53° Solution: 300∠300o A. Calculate the current in the three lines.
0 1 2 Va =V +V +V = 25∠0° + 60∠90° + 30∠180° = 60.208∠94.7636°
0 1 2
V = V + a2V + aV = 3.5∠122° + 5.0∠ −10°∠ −120° +1.9∠92°∠120° Solution: Given, Ia1 = 200∠0o, Ia2 = 100∠60o and In = 300∠300o.
b 0 1 2
= 7.0∠ −164° V = V + a2V + aV = 25∠0° + ⎛⎜⎝1∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠60∠90° + ⎛⎜⎝1∠120°⎞⎟⎠30∠180° I = 1 In = 1 (300∠300°) =100∠300° A
b 0 1 2 a0 3 3
=107.66∠ − 31.33° Ia = I + I + I =100∠300° + 200∠0° +100∠60° = 300∠0° A
Vc = V + aV + a2V == 3.5∠122° + 5.0∠ −10°∠120° +1.9∠92°∠ −120° a0 a1 a2
0 1 2 I = I + a2I + aI =100∠300° + ⎛⎜⎝1∠−120°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ 200∠0°⎞⎟⎠ + ⎛⎜⎝1∠120°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝100∠60°⎞⎟⎠
= 7.0∠ −105° b a0 a1 a2
Vc = V + aV + a2V = 25∠0° + ⎛⎜⎝1∠120°⎞⎟⎠60∠90° + ⎛⎜⎝1∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠30∠180° = 300∠−120° A
0 1 2
=11.96152 − j4.019 =12.6186∠ −18.572° Ic = I + aI + a2I =100∠300° + ⎛⎜⎝1∠120°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ 200∠0°⎞⎟⎠ + ⎛⎜⎝1∠−120°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝100∠60°⎞⎟⎠
a0 a1 a2
=0 A

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Symmetrical Components Symm

metrical Componen
C nts Symmetrical Components

Problem S1: In a three-phase four-wire system, currents in a, b, c lines under

abnormal conditions are: V p ⎤⎥⎥ = ⎡⎢⎢ Z p ⎤⎥⎥ I p
⎡
⎢ AVs = ⎡⎢⎢ Z p ⎤⎥⎥ AIs
⎢⎣
(i) Ia = 150∠45o A, Ib = 250∠150o A and Ic = 100∠300o A ⎦ ⎣
;⎦ ⎣ ⎦

(ii) Ia = (80+j0) A, Ib = (-10-j60) A and Ic = (70+j60) A. Vs = A⎡⎢ Z p ⎤⎥ AIs Zs = A⎡⎢ Z p ⎤⎥ A

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Calculate the zero, positive and negative sequence currents in the a-line and
return current in the neutral connection. Vs = Zs Is
12 Portioon of a three-ph
Fig. 11.1
F t hase
Problem S2: A three-phase four-wire system supplies loads which are sy
ystem shhowing three un nequal series
s
⎡
unequally distributed in the three-phase. An analysis of the current flowing in im
mpedan nce ⎢ Z Z Z ⎤⎥
⎢ 0 01 02⎥⎥
a, b, and c lines shows that in a-line, positive phase sequence current is g. 11.12 shows the
Fig t unsyymmetriical partt of a sysstem wiith threee unequaal series ⎢
Zs = ⎢⎢ Z Z Z ⎥⎥
(7.89+j0.732) A and the negative phase sequence component is (2.11-j2.732) imppedancees Za, Zb, and Zc. The unequal u mutuall impedaances Zab, Zbc, and Zca ⎢
10 1 12 ⎥
⎢Z Z Z ⎥⎥
are also sh hown in Fig. 11.12. Thee voltag ge dropss across the partt of the system ⎢⎣ 20 21 2⎦
A. The total observed current flowing back to the supply in the neutral
conductor is zero. Calculate the current in the three lines. sho
own are given by y the maatrix equ uation
⎡
⎡
⎢V
⎤
⎥ ⎢ Z
a Zab Zca ⎤⎥⎥ ⎡⎢ Ia ⎤⎥ ⎡
⎢ Z
a Zab Z ⎤⎥ ⎡ I ⎤ ⎡
⎢ Z Z Z ⎤⎥ ⎡
⎢ Z Z Zca ⎤⎥⎥ ⎢1 1
⎡
1 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢⎢ Za Z Zca ⎤⎥⎥ ⎡⎢1 1 1 ⎤⎥
⎢ aa'⎥ ⎢ a ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ b ca ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ a ⎥⎥ ⎢ 0 01 02⎥⎥ ⎢ a ab ⎢ ⎥ ab ⎢ ⎥
Z ⎥⎥ = A−1⎢⎢Z 1
Z ⎥⎥ A = ⎢1 a a2⎥⎥ ⎢⎢Z Z ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 a2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎢
⎥ = ⎢Z Z p = ⎢⎢Z ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢V Z Z ⎥⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ ⎥
Z Z ⎥⎢ I ⎥ ⎢ Z Z Z ⎢
Z a ⎥⎥
⎢ bb' ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ab
⎢
b bc ⎥ ⎢ b ⎥ ; ⎢
ab b bc ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ b ⎥⎥ ⎢ 10 1 12 ⎥ ab b bc ⎥ 3 ⎢⎢ ⎥ ab b bc ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢V ⎥ ⎢Z Z Z ⎢
⎥⎢ I ⎥
⎥
⎢Z Z Z ⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ Z Z Z ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢Z Z Zc ⎥⎥ ⎢1 a
2 a ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ Z Z Zc ⎥⎥ ⎣⎢1 a a2⎥⎦⎥
⎢⎣ cc' ⎥⎦ ⎢ ca bc
b c ⎥⎦ ⎣ c ⎦ ⎢ ca bc c ⎥⎦ ⎣ c ⎦ ⎢⎣ 20 21 2⎦ ⎢ ca ⎦ ⎢⎣ ca
⎣ ⎣ ⎣ bc ⎦ ⎣ bc ⎦

