Symm

metrical Componen
C nts

Whhen the Three phase system becom

mes unbaalanced while in opeerations,
anaalysis beecomes difficult
d t.

Dr. C. L. Fortescu
F e proposed in 1918 at a meetinng of thee American Insttitute off
Eleectrical Engineeers thrrough a paper titled d “Meth hod off Symm metricall
Coo ordinatees Appllied to the
t Solu ution off Polyph
hae Nettwroks,”” a veryy useful
metthod forr analyziing unbaalnced three-ph
t hase netw
works.

Forrtescue’ss state that

t “An
n unballanced system
s of n reelated phasors
p can be
resolved into
i n systemms of balanced
b d phaso ors called thee symm metrical
mponen
com nts”.

Acccording to thee statem

ment of Fortesccue’s “A threee phasse unba
alanced
system ca an be resolvved intto threee bala anced phasorrs are called
sym
mmetriccal componnen nnts”.

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 1 of 990 © AIUB/EEE
 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Thee balancce sets of

o compoonents are:
a

con
nsisting of thrree phaasors eq qual in n magniitude,
disp
placed from eaach oth her by 120o in n phase,, and
ving thee same phase sequen
hav nce as the oriiginal
phaasors. In
n positiv
ve sequence phaase b laggging ph
hase a
by 120°, annd phasee c laggiing phasse b by 120°.

consissting of three phasors

p equal
e inn magnittude, displaced
from each otther by 120o in n phase, and haaving th he same
phase sequen nce oppoosite to that
t of tthe origiinal phaasors. In
negatiive sequuence phhase b leading
l phase a by 12 20°, and
phase c leadinng phasee b by 120°.

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 2 of 990 © AIUB/EEE
 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

conssisting oof
threee phasors equ ual in m
magnitudde and with
w zerro phasse
dispplacemeent fromm each oother. Zero
Z seq
quence sets
s havve
neuutral currrent.

Fig. 44.1 Grap

phical ad
ddition
Phase a Phase b Phaase c
off the com
mponen nts

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 3 of 990 © AIUB/EEE
 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Oriiginal Unbalan
U ced Po
ositive Sequenc
S ce Neg
gative-Sequence
ab
bc abbc acb
b
accb accb abcc
bcca bcca bacc
ba
ac baac bca
a
ca
ab caab cba
a
cb
ba cbba cab
b

Sin
nce each h of the originaal unbalaanced phasors is i the suum of itts comp
ponents,
the originaal phasorrs expressed in tterms off their componeents are:
Va = Va1 + Va 2 + Va0 (4.11)
Vb = Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0 (4.22)
Vc = Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc0 (4.33)

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 4 of 990 © AIUB/EEE
 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

In order too expreess the sequencce comp ponents algebraaically, the lettter a is
mmonly used to
com o designnate the operator that caauses a rotation 0o in the
n of 120
clocckwise direction. Suchh an operrator is a complex num mber of unit
u maagnitude
witth an ang 20o and is defin
gle of 12 ned by:
a = 1∠120° = 1e j (2π / 3) = cos(2π / 3) + j sin(2π / 3)
1 3
=− + j = −0.5 + j 0.866
2 2

a 2 = 1∠240° = 1e j (4π / 3) = cos(4π / 3) + j sin(4π / 3)

1 3
=− − j = −0.5 − j 0.866
2 2

0° = 1∠0° = 1e j (6π / 3) = cos(0) + j sin(0) = 1 + j 0 = 1

a 3 = 1∠360

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 5 of 990 © AIUB/EEE
 Symm
metrical C
Componen
nts

a 4 = a = 1∠120
∠ ° 1 + a + a2 = 0
1 − a = 3∠30
∠ ° 1 − a 2 = 3∠ − 30°
a 2 − a = 3∠270° ja = 1∠2100°
1 + a = −a 2 = 1∠60
0° 1 + a 2 = − a = 1∠ − 60°
a 2 + a = −1 = 1∠18
80°

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 6 of 990 © AIUB/EEE
 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Acccording to Fig. 4.1, we obtain:

