ONIT-T

DNGITAAL COMMUNICATlON
Tndvducbon o

pulse odulabon Ps the

methad, wht h the anal09 ampuuda pu lses
ane Convertad
diaLal to foam And each
Sample of the
messoae aanal represerrbo
binany ClO fAmat, 9he Complete amputule
bhar4
Tange of mess age anal deded to
Paed daPtal levels hese bPts ase a lso

called as ergth of the cword . Ths

Complete
ProcesS led uonb~ahn

Phe
Phe dgralSanals hawng the
he advantaqes LRE

to wands transnisscDn notse

Lmnunsty
ond Phterference
EPuint Regenehrabon the Cded
sanal aon ansm escbn path

Cnifonm tonmat oP thee sgol.

MAhPnum- Noe rterference

Disadwantagp of Dytel puke Madalo-tbBn
MadalobBn
T-t heeds lange Bandu
hamben of bIts pe Samble

heduted h e noge cw get hoheased.

Concept of Samplihq ampltng heoen
me opehathon
Commntcabon Sampng.
h ComanicartPon the
the
analoq
be transmited om
tnfonmatn Can
Orolher by Oorrbnuous
ne place
Suita hle Camne.
madulabon
Communicabon, he dala

Sampled at requlai
bancmi ttel t
to be
entehvals. Such amles
ane then
Or thvtugh the medu lal
brandmtted lreclly
of 9Ome Cariés

Statememt of osamplin theoen so

The Sampling theosem rh Sbictly

bond-lnited Sanal of fnte ene2y
tvo eguiralent pants.

A band Linteed nal of nte ene:9.1,

which has ho 7requenecuy Componerts hher
hihe
thon
thon m Hetz, Completely desvibed by

of he Snal at
Specyi
pety the Vaues

hstants
hstants of me epanated by t m Seconds.

)Aband. Anted h a l of Fthite ere)

cwhith has no
frequenc Componerts hhen
than Hertz,mau
Het, may be Completely recovesed
at
rom a nouledge Sample9 aKen
of&s

the rate of fm mples econd .

 ne
he ft tatement fells ahot the
the
Sampliing ofthe Sanal and econd pat fells
about reconstuctfon the na0.

AA Corrbuous 0ne
ynal Can he CompJetoly
epresented s Sample ad received back
Tthe Samplihg
d
freg uenC twice of the
the
heghest treguency Cetet of the 9ghal.

Cee)ts 7
Hene Ts> Samplng 7reuenu
ro ma aq he
Conbnuous 3na.
Hpes f Sampln Methods o

hee methodeo

Tdeal on hstataneous
3amplin9
P Vactwral sarmpling
eFlat topped 9ampl
the natantaneous Sampllh9 method, e
tilzes mul-bpliaton by an npulse 7tuncbbn .

Ds not Practcally possb/e me-tod.

ypuiet Rate
When the Samplihq ate bewmes cactuy
eual to
fm ampe /sec, for a 3nal
banduwldth fm Hence then c a l e d Ng2 u t Rate

the num
3amplng atee
reguived
to Tepsesent he Conthtuous aynal fa Plrfa lly
En ts
9aroped 0Tm
s fm Samples /sec
 Ny9uat Ttervml p

Pathe me irteva betueen

dny tvo adjacert cohen 3amplih9

amples
Yate
Mguit te

Aec
m
Compaan ofVanous Samplihg lechnezus o

nstantaneous Plat topped Watwral

Sampln SamplLha
1 CLSeS uses chopping uses
multepucorton PDcessg. amplihq and
by an impulse
hold c uL.
unction

)
) P
?hs hot Host
popular ly used Ppss?bla. to LSe
Prabeally CPracbêal method) Pracbcoly
Passibla method
3.) Sampiihg rete Samplng Sampleng ate
tends to
y2cust
A:) Nobe
Noe htenfesence Nobe rterfesente
Crrtenfe)ence
martmum mnmum maximum.
AHASING o
T the Sampung reuency
Ps lesg than the
N19ust hate
hen a

dstorhon Called albshq rroduced

th -the pectrum of the
Sampled Snal
 Ohenthe hih requenc Component h
he petrum the nal rterderes Cwh
Low freq uen and afPpeaha as
lo1r0g uen uy
then the Dhenomenon Called aliaha

a ) Spe ctrum a

Signal

Xstt) ( b ) Recorsthutdon

oft)

when

fs a f mn
M
s2fm fs7fmf
XS+)