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 Symmetrical Components Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Diagonal Sequence impedances

Z = 1 ⎡⎢⎢Za + Z + Zc + 2Z + 2Z + 2Zca ⎤⎥⎥ (8.2.22) A symmetr
s rical loa ad is deffined ass a load whose sequenc
s ce impeddance matrix
m is A symmetr
s rical loa ad is deffined ass a load whose sequenc
s ce impeddance matrix
m is
0 3⎣ b ab bc ⎦
diaggonal; that
t is, all muutual im mpedancces are zero. E Equation n these mutual diaggonal; that
t is, all muutual im mpedancces are zero. E Equation n these mutual
Z = Z = 1 ⎡⎢⎢Za + Z + Zc − Z − Z − Zac ⎤⎥⎥ (8.2.23) imppedancees to zerro and solving,
s the folllowing conditions for a symm metrical imppedancees to zerro and solving,
s the folllowing conditions for a symm metrical
1 2 3⎣ b ab bc ⎦
loadd are deetermineed. When n both loadd are deetermineed. When n both
Z a = Z = Zc ⎫
⎪ Z a = Z = Zc ⎫
⎪
b ⎬ Cond
⎪
ditions foor a sym
mmetricaal load b ⎬ Cond
⎪
ditions foor a sym
mmetricaal load
Z = Z = Zca ⎪⎪ Z = Z = Zca ⎪⎪
ab bc ⎭ ab bc ⎭
Off-diagonal sequence impedances
Z = Z = 1 ⎢⎢Za + a2Z + aZc − aZ − Z − a2Zca ⎥⎥ (8.2.24)
⎡ ⎤

01 20 3 ⎣ b ab bc ⎦
Dia
agonal Sequenc
S ce impeedances Dia
agonal Sequenc
S ce impeedances
Z = Za + 2Z Z = Za = Z = Za
Z = Z = 1 ⎢⎢Za + aZ + a2Zc − a2Z − Z − aZca ⎥⎥ (8.2.25) 0 0 2
⎡ ⎤
ab
b
02 10 3 ⎣ b ab bc ⎦ Z = Z = Za − Z
Z = 1 ⎢⎢Za + a2Z + aZc + 2aZ + 2Z + 2a2Zca ⎥⎥
⎡ ⎤
(8.2.26) 1 2 ab
12 3 ⎣ b ab bc Offf-diagon
nal sequ
uence im
mpedan
nces
⎦
Z = Z = Z = Z = Z = Z =0
Z = 1 ⎢⎢Za + aZ + a2Zc + 2a2Z + 2Z + 2aZca ⎥⎥ 01 20 02 10 12 21
⎡ ⎤
(8.2.27) Offf-diagon
nal sequ
uence im
mpedan
nces
21 3 ⎣ b ab bc ⎦ Z = Z = Z = Z = Z = Z =0
01 20 02 10 12 21

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Symm
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C nts Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

Vcg = Z n I a + Z n I + (Z + Z n ) Ic
b Y
(8.2.3) Where, Zs = A-1Z p A is called sequence impedance matrix.
g. 4.5 showss a bbalancedd Y
Fig ⎡
⎢
⎤
Vag ⎥⎥ ⎡⎢Z + Zn Zn Zn ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ Ia ⎤⎥ ⎢1 1
⎡
1 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢Z + Zn Zn Zn ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢1 1 1 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢Z + 3Zn 0 0 ⎤
⎥
imppedancee load. The im mpedancce of ⎢ ⎢ Y ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ Y ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ Y ⎥
Zs = 1 ⎢⎢1 a a2⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ Zn Z + Zn Zn ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 a2 a ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢⎢ 0
⎢ ⎥
eacch phasee is deesignatedd ZY, and
a a V ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢⎢ Zn Z + Zn Zn ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥
⎢ Z 0 ⎥⎥⎥ ;
⎢bg ⎥ ⎢ Y ⎢ b⎥ 3 ⎢⎢ ⎥ Y ⎢ ⎥ Y
neuutral im
mpedancce Zn is i connnected ⎢
Vcg ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣⎢ Zn
⎢
⎥⎢
Zn Z + Zn ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣ Ic ⎥⎥⎦ ⎢1 a
2 a ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ Z Z Z + Z ⎥ ⎢1 a a2 ⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ 0 0 Z ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢ Y ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ n n Y n ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ Y⎦
betwween thhe load neutral
n aand grou
und. ⎣ ⎦ ⎦