Vb1 = a 2Va1 Vc1 = aaVa1
Vb 2 = aVa 2 Vc 2 = a 2Va 2 (4.4)
Vb0 = Va 0 Vc0 = Va 0

peating Eq, (4.1

Rep 1) and suubstitutiing Eqs. (4.4) in
n (4.2) aand (4.3)) yield
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va 2 (4.5)

Vb = Va 0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2 (4.6)

Vc = Va 0 + aVa1 + a 2Va 2 (4.7)

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 7 of 990 © AIUB/EEE
 Symmetrical Components

In matrix form
⎡Va ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡Va 0 ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ (4.8)
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a1 ⎥
⎢⎣Vc ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a a 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣Va 2 ⎥⎦

⎡Va ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡Va 0 ⎤
Let, V p = ⎢Vb ⎥ ; A = ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ; Vs = ⎢Va1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣Vc ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a a ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢Va 2 ⎥⎦

V p = AVs (4.9)

Vp is the column vector of phase voltages, Vs is the column vector of sequence

voltages, and A is 3×3 transformation matrix.
V s = A −1V p (4.10)

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 8 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symmetrical Components

⎡1 1 1 ⎤
−1 1⎢
Where, A = 1 a a = A 2 ⎥ 1 *
3⎢ 2 ⎥ 3
⎢⎣1 a a ⎥⎦

⎡Va 0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡Va ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = 1 ⎢1 a a 2 ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ (4.11)
⎢ a1 ⎥ 3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ b⎥
⎢⎣Va 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a 2 a ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣Vc ⎥⎦

1
Va0 = (Va + Vb + Vc ) (4.12)
3
Va1 = ⎜Va + aVb + a 2Vc ⎞⎟
1⎛
(4.13)
3 ⎝ ⎠
Va 2 = ⎛⎜Va + a 2Vb + aVc ⎞⎟
1
(4.14)
3⎝ ⎠
If required, the components Vb0, Vb1, Vb2, Vc0, Vc1, and Vc2, can be found by
Eqs. (4.4)
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 9 of 90 © AIUB/EEE
 Symmetrical Components

For balanced three-phase networks the equivalent circuits obtained for

the symmetrical components, called sequence networks, are separated into
three uncoupled networks.
A balanced three-phase system consists of positive sequence components
only, negative and zero sequence components being zero.
The Presence of negative or zero sequence components in a three-phase
system introduces unsymmetry and is indicative of an abnormal condition
of the network in which these components are found.
No zero-sequence components exist if the sum of the unbalanced phasors
is zero.
Since the sum of the line-to-line voltage phasors in a three phase system is
always zero, zero-sequence components are never present in the line
voltages, regardless of the amount of unbalance.
The sum of the three line-to-neutral voltage phasors is not necessarily zero,
and voltages to neutral may contain zero-sequence components.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 10 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Beccause some off the ppreceding g equattions arre so ffundameental, th

hey are
sum
mmarizeed for cu urrents:
Ib1 = a 2 I a1 I c1 = aII a1
Ib 2 = aI a 2 Ic2 = a 2 I a2 (4.15)
Ib0 = I a 0 Ic0 = I a0

I a = I a0 + I a1 + I a 2 (4.16)

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 11 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE
 Symmetrical Components

I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2 (4.17)
I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2 (4.18)

⎡ I a ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I a 0 ⎤
⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ (4.19)
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ a1 ⎥
⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a a 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ I a 2 ⎥⎦

⎡Ia ⎤ ⎡ I a0 ⎤
where, I p = ⎢ I b ⎥ ; I s = ⎢ I a1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I a 2 ⎥⎦

I p = AI s (4.20)

I s = A −1I p (4.21)

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 12 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symmetrical Components

⎡ I a0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I a ⎤
⎢ I ⎥ = 1 ⎢1 a a 2 ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ (4.22)
⎢ a1 ⎥ 3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ b⎥
⎢⎣ I a 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a 2 a ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦

1
I a0 = ( I a + Ib + I c ) (4.23)
3

I a1 = ⎛⎜ I a + aIb + a 2 I c ⎞⎟
1
(4.24)
3⎝ ⎠

I a 2 = ⎛⎜ I a + a 2 Ib + aI c ⎞⎟
1
(4.25)
3⎝ ⎠

I n = I a + Ib + I c (4.26)

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 13 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symmetrical Components

1
I a0 = I n (4.27)
3

I n = 3I a 0 (4.28)

In a three-phase, four (4) wire unbalanced system, the mgnitude of zero

sequence components is one-third of the current in the neutral wire.