AHH
tst m
Hst m sttm

Ahsh
(eReont hon O rlt) cohen fs afm
lo Coobart the efect of alnslhg , e foloing
mea es ae eoployed
C rA w Samplhg Low pM94 a b
those
alunsih9 AHer ( CLsedto aHeuate

hh
hh reg ueny Compohents othe 3 a
he Ptehed 9na Samped at a

CC)he rate
Yte hhea than the Nyguat

Called
s fm Samples /sec
hot
rate and thi3 hormally
ygust
as hot possihe to
used
Cuced à pracbe
olate he orahal Spectrum easi
t tens cLt
because reqkres
&phee Cet-of Chanacteidas
nhen the Samp Tate cIsed hhe
12uiet rate he
than regued
an
be recoveed om
Snal
Orahal
Samples ushg relerbiely 3ple
Prachcal tess
Pclse Ampetude
Modulotbbr CPAN)

Painle
he Omplethude of the ulse
to the
áhetty PYoportbènal aroplhicde o7
the modulabng aal at the Samplna
Ond
chgtant , eoheha po3on o the
pulse
Temahg Chchanged

Cennatbbn of PAM

Modalarting

3ira
Pow
Pass Pute
xCt) FPte Multsplieat ghaping
netubAK PAN
ct) igral
xt)
Pulse-bain
gerexatw
he odulatihg sgna t ) gien to
the Ow pas PPtes e PP peforms
band FrnPbng -
he Ccot- of treuency of LPF ezual
to he
hahest freguenty (tm) present xt).
Phe PF awotcls
alias
Phe Lond Linited gnal the
anpjed at thee hurbuBA.

ne Fnutbpu aples t) Coth the

uhi h
help of a pulse tain genenatoA,-

proeluces the Pulse bati c t t ) . ctJ

( t ) and
> ne multbpudatton of
Produce9 the PAM 9ghal
 e Palse ahapin netueK
Psvdaces the flat tup pulses
the eq ured PAM snel

clt

e).

slt)

a) PAM cwaefDAns

Detection of PAM So

Dhe PAM 9g nal passed thvugh

low pass econstrteben fPtes , Dhe
'he
f°te reonstructs the analog S n a l hom
PAM puses

P A M

Reconstucbèn Recomstructed
PAN
nal
o pa3S PAt
PPlter nal
honsmiasèn Bandu iath of PA sgnal

Samph theo rem ahold be

By , fa
than Ny2 u s t ate
highen
Cte fs a w (or) Ta
W fs
and W

T ON and ofF time of the Pulse so

Same

rea uency of the PAM Pulse becomes

nen

he marimum Freguency Tmas

Hene banduidth aves the adequerte pulke

Pulie

resourhon BT tmas
' BT 2

Stn ce
Bw
T >> W

ransmi 9s ton Band w ictth of PAH Sghal

BT sw
Dn sgna ?s vey vesy lahge ompa)ed to
ahest treguency the nal x t )

Aa) Ma zimum
reg uehce
ppr Sha
eSGcon or PAM

1t)

Let us Consder an andlog Contuous

bime stnal to be 9ampled at the

ate of s H A st) 3
Sampled sgnal
obtained by muetltcorbon of 3ompuhg
tnd Snal ct) Sampl tutbn
unebon
Pulses of
clt a traun of perodie

Cdt T equal to 7s Hz.

and treguehy
hh, a suteh s' s closd
when dt)
Wheh goes
Chen
ct)=A
sl+) = zlt)
when cl+)>O.

Here A amplude of ct)

9nal stt) Con alsobe defhed as

9+) c(t) .e (t)
clt) the pescbli4 train of pulses
Hene
Of wdth
and trequeney 7s
T

Spe trum of Natwally 9ampled 3 hal .