⎢ Z + 3Z
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
Thee line-to
o-groundd voltage for phhase a V p = Z pI p (8.24) ⎢V ⎥
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ Y n 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I0⎥⎥ ⎢⎢Z0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I0⎥⎥
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢ Z 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢ 0 Z 0 ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢
can
n be writtten as ⎡ ⎤
⎢Z + Z
⎡
Zn ⎤⎥ ⎡ ⎤ 0 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢
⎢
Vag ⎥⎥
⎢ Y n Zn ⎥
⎢ Ia ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎢
Y ⎥⎢
1⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
V p = V ⎥⎥ ; Z p = ⎢⎢ Zn Z + Zn Zn ⎥⎥⎥ ;
⎢
I p = ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ ⎢V ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 Z ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 0 Z ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ Y ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎢
⎣⎢
5 Balancced Y-im
Fig. 4.5 mpedancce load ⎢ bg ⎥ Y ⎢ b⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
Zn Z + Zn ⎥⎥ V = (Z + 3Zn)I = Z I (8.2.13)
g = ZY I a + Z n I n
⎢ ⎥
Vag ⎢
⎢Vcg ⎥⎥ ⎢ Zn ⎢I ⎥
⎣ c⎦ 0 Y 0 00
⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ Y ⎦

g = ZY Ia + Z n ( Ia + Ib + Ic )
Vag V =Z I =Z I (8.2.14)
A Vs = Z p AI s (8.25) 1 Y 1 11
Vag = (Z + Z n ) Ia + Z n I + Z n Ic (
(8.2.1) V =Z I =Z I (8.2.15)
Y b Where, Zp is called phase impedance matrix. 2 Y 2 22
Vs = ⎜⎜ A-1Z p A⎟⎟ Is
⎛ ⎞ Where, Z = Z +3Zn is called zero-sequence impedance;
0 Y
Sim
milarly, ⎝ ⎠
Z = Z is called positive-sequence impedance;
Vs = Zs Is 1 Y
V = Z n I a + (Z + Z n ) I + Z n Ic (8
8.2.2)
bg Y b Z = Z is called negative-sequence impedance;
2 Y
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Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts

Eqss. (8.2.1
13) – (8
8.2.15) can
c be represen
r nted by the threee netw works shhown in
g. 4.6. These
Fig T neetworks are called the zero-seq
z nce, and
quence, ppositivee-sequen
neggative-seequencee networrks. As shown, each neetwork is separrate, unccoupled
from
m the other
o two o. This separattion und
derlies th
he advaantages of symm metricall
commponentts.

F 4.6 Sequenc
Fig. S ce netwo
ork of a balanceed Y-connnected
d load.

If there
t has no neu utral paath, then
n the neu
utral im
mpedancee Zn is infinite
i and the
term
m 3Zn iss the zerro-sequeence netw work beecomes an
a openn circuit.

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 Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts

Exa 8 [Reff. 3, p. 4408] A balanced

ample 8.4 b d Y loadd is in paarallel with
w a baalanced Z1=ZZY//(ZΔ/33)=(3+j4
4)(-
Δ-cconnecteed capaccitor bannk. The Y load d has an impedaance ZY = (3+j4) Ω per 3)/[3+j4
j30/3 4–
phaase, and
d its neuutral is ggroundeed throuugh an inductive reactaance Xn = 2 Ω. (j30//3)]=6.667+j3.33
3=
Thee capacitor ban nk has a reactaance Xc = 30 Ω per pphase. Draw D seequence 54∠26.557o Ω
7.45
netwwork fo
or this lo
oad and ccalculatte the loaad sequeence im
mpedancees.

Sollution: Z2=Z ZY//(ZΔ/3)=(3+jj4)(-

Z0= ZY + 3Zn = 3 + j4 + 3(j2) = 3+j10 j30//3)/[3+j44–
Ω (j30
0/3)]=6.667+j3.33 3=
454∠26.57o Ω

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Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Exa
ample 8.4.1:
8 T balaanced Y loads A and B are connnected in
Two i paralllel. The Exaample 8.4.2:
8 A balancced Y lo n parallel with a balanceed Δ-con
oad is in nnected Exaample 8.4.3:
8 T balaanced Δ loads A and B are con
Two nnected iin paralllel. The
imp
pedancees are ZYA +j8) Ω per
Y = (6+j p phase, and ZYB = (66+j8) Ω per phaase. The loadd. The Y load has
h imp pedance ZY = (99+j12) Ω per phhase, an nd its neeutral is imp Δ = (6+jj9) Ω pe
pedancees are ZΔA er phasee, and ZΔB +j9) Ω per phasee. Draw
Δ = (6+j
neu
utral of loads
l A and B are grou
unded th
hrough an induuctive reeactancee Xn = 5 gro
ounded solidly.
s The imppedancee of Δ-coonnecteed load iis ZΔ = (27+j36
( ) Ω per seq
quence network
n for this load an
nd calcullate the load seqquence impedan
i nces.
Ω. Draw sequenc
s ce network for this lo
oad and calculaate the load seequence phaase. Draaw sequence neetwork for
f this load an nd calcullate the load seequence
pedancees.
imp imppedancees. Sollution: ZΔA/3 = (6+j9)/33=(2+j3) Ω; ZΔBB/3 = (6+
+j9)/3=((2+j3) Ω;
Ω