In the absence of a path through the neutral of a three-phase system, In is zero,

thus the line currents contain no zero-sequence components where neutral
connection is absent.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 14 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

A Δ-conneected looad proovides no

n path h to neu utral, aand the line currents
wing to a Δ-con
flow nnected load ca
an conta
ain no zeero-sequuence componeents.

In a threee-phase unbalanced sy ystem, the

t mag gnitude of nega ative sequence
commponen nts cannnot exceeed tha uence componeents. Iff
at of thee positiive sequ
thee negativ
ve sequence coomponen nts werre the grreater, tthe pha
ase sequuence off
thee resulta
ant systeem wou
uld be reversedd.

Thee advanttages off symmeetrical co

omponeents can be summmarizedd as follo
ows:
(aa) Sym mmetriccal compponent separates
s s three uncoupl
u ed balan
nced nettwork.
(bb) Rellatively easy to anaalyze the t balancedd systeem by using
unb
symmeetrical coomponents.
(cc) Sym mmetriccal com mponentss lead to acccurate predictio
p on of system
behavio
or.

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 15 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE
 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

(d
d) Volltage, cu
urrents and power at various points of pow
wer system can
easily be
b found
d.

Exa ample S1:S Calculate thet sequ uence coomponennts of th

he follo
owing baalanced
linee-to-neuutral volltages w
with abcc sequen
nce. Va = 277∠∠0o, Vb = 277∠∠−120o,
andd Vc = 27 77∠120 0o.

Sollution:

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 16 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE
 Symmetrical Components
1 1
Va 0 = (Va + Vb + Vc ) = (277∠0° + 277∠ − 120° + 277∠120°) = 0
3 3

Va1 = ⎛⎜ Va + aVb + a 2Vc ⎞⎟

1
3⎝ ⎠
1
= (277 ∠0° + 1∠ + 120° × 277 ∠ − 120° + 1∠ + 240° × 277 ∠120°)
3
1
= (277 ∠0° + 277 ∠0° + 277 ∠0°) = 277 ∠0° = Va
3

Va 2 = ⎜ Va + a 2Vb + aVc ⎞⎟
1⎛
3⎝ ⎠
1
= (277 ∠0° + 1∠240° × 277 ∠ − 120° + 1∠ + 120° × 277 ∠120° )
3
1
= (277 ∠0° + 277 ∠120° + 277 ∠240°) = 0
3

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 17 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symmetrical Components

Vb0 = Va 0 = 0

Vb1 = a 2Va1 = a 2Va1 = 1∠ − 120° × 277 ∠0° = 277 ∠ − 120° = Vb

Vb 2 = aVa 2 = 0

Vc0 = Va 0 = 0

Vc1 = aVa1 = aVa1 = 1∠120° × 277∠0° = 277∠120° = Vc

Vc 2 = a 2Va 2 = 0

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 18 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Thu
us a ballance thrree-phase systeem with abc seq
quence (or posiitive seq
quence)
ve no zerro-sequeence or negative-sequence com
hav mponentts.

Exa ample S2:S Calculate the t sequ uence co

omponen nts of th
he follo
owing baalanced
with acb sequencce. Va = 277∠00o, Vb = 277∠12
linee-to-neuutral volttages w 2 20o, and
Vc = 277∠− −120o.