Fowne Sesjes on a
Ecponental

Penoola cwawepmL 9Pven ds

Jaint /T
lt) = Cn

h-D
Fon the Peodi pulse train of ct),
To T (Pesibdot (t4))

A ts CfroqLFve uency of tU
T

when ct) t)
JATsnt
Clt) Ch s
Ch ths Cwaveform MS
t)
Cn T ah eAr T)
To

Mene T Palse width T

Ct)
tn = Hanmonic rauena
th hfs
slw

tn hfo

Ch
Ch PA h e ltn t)
Te
Ct) =
h--
Ts Sihe(T)
So be omes
O
St A Z sfhe
e h T ) aT% nt
T h =

an c prec9 on PA Cwave
 Advarrtages

PAM Can be Cas/y generated and

detscted

PAM the basis PcM, DM R ADH

Dsaduantages
he bandwdfh heeded 3vesy Vey

Lanae Compared tw ts matnum treauenoy

Content

Nose Yhtenfesence matnum and

this hot3e Cannot be remove4 vey eas

Ampuhude Vaues, so peak powe too
Vanes.

Appucatons o
us ed for trans mithhg sgnals ove
short di3tance baseband ahamels ard

spie Communiiabtbn
csed cLSed à Chetumentabon ystems
Used & malog - to - dlgtal Convertens

or Oempute htefacg

Pulse Tme Modulabon CPTH

Pulse width Modulation (PwM Pu tre Pasi-on

(or) Hodeclahbh
Puse Durathtn ModulabBr PPM)
PDM)
 PWH er) PDM
he cudth Of the pule t3 drecty
Poporthbnal t amplPtudee of the modulabh q
3gna at thee
Gampluhg stont heje the
amp tude and the pasitbn of the palse
emahg tunch anqed
e s ct PwH
haee ) TharUhgEdge Modulaton
1es
eadhq Edge Hodalohon
ii) Leadhg Traiutg Cdge Hodulat
Aailhg Fdge
Heae he posibon ot leadq
feed edge
posPteon of trafutg1 edge Changed
ndr
acco to Teqased cwK
of the Pulse
pulse
dag vam ts Somplhg Pmstant
the
Leadng edge 13s ced at ts e PosPbbn

ofte) Vaed t the re ured cwdt

the Pulse

eading edge 6 Hese

Hene the pos/on ot raiuna
edge PPaxed at the
Sampuh ihStart,ts
he wdth ofthe pulse Can
chapged bby
be
the ashon of the Leadiig adge
at t )
eadna -haslng Elge So Hese he Cerrbe o
the pulse Pa Kept c e d at amplnG

rdicuntts) . he posbbn of bot the eadg

0
as wetl as traflhg edge.s Va/d a t

ond t the egured twioth of he

the
Pulse
 )pes o w
(a) Hodulrb' ara
d

sl4)
(b) Thang edges

St)
(c) hedihg edges

lt)
Ca)Boh edges
t

Genenatfon of PwM 2 o

Modulort
Compaatw
PWM
Ovetput

Sawtoot
geherab/n Honstahe -
PPM
Output
Sau Sauw tooth 3nal acts as
gapl9
Snalcohiih appuid to. verbng
terinal of a Compa Natan .

he modulatng
he Snal rt) l8d o
nen-
chverbnq temP Of Companawh
 he Companawr Outpiu Temah
lerg as ampude of t ) & hher han
that
that of the Sawtooth nal. ge s to a
gves

PwM PPM wave forrns Ue

follouus
Saw
tooth
oRefbrm

Trre
PwH olP
A Lompaatrolp)
Trne

I PPH olp

PWH Snal Detectian o Tne.

POHSgno Ramp
Pulse
. Ramp
enehato 7enerabof clEppe
PAM
hal
Reference Drtcted
Low Pass
1 Pulse
geneator APter
( lok agham
 perat'on

The PwN n a l veceed at the nput

tnput
ofthe detetlon d'hcalt Cortaihs noee and
a nd

aplied
appled to pulsogenerato tokhith reqeerates
reqenehates

the W Sinal (B Ond removes hoBa

he eneated Pulses(B ane appuad to

refehen ce Pulse genen ator. he rofeence
Pulse genehaton produces eference pulsas (D
cwth amplitude and pulbe cweth
Constont

hese pulses one delayed by Specife

amo urt of delay.
e n eeated PwH Pulses also
ated aa
applid
t a P eneh ator. he rampgeheatvA

PorDduce2s amps r bhe dunabbn f

Pulses uch th at hegkt of rampa
Prpovbonak to the cctths of PwN pulses.

re marimum amp votge retasned

the nect
pulse
hhe
e delaued oretesernce Pulses and he olp
of ramp
ramp genenatoA 3 adted w help of
addes.
re Output af he adden then cPped
o f at a thveshold level to nerde PAM

Sahal at the elP of he clbe).