27+j36))/3=(9+jj12) Ω
Sollution: ZΔ/3 = (2

Z = Z = (6 + j8)(6 + j8) = 3 + j4 Z = (6 + j23

2 )(6 + j23) = 3+ j11.5
1 2 (6 + j8) + (6 + j8) 0 (6 + j23) + (6 + j23) Z = Z = (2 + j3)(2 + j3) =1+ j1.5 Z =∞
1 2 (2 + j3) + (2 + j3) 0
Z = Z = (9 + j12)((9 + j12) = 4.5 + j6 Z = 9 + j12
1 2 (9 + j12) + (9 + j12) 0

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Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components
Vcg = − Z g Ic − Z n ( I a + I + Ic ) + Ec = − Z n I a − Z n I − (Z g + Z n ) Ic + Ec Vs = − A-1Z p A⎟⎟ Is + A-1E p
⎛
⎜
⎞
b b ⎜
⎝ ⎠
A synchron
s nous gen nerator, groundded throu ugh a reeactor, iis shownn in Fig. 11.13.
Wh hen a faault (no ot indicaated in the fig gure) occcurs att the terrminals of the ⎡ ⎤
Vag ⎥⎥ ⎡⎢Z g + Zn Zn
⎢ Zn ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ Ia ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ Ea ⎤⎥
gennerator, current Ia, Ib, and a Ic flo ow in th he lines. If the fault in
nvolves ground,
g
⎢ ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎡
⎢V ⎤
⎥ 1 1 ⎡
1 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢Z g + Zn Zn Zn ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢1 1 1 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ I ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢1 1 1 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ Ea ⎤⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎥ ⎢
V ⎥⎥ = −⎢⎢ Zn Z g + Zn Zn ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ + ⎢⎢ E ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢ a0 ⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
V = −1 1 a a ⎥ ⎢⎢ Zn Z g + Zn Zn ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 a2 a ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ + 1 ⎢⎢1 a
2 a2⎥⎥ ⎢⎢a2Ea ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎢ ⎥
the currentt flowin he geneerator is designaated In and the
ng into tthe neuttral of th ⎢bg ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ b⎥ ⎢ b⎥ ⎢
a1
⎥ ⎢
⎥ a1
⎢
⎢
⎥⎢
Zn Z g + Zn ⎥⎥ ⎣⎢ Ic ⎥⎦⎥ ⎢⎣⎢ Ec ⎥⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
linee curren nts can be b resolvved intoo their syymmetrrical com mponentts regard dless off Vcg ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣⎢ Zn
⎢
⎦
⎢
⎢V
⎥
⎥ 1 a2 ⎢
⎢
⎢
a ⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢ Zn Zn Z g + Zn ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎣1 a a2⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎣1 a2
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
a ⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎣ aEa ⎥⎥⎦
howw unbalaanced th hey mayy be.
⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢a2 ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ a2 ⎦

− Z n I n + Ea − Z g I a −Vag = 0 V p = −Z p I p + E p ⎡
V ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢Z g + 3Zn 0 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ I ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ 0 ⎤⎥
g = −Z g Ia − Z n In + Ea ;
⎢
Vag ⎢
⎢
a0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥

Let I n = I a + I + Ic ⎡ ⎤ ⎢V ⎥⎥ = −⎢⎢⎢ 0 Z g 0 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ + ⎢⎢ Ea ⎥⎥

⎢Z + Z
⎡
⎢V ⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ Ea ⎥
⎡
⎢ Ea ⎥
⎤
n Zn Zn ⎤⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ Ia ⎥
⎢ a1 ⎥ ⎢ a1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
b ⎢ ag ⎥ ⎢ g ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
V ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 0 Z g ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎥⎦
⎢

g = − Z g I a − Z n ( I a + Ib + Ic ) + Ea
⎢
V p = ⎢⎢V ⎥⎥ ; E p = ⎢⎢ E ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢a2Ea ⎥⎥ ; Z p = ⎢⎢⎢ Zn Z g + Zn Zn ⎥⎥⎥ ;
⎢ ⎥
Vag I p = ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ ⎣⎢a2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ a2 ⎦
bg ⎢ b ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ b⎥
= −(Z g + Z n ) I a − Z n I − Z n Ic + Ea ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢E ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ aE
⎥ ⎢
Zn
⎥
Zn Z g + Zn ⎥⎥ ⎢
⎢I ⎥
⎥
⎢Vcg ⎥
⎢
b ⎣ c⎦ ⎣ a ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦ ⎣ c⎦
Let, Z = Z g ; Z = Zg ; Z = Z g + 3Zn
V = − Z g I − Z n ( I a + I + Ic ) + E ⎣ ⎦
1 2 0
bg
g b b b
= − Z n I a − (Z g + Z n ) I − Z n Ic + E Fig. 11.13 [Reef. 1, p. 292] Ciircuit A Vs = − Z p AI s + AE p
b b
diagram
m of an unloadeed generrator.