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 19 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE
 Symmetrical Components

V = 1 ⎛⎜⎜Va +V +Vc ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 277∠120° + 277∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠ = 0

a0 3 ⎝ b ⎠ 3

⎛ ⎞
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + aV + a2Vc ⎟⎟
a1 3⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° +1∠ +120°× 277∠120° +1∠ + 240°× 277∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠

3
= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 277∠240° + 277∠120°⎞⎟⎠ = 0
3
⎛ ⎞
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + a2V + aVc ⎟⎟
a2 3 ⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° +1∠240°× 277∠120° +1∠ +120°× 277∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠

3
= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 277∠0° + 277∠0° + 277∠0°⎞⎟⎠ = 277∠0° = Va
3

V =V = 0
b0 a0

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 20 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symmetrical Components

V = a2V = a2V =1∠ −120°× 0 = 0

b1 a1 a1

V = aV =1∠120°× 277∠0° = 277∠120° = V

b2 a2 b

Vc0 = Va 0 = 0

V = aV =1∠ −120°× 0 = 0
c1 a1

V = a2V =1∠ −120°× 277∠0° = 277∠ −120° =Vc

c2 a2

Thus a balance three-phase system with abc sequence (or positive sequence)
have no zero-sequence or negative-sequence components.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 21 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Exa ample S3: Th he line-tto-groun

nd on the
t highh voltaage sidee of a step-up
tran
nsformeer are 10
00 kV, 333 kV, 38 kV onn phasess a, b, an
nd c, resspectiveely. The
volltage off phase a leads that off phase b by 100o and d lags thhat phasse c by
1766.5o. Dettermine the sym
mmetricaal components of
o voltagge.

∠-100o, Vc = 38∠
0∠0o, Vb = 33∠
Sollution: Va = 100 ∠176.5o,

V = 1 ⎛⎜⎜Va +V +Vc ⎞⎟⎟ = 1⎛⎜⎝1000.0∠0° + 33.0∠ −100° + 38

3 .0∠1776.5°⎞⎟⎠
a0 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
=18.79 9 + j10.06 = 21.31∠ − 28.16°

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 22 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE
 Symmetrical Components
⎛ ⎞
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + aV + a2Vc ⎟⎟
a1 3 ⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝100.0∠0° + 33.0∠ −100°∠120° + 38.0∠176.5°∠ −120°⎞⎟⎠

3
= 50.56 + j14.32 = 52.548∠15.81°

⎛ ⎞
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + a2V + aVc ⎟⎟
a2 3 ⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝100.0∠0° + 33.0∠ −100°∠ −120° + 38.0∠176.5°∠120°⎞⎟⎠

3
= 30.55 − j4.26 = 30.85∠ − 7.94°

V = V = 21.31∠ − 28.16°
b0 a0

V = a2V = a2V =1∠ −120°×52.548∠15.81° = 52.548∠ −104.19°

b1 a1 a1

V = aV =1∠120°×30.85∠ − 7.94° = 30.85∠112 .06°

b2 a2
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 23 of 90 © AIUB/EEE
 Symmetrical Components

V =V = 21.31∠ − 28.16°
c0 a0

V = aV =1∠120°×52.548∠15.81° = 52.548∠135.81°
c1 a1

V = a2V =1∠ −120°×30.85∠ − 7.94° = 30.85∠ −127.94°

c2 a2

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 24 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

Exa ample 11.1 On ne cond ductor oof a thrree-phasse line is open n. The current
flowwing to the Δ-cconnecteed load through h line a is 10 A
A. Withh the currrent in
linee a as referenc
r ce and aassumin ng that line
l c is open, find th
he symm metrical
commponentts of thee line currrents.

Fig. 4.4 Cirrcuit forr Examp

ple 11.1..

Sollution: Fig.
F 4.4 is a diaggram off the circcuit. Thee line cuurrents are
a
Ia =10∠0° A I =110∠180° A Ic = 0 A
b

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 25 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE
 Symmetrical Components

I = 1 ⎛⎜⎜ Ia + I + Ic ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝10∠0° +10∠180° + 0⎞⎟⎠ = 0

a0 3 ⎝ b ⎠ 3
⎛ ⎞
I = 1 ⎜⎜ Ia + aI + a2Ic ⎟⎟
a1 3 ⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎡⎢⎣10∠0° +10∠(180° +120°) + 0⎤⎥⎦ = 5 − j 2.89 = 5.78∠ − 30°