A low pass Pte used to recoe

the ornal edulorhng nal from PAM
Sgnal
 (A).
PWM+
Noise Input
he detector

B) Regenerated

LLIL PWM

Ramp

Reference
pulse
generator
output

Delay Delay
Gipper level
*****

Output of
he adder

---j-. - ------i---f-
***-* --l---d..---i--
PAM - Cipper output
pulses -

Figure 1.16. Waveform for PWM detection circuit.

Aduatages of PwH

PwM noe S Less becaiuse hese

amplitde s Constant

No yhchonization ra ued beteveen

transmitteh Ond
i sTis easy to
Separate the Shal om noke
Cohieh & not
possPble hPAH).
Daadwantages
Varabe pulse wh Causeg
Vnlabe pouL
Contets. So ransmissdn
mustE be powehfi
enough to handle the
manimum cot
mdwdth r e uihement bes than PAM.

Pulse PosPien Madalaton CPPM3

Def The ampuude and uwlth of the

Pulsee ae kept Constant but the pos.n

feach pule vauièd h accohdance

cweh the ampltude t h e mpled Values

fthe matuloh'hg 38hal

PPH Snal Genehaton o

x t C o r m p a h a t r A

PPH
PWM Monostable
mubiibmator|
Saustwot

o eheiate pulse positfon madulahbn,

the PWH pulses obtakred t the olP 0f
the
ahe used as the oge
tne Compaabi
mulbbratns ,
to a nonostable

he monostable gehed on negatee

he
CfallE) edge of PH. e op of monestable

goos hah. me otrge emains hah r

the ced perdd then Joes

Joes ow.
A sAs the result ofS\2FtE.qhe ron

edges of wM Siaral h proporbbn uw h

he modulog hal xet), the PPH
Pulses also reauut C Keep
Keep ehifhnq
hiPhng
 PPM Shna Domedulahn

PPM

Pulses
Pulsa
geneoa/
R odulah
PwM
denodulat-0r

Peferente
Pulse
qenerato

penaeon

he eceiv PPH Snal roe COTTupted

Pulsegeneceto> develops a puulsed twaveform
he
at t s olp ofPed dunaton and pples

these palses to reset ph (R) of a

SR Flip-flop.
A ced pehbd reference Pulse Aenehated
rom the
Set
Encomer
Chcoming PPM. e SR flp-fop
b the feence pulses
Duee to the Set and reset
sanals applièd to
the fpflop , aPwM Shal obtaened & the
the
op cwhich Con be demoduloted wt a PwM
demodulaton
Advantages of PPM g
Due to Constant ampliude of rulse the
transmuited Power
aluways remains Constryt
easy to reconstnut
the
PPHSnal
rom notse Contaminated PPMSEna
 Dadvartag es
P chontzorbon req udred between the
he
transm&tter and receevei.
ange banduidth reguement

ransmason andwdth Of PPM LPwM

he amplhdes of both PPM L w

Pulses Same Both PPM ahd PwM
needs a shanp r e tme and fall tbiree

o pulses orde to Presesve he

the

message Enforrmaehon
Re Eme (tr) of the Pulse 3houtd
e vey vey ess than T CE) t kT
ansraBefn onduweh of PhM LPPM : Bw|

FOLSE CoDE MoDoLATON 8o

Ln PcM he hformcbon
Contnsed nthe hStantaneas
Sample
of onalogsanal aye
represented by
digtnl Codes and are transmêtied
as a Sertal bt Stream.
PcH |m hcldos )7hansmter
Tronsmisaon Pocth
r) Recelver.