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 Symmetrical Components Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
⎢V ⎥0 Z ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 0 0 I ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎢
a0 ⎥
⎥
⎢
⎢0 ⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎥⎢
a0 ⎥
⎥
⎢V = Ea − 0
⎥
⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢
⎢ Z 0 ⎥⎢ I ⎥
⎢
⎢
a1⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢
1 ⎥⎢
⎥⎢
a1 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢V ⎥0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 Z ⎥⎢ I ⎥
⎣⎢a2 ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ a2 ⎦⎥

V = Ea − Z I
a1 1 a1
Possitive-seequence Negativve-sequ
uence Zerro-sequeence nettwork
V = −Z I netw
work networrk
a2 2 a2

V = −Z I
a0 0 a0

The equations developed to this point are based on a simple machine model
which assumes the existence of only fundamental components of currents; on
this basis the positive- and negative sequence impedance are found to equal to
one another but quite difference from the zero-sequence impedance.

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Symm
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C nts Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

Noting that AT = A and that a and a2 are conjugate, we obtain Example 8.6: A Y-connected unbalanced voltage source with Va = 277∠0o V,
Thee total ccomplex x powerr into a three-phase cirrcuit thrrough th hree linees a, b, ⎤⎡ ⎤
* Vb = 260∠120o V, and Vc = 295∠115o V, are applied to a balanced load
⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎢ I
⎡
⎥
and
d c is ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥ through a line. The impedances of load and line are ZΔ=30∠40o Ω, ZL=1∠85o
V ⎥3 0 1 0⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ = 3⎢⎢V I * +V I * +V I * ⎥⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎡ ⎤ S p = ⎢V
⎡
V ⎤ ⎢
Ω. The source neutral is solidly grounded. Using the method of symmetrical
⎢ Ia ⎥ ⎣⎢ a0 a1 a2⎦⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥ a1 ⎣ a0 a0 a1 a1 a2 a2⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
S p = P + jQ = Va Ia* +V I * +Vc Ic* = ⎡⎢⎢Va V Vc ⎤⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ ⎢0 0 1⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ components, (i) draw the sequence network, (ii) calculate the source currents
⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ a2 ⎦⎥
bb ⎣ b ⎦⎢ b ⎥
Ia, Ib, and Ic. and (iii) [Example 8.9] calculate Sp ans Ss deliver by the three-
⎢
⎢I ⎥
⎥
So complex power is
⎣ c⎦ phase source. Also, verify that Sp=3Ss.
S p = P + jQ = Va Ia* +V I * +Vc Ic* = 3⎢⎢V I * +V I * +V I * ⎥⎥
⎡ ⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢Va ⎥ ⎢ Ia ⎥ ⎣ a0 a0 a1 a1 a2 a2 ⎦
⎢V ⎥ ⎢I ⎥ bb
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥ ⎢ a0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Lett, V p = ⎢⎢V ⎥⎥ I p = ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥ Vs = ⎢⎢V ⎥⎥ Is = ⎢⎢ I ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
Solution: ZY= ZΔ/3=10∠40o Ω,
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ b⎥ a1 ⎥ ; a1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥; ⎢ ⎥; ⎢ ⎢ Let, the complex power calculated by the symmetrical components is The sequence components of the source voltages are:
⎢V ⎥ ⎢I ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ ⎢I ⎥
⎣ c⎦ ⎣ c⎦ ⎣⎢ a2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ a2 ⎦⎥ S s = V I * +V I * + V I *
0 0 11 2 2 V = 1 ⎛⎜⎜Va +V +Vc ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 260∠ −120° + 295∠115°⎞⎟⎠
T * T 0 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
V s ⎤⎥⎦ [ AII s ]* = ATVsT A*I s* =VsT AT A*I s*
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
S p = P + jQ = ⎢⎢V p ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I p ⎥⎥ = ⎡⎢⎣ AV Thus = 7.4425+ j14.065 =15.912∠62.11° V
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
S p = 3Ss
⎡
⎢1 1 1 1
⎤⎡
⎥⎢ 1 1 ⎤
⎥ ⎢ 0 0⎥
⎡
1 ⎤

V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + aV + a2Vc ⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 260∠ −120°∠120° + 295∠115°∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠

⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎛ ⎞
AT A* = ⎢⎢1 a2 a ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 a a2⎥⎥ = 3⎢⎢0 1 0⎥⎥ 1 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ Thus, the total complex power Sp delivered to a three-phase network equals
1 a a2 1 a2 a
⎢
⎢
⎥⎢
⎥⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢
001
⎢
⎥
⎥ three-times the total complex power Ss delivered to the sequence networks. = 276.96 − j8.5703 = 277.1∠ −1.77° V
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