3

⎛ ⎞
I = 1 ⎜⎜ Ia + a2I + aIc ⎟⎟
a2 3 ⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎡⎢⎣10∠0° +10∠(180° + 240°) + 0⎤⎥⎦ = 5 + j2.89 = 5.78∠30°

3

I = 5.78∠ −150 ° I = 5.78∠90 °

b1 c1
I = 5.78∠150 ° I = 5.78∠ − 90 °
b2 c2
I =0 I =0
b0 c0

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 26 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symmetrical Components

Example S4: In an unbalanced three-phase system: Va = 4.0∠0o, Vb =

3.0∠−90o, and Vc = 8.0∠143.1o. Find all the voltage components of the
corresponding positive, negative and zero-sequence components, and draw the
phasors.

Solution:
V = 1 ⎛⎜⎜Va +V +Vc ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4.0∠0° + 3.0∠ − 90° + 8.0∠143.1°⎞⎟⎠
a0 3⎝ b ⎠ 3
= 1 ⎡⎢⎣4.0 − j3.0 + 8.0(−0.8 + j0.6)⎤⎥⎦ = −0.8 + j0.6) =1.0∠143.1°
3
⎛ ⎞
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + aV + a2Vc ⎟⎟
a1 3 ⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4.0∠0° +1∠ +120°×3.0∠ − 90° +1∠ + 240°×8.0∠143.1°⎞⎟⎠

3
= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4 + 3∠30° + 8∠23.1°⎞⎟⎠ = 4.65 + j1.55 = 4.9∠18.4°
3
⎛ ⎞
V = 1 ⎜⎜Va + a2V + aVc ⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4∠0° +1∠240°×3∠ − 90° +1∠ +120°×8∠143.1°⎞⎟⎠
a2 3 ⎝ b ⎠ 3
= 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 4 + 3∠ − 210° + 8∠263.1°⎞⎟⎠ = 0.153 − j 2.15 = 2.15∠ − 86.2°
3
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 27 of 90 © AIUB/EEE
 Symm
metrical Componen
C nts

V = V =1.0∠143.1°
b0 a0
V = a2V = 4.9∠(240° +118.4°) = 4.9∠ −10
01.6°
b1 a1
V = aV = 2.15∠(−86.2° +120°) = 2.15∠33.80°
b2 a2

V = V =1.0∠143.1°
c0 a0
V = aV = 4.9∠(120 8.4°) = 4.9∠138.4°
1 ° +18
c1 a1
V = a2V = 2.15∠(−86.2° + 240°) = 2.15∠ − 206.2°
c2 a2

Dr. Mohamm
mad Abd
dul Mann
nan Pa
age 28 off 90 © AIUB/E
EEE
 Symmetrical Components

For simplification the symmetrical components are designated as follows:

Va0 =V0

Va1 = V1

Va2 = V2

Ia0 =I0

Ia1 = I1

Ia2 = I2

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan Page 29 of 90 © AIUB/EEE

 Symmetrical Components

Example S5: The current of a three-phase unbalanced system are Ia = j10

=10∠90o, Ib =10∠0o, and Ic =0∠0o. Calculate the symmetrical components for
this system.

I = 1 ⎛⎜⎜ Ia + I + Ic ⎞⎟⎟ = 1 ⎛⎜⎝10∠90° +10∠0° + 0∠0°⎞⎟⎠ = 3.33+ j3.33 = 4.7093∠45°

0 3⎝ b ⎠ 3

⎛ ⎞
I = 1 ⎜⎜ Ia + aI + a2Ic ⎟⎟
1 3⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝10.0∠90° +1∠ +120°×10.0∠0° +1∠ − 240°× 0∠0°⎞⎟⎠ =1.67 + j6.22

3

⎛ ⎞
I = 1 ⎜⎜ Ia + a2I + aIc ⎟⎟
2 3⎝ b ⎠

= 1 ⎛⎜⎝10.0∠90° +1∠ −120°×10.0∠0° +1∠120°× 0∠0°⎞⎟⎠ = −1.67 + j0.447

3

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