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Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + a2V + aV
a c ⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 260∠ −120°∠ From the sequence netwrork, the sequence current can be calculated as (iii) S p = Va Ia* +V I * +Vc Ic*
⎛ ⎞
∠ −120° + 295∠115°∠120
0°⎞⎟⎠
2 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
follows: bb
= −7.4017 − j5.49944 = 9.2218∠216.6° V S p = ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ 25.15∠46.76°⎞⎟⎠ + ⎛⎜⎝ 260∠120°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ 25.71∠ −196.34°⎞⎟⎠
I =0
0 + ⎛⎜⎝ 295∠115°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ 26.62∠ − 73.77°⎞⎟⎠
I = 277.1∠ −1.77° = 25.82∠ − 45.55° A
1 1∠85° +10∠40°
I = 9.218∠216.6° = 0.8591∠172.81° A S p = 6967∠46.76° + 6685∠43.66° + 7853∠41.23° =15520 + j14870
2 1∠85° +10∠40°
= 21490∠43.78°
(ii)
Ia = I + I + I
0 1 2
⎪= V I * + V I * + V I *
⎧
= 0 + 25.82∠ − 45.55° + 0.8591∠172.81°=17.23− j18.32 = 25.15∠ − 46.76° ⎪ 0 0 11 2 2
⎪
I = I + a2I + aI = 0 + 25.82∠ − 45.55°∠ −120° + 0.8591∠172.81°∠120° Ss ⎪⎨= ⎛⎜⎝ 0⎞⎟⎠ + ⎛⎜⎝ 277.1∠1.77°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ 25.82∠45.55°⎞⎟⎠ + ⎛⎜⎝9.218∠216.59°⎞⎟⎠⎛⎜⎝ 0.8591∠ −172.81°⎞⎟⎠
b 0 1 2 ⎪
⎪= 7155∠43 .78 ° + 7.919∠43 .78 ° = 5172 + j 4958 = 7163∠43 .78 °
⎪
= −24.67 − j7.235 = 25.71∠196.34° ⎪
⎩
Ic = I + aI + a 2 I = 0 + 25 .82∠ − 45 .55 °∠120 ° + 0.8591∠172 .81 °∠ −120 °
0 1 2
= 7.441 + j 25 .56 = 26 .62∠73 .77 ° Also
3Ss = 3⎛⎜⎝ 7163∠43.78°⎞⎟⎠ == 21490∠43.78° = S p

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 Symm
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C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Case 2: Y--Y bankk, Both NNeutrall Grounded In this

t conn nection a path through
t Sym
mbols Coonnectio
on Diag
grams Z
Zero-seq
quence
Thee positivve- and negativ
ve-sequeence off three-p
phase traansform
mer impeedances the transfo xists forr zero-sequencee curren
ormer ex nt in botth-wind
dings. Thhe zero
of each
e typ
pe of connnection
n are ideentical. seq
quence current
c can
c flow w in bothh windin
ngs of traansform
mer.
Z
Zero-seqquence
Sym
mbols Coonnectio on Diag
grams
Case 1: Y--Y bank, k, One NNeutral Ground ded If eitther onee of the neutral of Y-Y Circuuits
bannk is unggroundeed, zero--sequencce curreent cannot flow in eitheer windinng. The
abssence off path th nding prrevents current in the other.
hrough oone win o A open
An
circcuit exissts for zero-seq
z quence current
c betweenn the twwo partss of the system
connnected by the trransformmer.
Case 4: Y--Δ bankk, Ungroounded Y An ungroun
u nded Y zero-seequence current
Z
Zero-seq quence
Sym mbols Coonnectio
on Diag grams nnot flow
can w in the transforrmer wiinding.
Circu uits
Case 3: Y-Y Δ bank k, Grou unded Y If the neutral of a Y Y-Δ is grounded
g d, zero- Sym
mbols Coonnectio
on Diag
grams Z
Zero-seq
quence
quence currents
seq c have a path
p to ground through h the Y bbecausee correspponding
ind
duced cu he Δ. Th
urrent caan circullate in th he equiv
valent circuit muust be prrovided
for a path from
f thee line onn the Y side thrrough th
he equivaalent im
mpedance to the
refeerence bus.
b An open circuit must m exisst betweeen the line andd the reeference
buss on the Δ side.
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Symm
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C nts Symm
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C nts Symm
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Zerro-sequeence equ uivalentt circuitss determ

mined fo
or various partss of the system
Case 5: Δ-Δ bank k Since a Δ circuuit prov
vides no return ppath forr zero-seequence sep
parately are read dily commbined tot form the com mplete zzero-seq
quence network
n
currrent, no o a Δ-Δ bank, although
o zero-seequencee currennt can fllow into a h it can as shown
s inn Figs. 11.19
1 an
nd 11.20 0.
circculate within
w thee Δ windings.

Sym
mbols Coonnectio
on Diag
grams Z
Zero-seq
quence

Fiig. 11.199 One-liine diag

gram of Fig. 11.2
20 O
One-line
a small ppower syystem an nd the diagrram of a smalll power
c
correspoonding zero-sequ
z uence system and the
netwo
ork. correespondin
ng zero-
sequeence nettwork.

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Symmetrical Components Symm

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C nts Symmetrical Components

FOR SYNCHROMOUS MACHINES Exa ample 11.4:

1 Drraw (i) thhe posittive-sequuence neetwork, (ii) neg
gative-seequence Vbase = 20 kV
Negative Sequence Impedance < Positive Sequence Impedance netwwork, annd (iii) zero-seq
z quence network
n k for the system shown in the fiigure: X1 = X2 =X′′ =0.2×(20/20) ×(300/300)=0.2 pu
Zero Sequence Impedance = Variable Items G1: 300 MV VA, 20 kV, X′′ = 20%, X0= 5% %, Xn= 0.4 Ω Generator X0= 0.05×(20/20) ×(300/300)=0.05 pu
= May be taken equal to positive sequence Traansmisssion linee: 64 km m (4- mi), X1=X X2=0.5 Ω/km, X0= =1.5 Ω//km. Side Xbase = (20)2/300 = 1.333 Ω
impedance if its value is not given T1: 350 MV VA, 230 0/20 kV, X′′ = 10% 3Xn= (3×0.4)/1.333 = 0.9 pu
T2: 300 MV VA, 220 0/13.2 kkV, X′′ = 10%
FOR TRANSFORMER M1: 200 MVA,
M 13.2 kV, X X′′ = 20%%, X0=5 5%, Xn= 0.4 Ω Vbase = (230/20)×20 = 230 kV
Negative Sequence Impedance = Positive Sequence Impedance M2: 100 MVA,
M 13.2 kV, X X′′ = 20%%, X0= 5%5 X1=X2 = 64×0.5 = 32 Ω
Zero Sequence Impedance = Positive Sequence Impedance, if there is
Sellect the generato
g or rating
g as basee in the generatoor circuiit. X = 64×1.5 = 96 Ω
circuit for earth current Transmission 0 2
= Infinite, if there is no through circuit for Line side Zbase = (230) /300 = 176.3 Ω
earth current X1=X2 = 32/176.3 = 0.1815 pu
X0= 96/176.3 = 0.5445 pu
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE
Negative Sequence Impedance = Positive Sequence Impedance Vbase = (13.2/220)×230 = 13.8 kV
Zero Sequence Impedance = Variable Item Motor side
= May be taken as three times the positive For M1:
sequence impedance if its value is not given X1 = X2 =X′′ = 0.2×(13.2/13.8) ×(300/100)=0.2745 pu

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 Symmetrical Components Symm
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nts Symmetrical Components

X0=0.05×(13.2/13.8)×(300/100)=0.0686 pu, Example 11.4.1: The one line diagram of a power system with the reactances
Zbase = (13.2)2/300 = 0.635 Ω of the two sections of the transmission line is shown in the figure. The
3Xn=(3× 0.4)/0.635= 1.89 pu generators and the transformers are rated as follows:
G1: 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, X1 = 0.2 pu, X2 = 0.15 pu, X0 = 0.05 pu, Xn = 0.2pu
For M2: G2: 30 MVA, 18 kV, X1 = 0.2 pu, X2 = 0.15 pu, X0 = 0.08 pu.
X1 = X2 =X′′ = 0.2×(13.2/13.8) ×(300/200)=0.549 pu G3: 30 MVA, 20 kV, X1 = 0.2 pu, X2 = 0.15 pu, X0 = 0.1 pu, Xn = 0.04 pu.
X0=0.05×(13.2/13.8)×(300/200)=0.1372 pu, T1: 25 MVA, 220-Y/13.8-Δ kV, X=10%
T2: Single phase units each rated 10 MVA, 127/18 kV, X=10%
2 T3: 35 MVA, 220-Y/22-Y kV, X=10%
For T1: X ' ' = 0.1⎛⎜ 230 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 300 ⎞⎟ = 0.0857 pu
⎝ 230 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence network with all the values
2 marked in per unit. Choose a base of 50 MVA, 13.0 kV in the circuit of
For T2: X ' ' = 0.1⎛⎜ 13.2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 300 ⎟⎞ = 0.0915 pu generator 1.
⎝ 13.8 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠

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Symm
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New Base: 50 MVA, 13.0 kV in the circuit of generator 1 2

⎡13.8 ⎤ 50
Transformer T2: Given single phase rating: 10 MVA, 127/18 kV, since T2 is X g1 _ 1 = 0.2 × ⎢ ⎥ = 0.5634 pu
⎣ 13 ⎦ 20
Y-Δ connected the three phase rating: 3×10=30 MVA and (√3×127)/18 kV or
2
220/18 kV, ⎡13.8 ⎤ 50
X g1− 2 = 0.15 × ⎢ = 0.4426 pu
⎣ 13 ⎥⎦ 20
Region # 1: Given, Vbase = 13.0 kV; Generator 1 2
⎡13.8 ⎤ 50
Region # 2: Vbase =(220/13.8)× 13 = 207.25 kV; Transmission Lines Line 1 X g1−0 = 0.05 × ⎢ = 0.1409 pu
and Line 2 ⎣ 13 ⎥⎦ 20
2
Region # 3: Vbase =(18/220)× 207.25 = 16.96 kV; Generator 2 ⎡13.8 ⎤ 50
X g1−n = 0.2 × ⎢ = 0.5634 pu
Region # 4: Vbase =(22/220)× 207.25 = 20.725 kV; Generator 3 ⎣ 13 ⎦⎥ 20

For G1: 3 X g1−n = 3 × 0.5634 = 1.6902 pu

E g1 13.8
E g1 = = = 1.062 pu
Vbase ( n) 13 For Line 1 and Line 2:
V2 (207.25)2
Zbase = base = = 859.0512 Ω
Sbase 50

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Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components Symmetrical Components

X1 40 2 50 2 50
X1( L1) = X 2( L1) = = = 0.0466 pu ⎡ 18 ⎤ ⎡ 20 ⎤
X g 2 − 2 = 0.15 × ⎢ = 0.2816 pu X g 3− 0 = 0.1 × ⎢ = 0.1552 pu
Zbase 859.0512 ⎣16.96 ⎥⎦ 30 ⎣ 20.725 ⎥⎦ 30
X0 120 2
X 0( L1) = = = 0.1397 pu ⎡ 20 ⎤ 50
Zbase 859.0512 2 X g 3−n = 0.04 × ⎢ = 0.0224 pu
⎡ 18 ⎤ 50
X g 2 −0 = 0.08 × ⎢ = 0.1502 pu ⎣ 20.725 ⎥⎦ 30
⎥
⎣16.96 ⎦ 30 3 X g 3−n = 3 × 0.0224 = 0.0672 pu
X1 50
X1( L2) = X 2( L2) = = = 0.0582 pu
Zbase 859.0512 For G3: For T1:
X0 150 Eg 3 20
X 0( L2) = = = 0.1746 pu Eg 3 = = = 0.962 pu 2
⎡13.8 ⎤ 50
Zbase 859.0512 Vbase ( n) 20.725 X T 1−1 = X T 1− 2 = X T 1−0 = 0.1 × ⎢ = 0.2254 pu
⎣ 13 ⎥⎦ 25
2
For G2: ⎡ 20 ⎤ 50
X g 3−1 = 0.2 × ⎢ ⎥ = 0.3104 pu For T2:
Eg 2 18 ⎣ 20 . 725 ⎦ 30
Eg 2 = = = 1.062 pu 2 2
Vbase 16.96 ⎡ 20 ⎤ 50 ⎡ 18 ⎤ 50
X g 3− 2 = 0.15 × ⎢ = 0.2328 pu X T 2−1 = X T 2− 2 = X T 2−0 = 0.1 × ⎢ = 0.1877 pu
2 ⎣ 20.725 ⎥⎦ 30 ⎣16.96 ⎥⎦ 30
⎡ 18 ⎤ 50
X g 2 −1 = 0.2 × ⎢ ⎥ = 0.3755 pu
⎣16.96 ⎦ 30

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 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Forr T3: Pro 1 The on

oblem 1: ne line ddiagram
m of a poower sysstem is shown
s in
n the folllowing
⎡ 22 2 ⎤ 2 500 figu
ure. Thee generaators, thee motorss and thee transfo
ormers aare ratedd as follows:
X T 3−1 = X T 3− 2 = X T 3−
− 0 = 0 .1 × ⎢ = 0.1611 pu G1: 200 MVA,
M 16 KV, X1 = 0.2 pu, p X2 = 0.15 pu u, X0 = 0.05
0 pu,, Xn = 0.2Ω.
25 ⎥⎦ 35
⎣ 20.72 5
G2: 100 MVA,
M 16 KV, X1 = 0.2 pu, p X2 = 0.15 pu 0 pu,, Xn = 0.5Ω.
u, X0 = 0.15
M1 1: 100 MVA,
M 255 KV, X1 = 0.2 pu,p X2 = 0.15 pu u, X0 = 0.25 puu, Xn = 0.32Ω.
0
M2 2: 80 MVVA, 25 KV,
K X1 = 0.2 pu u, X2 = 0.15 pu, X0 = 0.05
0 pu.
T1: 350 MV VA, 20//275 KV V, X=10% %
T2: 300 MV VA, 25 /275 KV V, X=10 0%

Figurre for Problem

P m1

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 82 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 83 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 84 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE

Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symmetrical Components Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Thee transmmission line

l hass the possitive an
nd negattive seq
quence im mpedannce zero Prooblem 3:3 The on ne line ddiagram
m of a po
ower sysstem is shown
s in
n the folllowing
seq
quence im mpedannce of (2
2.5 + j255) ohms and th he zero ssequencee imped dance off figuure. Thee generaators, thhe moto
ors and the tran
nsformerrs are in
ncludedd in one
(5 + j50) ohms. Drraw the zero seq quence network
n k with alll the vaalues maarked in Gen MVA Voltage Xd X2 X0 linee diagram
m.
perr unit. Rating Rating pu” pu pu
(kV)
Pro 2 The on
oblem 2: ne line ddiagram
m of a poower sysstem is shown
s in
n the folllowing G1 100 15 0.18 0.18 0.07
figu
ure. Thee generaators, thee motorss and thee transfo
ormers aare ratedd as follows: Line- X1=X2 X0 G2 100 15 0.20 0.20 0.10
Line Ohm Ohm G3 100 15 0.15 0.15 0.05
1-2 50 150 G4 100 15 0.3 0.4 0.10
1-3 40 100 T1 100 15/765 0.1 0.1 0.1
2-3 40 100 (base)
T2 100 15/765 0.1 0.1 0.1 Figu
ure for Problem
P m3
(base)
T3 500 15/765 0.12 0.12 0.12 Draw thee zero sequenc
D s ce netwo
orks witth all th
he valuees mark
ked in per
p unit
T4 750 15/765 0.11 0.11 0.11 taaking the base 200MAV
2 V and 2668 kV on
o transm mission line.

Figurre for Problem

P m2 Draw the zero sequence network with all the values marked in per unit.

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 85 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 86 of 90 © AIUB/EEE Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 87 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE

Symm
metrical Componen
C nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts

Problem
P m 4: Draaw the ppositive-, negative -, an
nd zero sequenc
s ce netwo
orks for
th
he follow
wing on
ne-line ddiagram.

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 88 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 89 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 90 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE